Common Resources Research Articles

Does "Dr. Google" improve discussion and decisions in small animal practice? Dog and cat owners use of internet resources to find medical information about their pets in three European countries.

Modern dog and cat owners increasingly use internet resources to obtain information on pet health issues. While access to online information can improve owners' knowledge of patient care and inform conversations with their veterinarian during consultations, there is also a risk that owners will misinterpret online information or gain a false impression of current standards in veterinary medicine. This in turn can cause problems or tensions, for example if the owner delays consulting their veterinarian about necessary treatment, or questions the veterinarian's medical advice. Based on an online questionnaire aimed at dog and cat owners in Austria, Denmark and the United Kingdom (N = 2117) we investigated the use of internet resources to find veterinary medical information, the type of internet resources that were used, and whether owner beliefs explain how often they used the internet to find medical information about their pet. Approximately one in three owners reported that they never used internet resources prior to (31.7%) or after (37.0%) a consultation with their veterinarian. However, when owners do make use of the internet, our results show that they were more likely to use it before than after the consultation. The most common internet resources used by owners were practice websites (35.0%), veterinary association websites (24.0%), or 'other' websites providing veterinary information (55.2%). Owners who believe that the use of internet resources enables them to have a more informed discussion with their veterinarians more often use internet resources prior to a consultation, whereas owners who believed that internet resources help them to make the right decision for their animal more often use internet resources after a consultation. The results suggest that veterinarians should actively ask pet owners if they use internet resources, and what resources they use, in order to facilitate open discussion about information obtained from the internet. Given that more than a third of pet owners use practice websites, the findings also suggest that veterinarians should actively curate their own websites where they can post information that they consider accurate and trustworthy.

Common Pool Resources Key to Sustainable Paddy Cultivation: Study from Drought-Prone Areas of West Bengal, India

Common Pool Resources Key to Sustainable Paddy Cultivation: Study from Drought-Prone Areas of West Bengal, India

Gestão e reconhecimento institucional na Reserva da Biosfera de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán

This research aims to describe the institutional recognition of the rational use of common resources in a Mexican reserve from a management and implementation perspective. After its declaration as a reserve, new environmental management systems were established, and the local population had to incorporate new institutions and, with this, new permitted and prohibited actions. The methodological strategy consisted of a mixed study that included surveys in eight municipalities with a convenience sample of 400 people and key informant interviews. The results reveal that, although the initial configuration by decree was top-down, the information that all inhabitants needed to recognize the institutions responsible for the new policies was not disseminated. Therefore, after almost 24 years, the need for an integrated and participatory management that actively includes the local community and the various entities involved is still pending.

Assessment of current pediatric electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation practices

BackgroundDespite improvements in digital electrocardiograms (ECGs), current standard of care requires physician confirmation. Mismatched expectations between ordering providers and ECG readers, often pediatric cardiologists and electrophysiologists (EPs), are common, especially since there are no standardized practices for pediatric ECG reading. ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to understand current practices in pediatric ECG reading. MethodsAn electronic survey was sent to members of the Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society (PACES). Participation was optional; results were recorded from 12/19/22–1/9/23. Only complete and non-duplicate entries were included. ResultsA total of 127 responses were received, 93 were analyzed. Most responses were from centers in North America (n = 65, 70 %), including the US (n = 58, 62 %), Canada (n = 6, 6 %), and Mexico (n = 1, 1 %). The remaining were from Europe (n = 18, 19 %), Asia (n = 7, 8 %), Australia (n = 2, 2 %), and South America (n = 1, 1 %). Most (n = 46, 49 %) were from small centers (0–25 ECGs read per day), 27 respondents (29 %) were from medium centers (26–50 ECGs read per day), 20 respondents (22 %) were from large centers (>50 ECGs read per day). The majority (n = 65, 70 %) reported >3 readers/day for inpatient and emergency department ECGs. 49 % (n = 46) of centers read ECGs >2 times/day on weekdays with more variable practice on weekends. For critical/time sensitive findings, most centers (n = 90, 97 %) used verbal communication +/− the EMR. There was consensus (≥50 % agreement) that the following findings are critical/time sensitive: QTc >500 ms, T-wave alternans, narrow complex tachycardia, wide complex tachycardia, pre-excited atrial fibrillation, focal ischemic changes, second degree heart block type II, complete heart block, and pacemaker malfunction. ConclusionReading practices are variable. Critical/time sensitive findings are most often communicated verbally, however, there is no agreed upon standard. There was consensus in critical/time-sensitive findings. Improved understanding of common practices and resource allocation may lead to increased consistency in pediatric ECG reading.

