Common Root Research Articles

Explicating the Moral Component of Moral Forms of Leadership

A leader’s morality is a starting point in the making of a leader. It is one of the oldest debates in the philosophy of management. Since many positive outcomes have been associated with leader morality, a host of moral forms of leadership have been suggested and implemented in the organizations. The 21st century has particularly seen a rise in the moral forms such as ethical leadership, servant leadership and authentic leadership. The paper attempts to integrate the overlapping literature in this domain, to offer clarity in the construct of ethical, authentic and servant leadership, especially on their foundational principle of morality. A review of literature, with an agenda to juxtapose it with moral theories and moral development, has been undertaken. Deeper delving helps in constructing parallels between consequentialism, virtue ethics and deontology with servant, authentic and ethical leadership respectively as points of distinction. Along with a discrete moral identity and moral sensitivities, moral motivation and moral action as other matter of differential outlook of the leaders. Despite these perceived differences, the moral forms of leadership converge on the aspect of care. So while we may see separate branches in the moral forms of leadership, they share a common root of morality.

Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Root and Leaf Transcript Profiles Reveals the Coordinated Mechanisms in Response to Salinity Stress in Common Vetch.

Owing to its strong environmental suitability to adverse abiotic stress conditions, common vetch (Vicia sativa) is grown worldwide for both forage and green manure purposes and is an important protein source for human consumption and livestock feed. The germination of common vetch seeds and growth of seedlings are severely affected by salinity stress, and the response of common vetch to salinity stress at the molecular level is still poorly understood. In this study, we report the first comparative transcriptomic analysis of the leaves and roots of common vetch under salinity stress. A total of 6361 differentially expressed genes were identified in leaves and roots. In the roots, the stress response was dominated by genes involved in peroxidase activity. However, the genes in leaves focused mainly on Ca2+ transport. Overexpression of six salinity-inducible transcription factors in yeast further confirmed their biological functions in the salinity stress response. Our study provides the most comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of common vetch leaf and root responses to salinity stress. Our findings broaden the knowledge of the common and distinct intrinsic molecular mechanisms within the leaves and roots of common vetch and could help to develop common vetch cultivars with high salinity tolerance.

Three-dimensional evaluation of root canal morphology of maxillary first premolars: Micro–computed tomographic study

AimThe aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the root and root canal morphology of maxillary first premolar teeth in a Kuwaiti population using micro–computed tomography (μ- CT). Materials and methodsA total of 100 maxillary first premolars were scanned in a micro– computed tomographic device. The external anatomy (number of roots, distance from cementoenamel junction to apex, and presence of a palatal groove) and internal anatomy (number of canals and presence of apical deltas, lateral canals, and isthmi) of teeth were analyzed using descriptive analysis. ResultsThe number of roots was one root (57 %), two roots (41 %), and three roots (2 %). The longest and shortest roots measured 17.7 and 11.2 mm, respectively. The palatal groove was present in 63.4 % of the teeth. According to Vertucci’s classification, type IV configuration was the most prevalent (53 %), followed by type II. A new root canal configuration type (1–2–1–2–1) was detected. Apical deltas, lateral canals, and isthmi were present in 33 %, 48 %, and 21 % of teeth, respectively. ConclusionType IV canal configuration was the most common root canal configuration. A new root canal configuration type IX for (1–2–1–2–1) was proposed for Kuwaiti population. The μ-CT device could to be a better diagnostic tool for understanding the anatomy of the root canal system.

Sacral Foraminal (S2-3) Radiculopathy Syndrome (SFRS): Identification of a New PGAD/GPD Trigger in the Cauda Equina

ABSTRACT Introduction Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder/Genito-Pelvic Dysesthesia (PGAD/GPD) is characterized by persistent, distressing genital arousal sensations for > 3 months and may include other genito-pelvic dysesthesia. PGAD/GPD is associated with biopsychosocial triggers, originating in any of 5 regions: end organ; pelvis/perineum; cauda equina; spinal cord; brain. In the cauda equina, surgically treatable PGAD/GPD triggers include Tarlov cyst and annular tear visualized on MRI. Sacral radiculopathy is confirmed by ruling out other triggers, combined with abnormal neurogenital tests and positive anesthetic lumbar/caudal epidural injections. We hypothesize that there are other treatable cauda equina lesions producing sacral radiculopathy despite a “normal” MRI. Objective We describe a new cauda equina PGAD/GPD trigger, associated with sacral radiculopathy, termed “sacral foraminal (S2-3) radiculopathy syndrome (SFRS).” Methods Women with PGAD/GPD > 3 months with sacral radiculopathy symptoms underwent a comprehensive biopsychosocial diagnostic evaluation including: sex therapy assessment; local anesthesia testing of suspected PGAD/GPD triggers in the end organ and pelvis/perineum; neurogenital testing: integrity of pudendal and sciatic nerves, bulbocavernosus reflex latency. PGAD/GPD patients with suspected SFRS had: no triggers in the end organ or pelvis/perineum; abnormal neurogenital test results; no evidence of surgically treatable Tarlov cyst or annular tear pathology on lumbosacral MRI; an anesthetic caudal epidural whenever possible, based on Tempest et al (2011). They reported on 4 women with GPD without lumbosacral MRI pathology who demonstrated temporary resolution of their dysesthesia with an anesthetic caudal epidural. Patients who met criteria for SFRS were offered non-significant risk treatment with low intensity sacral shockwave therapy (LiSWT). Results A total of 5 women (mean age 28 ± 6 years) who had a history of blunt trauma to the coccyx or sacrum from: a fall down icy stairs (n=1); childbirth (n=2); slipping/falling on wet concrete (n=1) and stretching while exercising (n=1) were identified. They were suspected of having sacral radiculopathy based on: i) history of dysesthesia symptoms involving genito-pelvic region (pelvic and pudendal nerve, n=5) and lower extremity region (sciatic nerve, n=3), ii) negative local anesthesia testing ruling out PGAD/GPD triggers in the end organ and/or pelvis/perineum, (n=5) iii) abnormal neurogenital tests showing a pattern consistent with cauda equina pathology, (n=5) and iv) clinically significant PGAD/GPD temporary symptom reduction with anesthetic caudal epidural, (n=3). As LiSWT is anti-inflammatory, 4 of the 5 women have undergone this therapy directed to the region overlying the sacral foramina, with very much (n=2) and much better (n=2) improvement of PGAD/GPD symptoms based on PGI-I after an average of 4 treatments. Conclusions The pelvic, pudendal and sciatic nerves enter at the S2 and S3 foramina where they converge to form the common S2-3 nerve roots. At this location, these nerve roots are only covered by thin peri- and epineurium, not thick, tough dura mater. We postulated that abrasion within the foramina from trauma to the sacrum locally irritated and inflamed these vulnerable nerve roots. Crucial supportive evidence is that clinically significant reduction of PGAD/GPD symptoms in 3 patients was observed in response to anesthetic injection directly into the caudal sacrum. Further research is needed. Disclosure No

The diversity of smallholder chicken farming in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania reveals a range of underlying production constraints

The poultry industry in Tanzania has grown steadily over the past decade. We surveyed 121 chicken farming households along an intensification gradient from backyard to semi-intensive and intensive production systems based on rearing system and assumed purpose and poultry breed in the Iringa region. About 30% of households had more than one breed and/or rearing system combination. The subdivision of poultry systems was refined by adding the size of the flocks to highlight variation in scale of operations. On this basis we distinguished 3 main types: 1) subsistence small-scale free-range chicken production; 2) market-oriented small to medium scale semi-intensive and 3) small to medium-large scale intensive systems. ‘Intensification’ involves the transition from keeping indigenous chickens to improved dual-purpose and exotic breeds driven by greater productivity and potential for income generation. The more intensive the production system, the more the intensity and diversity of diseases identified by farmers as their main problem, which was partly attributed to the greater sensitivity of the improved breeds, poor veterinary measures, and the high chicken density facilitating disease spread. Based on the survey we constructed a problem tree to classify the underlying constraints and their interrelations, and to identify common root causes, based on which we propose practical solutions to improve chicken production. Development of medium-large scale systems is particularly constrained by a limited supply of 1-day-old chicks and theft. By contrast, intensification of small-scale systems is constrained by limited access to quality feed, vaccines and medicines, capital, and lack of a reliable market, partly due to the absence of farmer organization. These constraints can be addressed through formation of producer groups and promotion of outgrower and enterprise development models. Enterprise development appears to be the most promising business model for smallholder chicken farmers given that it allows farmers more freedom in decision-making and management while strengthening linkages with input suppliers and output markets to ensure a viable and profitable business.