On the Same Page: Providing Theoretical Context for the Critical List of Variables for Sustaining the Commons

Elinor Ostrom pioneered common pool resource management theory. Her work was advanced by other contemporaries in the field. The result was a list of enabling variables for sustaining common pool resource systems. However, the interpretation of the qualifiers for the variables has been somewhat inconsistent among researchers, rendering meta-analysis and cross-case comparisons less robust. As the basis for CPR system theory, the importance of context for consistency becomes more significant with the pressures for effective analyses and subsequent policy— increasing with the impacts of climate change on the world’s CPR systems. This variable context must be preserved in the operationalizing process to ensure more robust comparability in data collection and, ultimately, a more effective evolution of theory. This review paper presents a reference where each variable is discussed in the context of its nascence and application in CPR theory by the researcher who flagged its importance. The goal of providing a reference for the theoretical context for the critical list of variables is to maintain the variables' theoretical integrity. The goal is to enable more informative and robust results in singular and comparative CPR analyses. Additional variables are defined and recommended for inclusion.

Economic significance and environmental impacts of the Song Dam Drinking Water Project (SDDWP) in Garhwal Himalaya

With the population growth through natural growth and migration, coupled with the city expansion, it is the fact that Dehradun City in India faces severe water scarcity. Therefore, the Song Dam Drinking Water Project (SDDWP) is proposed to provide ample drinking water to Dehradun City and its suburban areas. This paper examined economic significance and environmental impacts of the SDDWP in Garhwal Himalaya, India. To conduct this study, we collected data from both primary and secondary sources. There are 12 villages and 3 forest divisions in the surrounding areas of the proposed dam project, of which 3 villages will be fully submerged and 50 households will be affected. For this study, 50 heads of the households were interviewed in the 3 submerged villages. The questions mainly focused on economic significance, environmental impacts, and rehabilitation issues of the dam project. The findings of this study indicate that economic significance of the dam project is substantial, including providing ample water for drinking and irrigation, contributing to groundwater recharge, creating job opportunities, and promoting the development of tourism and fisheries in the Doon Valley. In terms of the rehabilitation of the affected people, there are only 50 households in need of rehabilitation. Currently, the arable land of these affected people is not sufficient to sustain their livelihoods. The entire landscape is fragile, rugged, and precipitous; therefore, the affected people are willing to rehabilitate to more suitable areas in the Doon Valley. Moreover, it is essential to provide them with sufficient compensation packages including the compensation of arable land, houses, cash, common property resources, institutions, belongingness, and cultural adaptation. On the other hand, the proposed dam project will have adverse environmental impacts including arable land degradation, forest degradation, loss of fauna and flora, soil erosion, landslides, and soil siltation. These impacts will lead to the ecological imbalances in both upstream and downstream areas. This study suggests that the affected people should be given sufficient compensation packages in all respects. Afforestation programs can be launched in the degraded areas to compensate for the loss of forest in the affected areas.

LOCC convertibility of entangled states in infinite-dimensional systems

We advance on the conversion of bipartite quantum states via local operations and classical communication (LOCC) for infinite-dimensional systems. We introduce δ-LOCC convertibility based on the observation that any pure state can be approximated by a state with finite-support Schmidt coefficients. We show that δ-LOCC convertibility of bipartite states is fully characterized by a majorization relation between the sequences of squared Schmidt coefficients, providing a novel extension of Nielsen’s theorem for infinite-dimensional systems. Hence, our definition is equivalent to the one of ε-LOCC convertibility (Owari et al 2008 Quantum Inf. Comput. 8 0030), but deals with states having finitely supported sequences of Schmidt coefficients. Additionally, we discuss the notions of optimal common resource and optimal common product in this scenario. The optimal common product always exists, whereas the optimal common resource depends on the existence of a common resource. This highlights a distinction between the resource-theoretic aspects of finite versus infinite-dimensional systems. Our results rely on the order-theoretic properties of majorization for infinite sequences, applicable beyond the LOCC convertibility problem.

Bielefeld Game Theory and Indiana Institutional Analysis: Elinor Ostrom and Theories of Common-Pool Resources

This article explores the place of game theory in Elinor Ostrom's groundbreaking studies of nonmarket institutions for managing common-pool resources (CPRs) from the 1980s onward. While game theory had been associated with the study of CPRs since at least the later 1960s, the precise way scholars used the theory varied, depending not only on their home discipline but on the locally specific research program they hoped to develop. Ostrom's use of game theory ultimately looked quite different from that of laboratory psychologists studying “commons dilemmas,” political scientists theorizing about constitutional choice, or economists building formal models of sparse markets, bearing perhaps the closest resemblance to the economist Reinhard Selten's skeptical and heterodox applications of game theory to the study of industrial organization. This account of Ostrom's local adaptation of game theory potentially helps us evaluate critiques of her work that focus on her use of rational choice models.