The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Climate Crisis: A Call to Question the Mindset of Modernity

Drawing a parallel between the COVID-19 pandemic and climate change, the article explores what can be learned from these crises using two axes of analysis. First, such events show some noteworthy structural analogies, being both typified by nonlinear dynamics. They exhibit latency periods and tipping points: at the beginning, things go slowly, but once a critical threshold is exceeded, suddenly escalate quickly; as a result, when we respond to them will make the difference. Second, it is crucial how complex crises are framed. It would be deceptive to concentrate only on their contingent aspects. Both cases should instead be seen as the symptom of a broader imbalance, i.e., a ‘crisis of modernity’. Consequently, the article investigates their possible common roots: not only their socioeconomic determinants, but also worldview assumptions, particularly a long-lasting dualism that contributed to generate an overall sense of separateness. It argues that this situation cannot be addressed through some superficial changes. Rather, it urges us to move toward some deeper shifts, regarding both our way of thinking and behaving.

Coopetition and Open Strategy – Common Roots and Shared Strategic Dilemmas

Purpose: The impact of the observed multidimensional pressures and managerial tensions has increased the necessity to rethink the sources of competitive advantage, giving the ground for developing open and collaborative streams of research. This paper addresses this necessity by blending the lenses of open strategizing with coopetition phenomena in order to understand the convergence between those two relational approaches to strategy formulation. Design/methodology/approach: It is a conceptual paper in which we recognize the compatibility and common roots of coopetition and open strategy. These we recognized through using seven managerial paradoxes. Findings: We explore seven strategic dilemmas that emerged from the overlapping contexts of those two – individually paradoxical – approaches. We identify several research avenues and specific research questions accompanying them. Research limitations/implications: The research questions asked at the end of theorization that we see as relevant can provide the ground for further research by scholars interested in strengthening the theoretical foundations of either coopetition or open strategy, but also in these two concepts simultaneously. As a conceptual article, this paper is prone to researchers’ subjectivity bias. Originality/value: This is the first study where the perspective of blending open strategy and coopetition is applied.

Between Scylla and Charybdis: Theoretical Reflections on ‘The Protection of Intellectual Property Rights under International Investment Law’ by Klopschinski, Gibson and Ruse-Khan

INTRODUCTION. The relationship between investment protection and intellectual property rights is one of the longstanding issues in international investment law — intellectual property rights have long been recognised as a form of ‘investment’ entitled to protection under bilateral investment treaties and other international investment agreements. The book co-authored by Simon Klopschinski, Christopher Gibson, and Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan, and entitled The Protection of Intellectual Property Rights under International Investment Law [Klopschinski, Gibson,Ruse-Khan 2021] provides a welcome contribution to the debate on the issue by addressing the problem from an informed theoretical standpoint. However, this issue, as correctly pointed out by the authors, is not merely a theoretical one, but rather one with significant consequences in terms of the integration of other concerns and values in investment treaties and arbitral cases, such as intellectual property rights protection.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The materials for the article were the book co-authored by Simon Klopschinski, Christopher Gibson, and Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan, The Protection of Intellectual Property Rights under International Investment Law (2021), in light of the relevant academic literature in the field of international investment law and IP. The methodological basis of the research consists of general scientific and special methods.RESEARCH RESULTS. Without doubt, this book is a comprehensive and stimulating study by the experts in both fields that will deepen understanding of the relationship between IP and investment. The authors masterfully bring together discourses that are taking place between scholars and practitioners in each regime, but frequently in relative isolation from each other.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. With regard to the subject-matter, it is clear that no matter how specialised the fields of international law already are, and will increasingly become in the future, they maintain common roots and traits. Once this path of mutual exchange is taken, many positive cross-fertilisation effects can be expected in the future. The greatest part of the book consists of an analysis of shared procedural and substantive norms. Klopschinski, Gibson and Ruse-Khan focus on how substantive provisions are articulated across the two legal regimes and identifies commonalities and differences in framing and in how they are interpreted in dispute settlement.

Thermomechanical processing of components of combined feeds by the expansion method

The availability of high-quality combined feed largely determines the level of economic development in animal husbandry and poultry farming since, in the structure of the cost of livestock products, feed costs reach 65 – 70%. At the same time, the authors of this article aim to compare the current situation around the feed industry in the Republic of Kazakhstan with a similar situation in the Russian Federation, as the formation of this industry in our countries has common roots. Thermomechanical processing methods are proposed to implement deep physicochemical changes in the protein-carbohydrate complex of components of combined feeds. As a result, the quality of the combined feeds improves. Starch gelatinization occurs, and starch grains transition into a more digestible form, contributing to its better assimilation. Bacterial contamination decreases, and coliform bacteria, colon bacillus, mould fungi, and salmonella are destroyed.

Poster 224: Tear Features and Surgical Techniques in 1230 Child and Adolescent Meniscus Repairs: Results from a Prospective, Multicenter Registry

Objectives:Recent literature has suggested a marked shift towards increased meniscus repair relative to meniscectomy over the last decade in younger populations. Children and adolescents are more profoundly impacted by the outcomes of meniscus preservation, in terms of long-term joint health, given the subsequent decades of high activity levels, risk of meniscus re-injury, and progression towards degenerative joint disease in the setting of meniscus deficiency. The purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive assessment of meniscus tear patterns and repair techniques utilized in children and adolescents to better elucidate features of this common injury and national trends in treatment.Methods:A prospective, multi-center registry of 4 different arthroscopic surgeries—discoid meniscus surgery, non-discoid meniscus repair [medial meniscus repair (MMR) or lateral meniscus tear (LMR)], anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), and tibial spine repair (TSR)—performed by 32 surgeon-investigators at 20 different academic centers over 30 months, was queried for all cases of non-discoid meniscus repair, which were further categorized according to whether they were performed in isolation (I-MR), or in conjunction with ACLR or TSR. Variables collected included patient demographic features (age, sex, BMI), compartment (lateral, LMT; medial, MMT), zone (white-white, red-white, red-red), pattern (longitudinal/vertical, complex/degenerative, radial, oblique/parrot’s beak, horizontal/cleavage), displacement (yes/no), location (anterior, body, posterior, root), repair technique (all-inside, inside-out, outside-in, other), repair implant/construct (menisco-capsular implants/sutures, meniscal-based sutures), and number of implants/sutures. Descriptive statistics and comparative analysis were performed for I-MR vs. ACLR-MR vs. TSR-MR and MMR vs. LMR.Results:Of 1374 meniscus repairs (mean 15.1 years old, range 5-19, 44% Female), 763 (55.5%) were performed for LMT and 611 (44.5%) for MMT, with 184 of all cases (15%) representing bicompartmental meniscus repair (LMR+MMR). ACLR-MR (n=817, 66.9%) was significantly more common than I-MR (n=373, 30.6%), which was significantly more common than TSR-MR (n=31, 2.5%, p=0.001). I-MR had a higher incidence of anterior horn, meniscal body tears, inside out repairs, and outside in repairs (all p<0.001). Of MMTs that underwent repair 81.2% were vertical/longitudinal, while LMTs that underwent repair were comprised of 49.6% vertical/longitudinal, 24.2% complex/degenerative, and 13.9% radial (Table 1). While the most common tear zone for repaired menisci was the red-white zone, 18% of LMR and 13.4% of MMR were in the white-white zone. The posterior horn was one of the most common locations of a repairable lesion (45.1% LMT and 43.9% MMT) with 12.8% of LMT repairs and 6.2% of MMT repairs performed on the posterior root. 70% of repairs were performed with all-inside technique, which was the predominant technique for all tear patterns in both MMT and LMT. Only 14.1% of repairs were performed with inside-out technique, but 70% of these cases were for displaced tears. The average number of implants/sutures for non-displaced tears was 4.0, compared with 5.9 for displaced tears. While a majority of repairs used meniscocapsular repair techniques, 11.1% of meniscus repairs were based on meniscal-based sutures including 20.8% of radial tear repairs. 14 different implants were used by study surgeons (Figures 1 and 2).Conclusions:Amongst tears selected for repair in children and adolescents, LMT is more common than MMT, and the majority of cases arise in conjunction with ACLR, compared to isolated tears. The predominant tear pattern is vertical in MMTs (80%). By percentage, radial tears are seven times more common and posterior root tears are twice as common in lateral meniscus tears. Given the high and increasing frequency of this injury and procedure, nationally, the variation detected in repair techniques and implants utilized represent potential opportunities for optimization of care and reduction in health care costs.Table 1.Medial and lateral mensicus tear types and fixation techniques used. () indicated percentage of repair technique type for each tear type

Using regression analysis to optimise conditions for water-soluble polysaccharide extraction from sunflower

Common sunflower roots, often a by-product of the agriculture industry, comprise important raw materials for food and pharmaceutical uses. The purpose of this study was to detect the optimal parameters of ultrasonic extraction of water-soluble polysaccharides from roots of common sunflowers. We varied the grinding of raw materials, the temperature of the extractant, the multiplicity and duration of extraction, the ratio of raw materials to extractant, and the ultrasonic frequency in the bath "Grad 40-35". The data obtained during the experiments made it possible to develop a linear multivariate regression model with sufficient accuracy for forecasting and analysis. The adequacy of the model was confirmed using Pearson's χ2-criterion. For determination of the strength of the general relationship between the predicted and observed data values, the correlation coefficient was used. Findings reveal that the most important conditions for the extraction of annual sunflower roots to obtain the maximum yield were: extraction temperature equal to 80 °C; extraction multiplicity equal to 3; ultrasound frequency equal to 35 kHz; grinding of raw materials into particles measuring between 0.5 mm to 2.0 mm, extraction time of 15 to 20 minutes and the ratio of raw materials to extractant ranging from 1 g per 10 ml to 1 g per 15 ml.

Towards the Cape Town Document

AbstractThe Modern Heritage of Africa (MoHoA) initiative was conceived at a critical confluence of existential planetary conditions and rising global inequality, exacerbated and accelerated by the Covid‐19 pandemic, the Ukraine ‐Russia war, and a resurgence of racism and extreme nationalism. These phenomena share a common root in being products of the modern age and yet, paradoxically, endanger its legacy through the pursuit of inequitable and unsustainable practices. It is one of the key questions and concerns for MoHoA. MoHoA seeks to decentre, reframe and reconceptualise the legacies of the recent past in light of these existential crises, and to acknowledge the inequitable ways in which this past has been researched and recorded, and consequently valorised and protected. This article addesses these issues in the context of African cultural heritage and the long duree of its global connections.

Operating room relay strategy for turnover time improvement: a quality improvement project

IntroductionOperating room (OR) management plays a pivotal role in the healthcare system due to the high cash flow it yields. Enhancing communication in the OR, which is the common root...

상고중국어에 보이는 **miːg(피⋅핏줄)을 어근으로 갖는 단어가족과 한국어 ‘피’의 상고중국어 차용어 가능성에 대한 논의

It is presumed that in the Old Chinese, words meaning ‘blood’ and ‘vein’ had the common root **miːg, from which the word *hmiːg meaning ‘blood’ was derived by adding the prefix *h-. To write that word during the Shang dynasty, people created and used the word 血xue by adding a hieroglyphic sign representing blood of a sacrifice to the hieroglyph 皿mǐn meaning a ‘bowl.’ Afterwards, in the Han dynasty, the dropout of ‘m’ led to the generation of ‘w,’ and under the influence of the front vowel /i/, the ending changed to an alveolar plosive. The sound of the word 血xue changed to *hʷiːd in the late Han dynasty and to hʷet in the period of Middle Chinese. Meanwhile, *hmiːg was borrowed into the ancient Korean language in the early period of Nakranggun and went through changes (hm- 〉pʰ- and -g 〉-h 〉-O) to have the word form pʰi(‘피’ in Korean) at least before the 15th century. In addition, the word *mriːg, meaning ‘vein,’ was derived from the root **miː g by adding the infix ‘-r-.’ To write that word, 永yǒng, meaning a ‘flow of water,’ and its reversed form pai were used as components, which were combined with 皮pi, 肉rou, and 血xue and other words to form various combinations, such as ‘□,’ ‘脉,’ ‘脈,’ ‘□,’ and ‘衇.’ As for *mriːg, the ending did not change to an alveolar plosive because the vowel changed to /e/ before the change from *-ig to *-id occurred in the period of Old Chinese. *mreːg changed to mЩεk in the period of Middle Chinese. As for 脈mai, the prefix *h- was added to *mriːg and thus *hmrig, meaning ditches spreading like thread veins, was derived from it. Afterwards, in the *mreːg stage, the initial was turned voiceless and the suffix *-s was added and thus *m˳ʰreːgs, meaning ‘tributary,’ was derived from it. To write down the former, 水shuǐ and 血xue were combined into 洫xu, while 肉rou in 脈mai was changed to 水shuǐ to create 派pai. With respect to *hmrig, the vowel also changed in the period of Old Chinese and the velar plosive ending was kept. *hmrЩg changed to hʷɨk in the period of Middle Chinese, while *m˳ʰreːgs went through the change from -gs to -h and became pʰЩε(departing tone).

ROOT CANAL MORPHOLOGY IN MAXILLARY 2ND PREMOLAR USING CONE BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CBCT) IN PATIENTS BELONGS TO PESHAWAR KHYBER PAKHUNKHWA

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the root canal morphology in maxillary second premolar in a sample of Peshawar population.Methods and materials: This cross sectional study was conducted on 200 CBCT images in Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar. The inclusion criteria were both genders, Pakistani nationals and age range from 20 to 50 years. CBCT images of maxillary second bicuspid which were unclear, distorted, have been endodotically treated, having post or other pathologies were excluded. Age and gender were recorded from data base available with CBCT. The assessment of root canal system of upper second premolar was done on basis of Vertucci classifi cation. Stratifi cation of canal morphology among age groups and gender was performed by running Chi-square/Fisher exact test.Results: The mean age of the participants was 33.84±8.53 years. The males were 118 (59%) and females were 82 (41%). More than half of the participants had single canal (n=107, 54%) and 91(46%) had two canals. Most common morphology of canals according to Vetucci’s classifi cation was types II having 77 (38%) and type IV having 67 (34%). In young ages (20-30 years) the frequency of single canal was 56 (62%) while in old ages (41-50 years) it was 21(38%). These differences were statistically significant (p=0.009). However, the confi guration among various age groups was not statistically signifi cant (p=0.208). Conclusion: Prevalence of two canals are very common in maxillary second premolar. The common root canal confi gurations are type II and IV in this tooth.

Observation of mandibular second molar roots and root canal morphology using dental cone-beam computed tomography.

The mandibular second molars show various morphological features in the roots and root canal, and a gutter-shaped root (GSR) caused by fusion of the mesial and distal roots is frequently encountered. In this study the number of the roots associated with mandibular second molars were observed using dental cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). For those with a GSR, determination of root morphology and root canal classification were performed. CBCT image data from 173 Japanese mandibular second molars were obtained. Using sliced images, the number of the roots and root morphology were determined. In cases with a GSR, the ratio for the fused roots was determined and root canal morphology features were classified. A GSR was found in 61 (35.3%), with greater prevalence in females. In addition, the overall ratio of the fused part to root thickness in those with a GSR was 48.7%, with no significant difference related to sex. Furthermore, a C-shaped root canal morphology was commonly observed in both males and females with a GSR. In the present cohort examined in Japanese, most of the mandibular second molar were found to have two roots, with a GSR noted in 35.5%. While a GSR was more often observed in females, a C-shaped root canal was the most common root canal morphology in both sexs. It is considered that assessment using CBCT findings is helpful for precise determination of root canal morphology and presence of a GSR in mandibular second molars.

Healthy and Sustainable Food: A Cross-Cultural Study among Spanish and Italian Consumers.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the perception of environmental attributes and food safety in Italy and Spain and how these different perceptions influence the importance of various attributes and certifications related to food. These two countries have a common root and some undeniable similarities, but there are two completely distinct individualities. Three main research questions have, thus, been identified: attention to food safety regarding Italian and Spanish consumers; the role of ecological certifications in the perception of health in the two countries; the role of the brand and the choice of organic products in the perception of food safety. To answer the research questions, a questionnaire was administered, face to face, to a sample of both Spanish consumers and Italian consumers. The analysis of the data collected through the questionnaires was administered using two logistic regressions to identify which variables influence issues concerning the health and safety of food products. A Spanish consumer interested in ecological certifications is also a consumer who is attentive to the safety and health of food consumption. Looking at Italian consumers, it is highly probable that a consumer who assesses ecological certifications positively is also a consumer concerned about food safety, but this probability increases the likelihood this consumer’s choices are guided by brands and frequent consumption of organic products. This research has allowed us to highlight sharp differences in the approach to consumption in these two countries, which, despite similar cultures and the same sensitivity to environmental and food safety issues, exhibit marked differences in the selection of food products.

Root Canal Configuration Of Maxillary First Premolar Teeth In A Subpopulation Of Peshawar Using Tooth Cross-Sectioning Method; An Invitro Study.

Knowledge of tooth morphology is obligatory for achieving success in dental treatment. The root canal configuration of maxillary first premolar (MFP) has been shown to be highly varying. The study was conducted to assess the canal configurations in the roots of upper first premolars within a sample population of Peshawar with the help of tooth cross-sectioning method. The extracted 250 maxillary first premolars had undergone access cavity preparation after cleaning and pulp was removed from each individual tooth. The root canals were located in the pulp chamber floor and then India ink was injected in to their orifices. When the canals get stained the roots were cross sectioned at three levels to assess the configurations of root canals using a categorization method devised by Weine. SPSS version 19 was used to analyze the data. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. . Among 250 maxillary first premolars, the common root canal configuration was Weine's type-IV in 30.4% and type-III in 30.0% teeth. Weine's type-I and type II were observed in 24.8% and 8.8% premolars, respectively. Variable root canal configurations were seen in 6.0% teeth. Apical delta was found in 1 (0.4%) tooth. A highly statistically significant difference was observed when root canal configuration was compared with external root morphology. Weine's type-IV and type-III root canal configurations were frequently observed in maxillary first bicuspids.

(Re)Organizing legitimacy theory

PurposeDespite a common conceptual root, research applying legitimacy theory addresses any number of more or less distinct behaviours, attitudes, and processes. Although this variety in approaches has complicated theoretical development, we argue that it is critical to addressing the breadth of the construct. To address this state of affairs, we offer the Concentric Diagram of Legitimacy as an organizing tool for the literature. The diagram roots itself in the dialogue of legitimacy, and argues that legitimacy theory is fundamentally comprised of five key theoretical propositions. Proposition 1 addresses the link between authority and acquiescence directly while the remaining propositions link organizational support (Proposition 2) and public approval (Proposition 3) with authority, and interactions (Proposition 4) and the social context (Proposition 5) with acquiescence.

Etymological Studies of Common Turkic Etymons «bad», «kob»

Many lexical units of the language and their meanings need etymological analysis in relation to the origin and history of certain words. Etymology as a branch of lexicology explores the theoretical foundations and methodological improvement of the analysis. In order to find out the purpose of determining the origin and history of a certain word or words, it is necessary to find out: the primary meaning of some words, and in other words secondary, i.e. derived meanings, in third lexemes, the meaning of lexical phraseological phrases, in winged expressions, sayings and proverbs, as a result of collecting and analyzing materials and draw certain conclusions. The setting of such goals and objectives has existed since the formation of the science of language. Because the origin and history of words and their meanings interested the population for practical purposes, and scientists for scientific purposes. The main object of the research is the history of the semantics of words, so the article uses such techniques and methods as diachrony-synchrony, analysis-synthesis, induction-deduction, component and complex analysis of the retrospective method. The article takes into account all lexical, stylistic and grammatical meanings, grammatical forms in the form of root and derived morphemes, as well as semantics in the composition of lexical and stable word combinations of the common Turkic root words «hob», «bad». The analyses werecarried out and covered the linguistic materials of the Turkic written monuments and modern Turkic languages. Etymological analyses of the etymons «hob», «bad» are theoretically based on the 5 principles of etymological theory developed by us: word semantics – semantic derivation – derivational process – types of reconstruction and semantic reconstruction – comparative bases of word etymology. Etymological analysis of the words «hob», «bad» is carried out at the phonemic, morphemic, lexemic and syntagmatic levels, i.e. it is subjected to a comprehensive analysis. As a result of comprehensive consideration of the Turkic etymon «ot» in aspects of the semantics of root words, derived words semantics and the semantics of the complex words we can conclude that archiseme of the etymon «hob» – value is «hollow, convex», that archisemes of the etymon «bad»: in the Turkic languages «face», in Arabic «desert, thirst», in persian «bad».