Do Two Minds Think Alike? Efficiency Benefits from Common ERP Vendor Use in a Supply Chain

SYNOPSIS Utilizing a common enterprise resource planning (ERP) vendor could improve supplier and customer performance by increasing supply chain information technology (IT) alignment, agility, and efficiency. However, supply chains could be hesitant to utilize a common ERP vendor for fear of intellectual capital loss, increased costs, and IT incapability with existing IT architecture. Relational view theory argues that information sharing and process integration advantages are achieved when supply chain partners share assets, knowledge, and capabilities through relation-specific investments, complementary resources, and knowledge sharing processes. We find evidence that common ERP vendor (CERPV) use is associated with greater supplier and customer efficiency, performance, and partnership strength. Our study directly examines the impact of CERPV use within a supply chain, adding to the limited accounting information systems’ evidence on the role of interorganizational ERP system investments on efficiency.

Metabolic Allometric Scaling of Multicellular Organisms as a Product of Evolutionary Development and Optimization of Food Chains

Production of energy is a foundation of life. The metabolic rate of organisms (amount of energy produced per unit time) generally increases slower than organisms’ mass, which has important implications for life organization. This phenomenon, when considered across different taxa, is called interspecific allometric scaling. Its origin has puzzled scientists for many decades, and still is considered unknown. In this paper, we posit that natural selection, as determined by evolutionary pressures, leads to distribution of resources, and accordingly energy, within a food chain, which is optimal from the perspective of stability of the food chain, when each species has sufficient amount of resources for continuous reproduction, but not too much to jeopardize existence of other species. Metabolic allometric scaling (MAS) is then a quantitative representation of this optimal distribution. Taking locomotion and the primary mechanism for distribution of energy, we developed a biomechanical model to find energy expenditures, considering limb length, skeleton mass and speed. Using the interspecific allometric exponents for these three measures and substituting them into the locomotion-derived model for energy expenditure, we calculated allometric exponents for mammals, reptiles, fish, and birds, and compared these values with allometric exponents derived from experimental observations. The calculated allometric exponents were nearly identical to experimentally observed exponents for mammals, and very close for fish, reptiles and the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of birds. The main result of the study is that the MAS is a function of a mechanism of optimal energy distribution between the species of a food chain. This optimized sharing of common resources provides stability of a food chain for a given habitat and is guided by evolutionary pressures and natural selection.

Drought in play: A grounded socio-hydrological tool to increase social participation in drought plans

Drought management requires a proactive approach and active involvement of stakeholders to enhance effectiveness and equity. However, there are challenges such as power imbalances and knowledge disparities. This paper proposes an innovative methodological tool to facilitate the understanding of key concepts, such as drought states and reservoir zoning, alerts for changes in drought state, risk predisposition, breaking down hierarchical structures of teaching and learning, contributing to more horizontal and participatory processes. We present “Drought in Play” from its creation and design to its application in two water systems in the state of Ceará, located in the Northeast region of Brazil. The game encourages active participation in the creation of a proactive drought plan for water systems and stimulates critical thought and proactive actions regarding drought and water resources management. The game was designed for a multidisciplinary team and tested with researchers that know the drought plans methodology and the challenges to build an effective drought plan. “Drought in Play’’ includes game elements (cards, boardgame) and simulations. We explore the participants’ perceptions when using this tool to facilitate stakeholder participation in building a proactive plan to deal with drought and to enable water users to collectively manage a reservoir that is a common resource to all of them. The results suggest that ”Drought in Play“ can be used as a tool for socio-hydrological modeling, because it combines hydrological elements with social aspects such as decision-making, cooperation, and conflicts among participants. The game has potential to facilitate sustainable water resources management, enhance social learning, and provide a knowledge framework to address complex environmental challenges. It can be easily adapted to other regions with similar situations without requiring further modifications.

Дробление бизнеса с точки зрения оценки обстоятельств получения необоснованной налоговой выгоды

The article analyzes business splitting as one of the circumstances of obtaining an unjustified tax benefit. The work is written using general scientific and private-scientific methods of cognition: analysis and synthesis, system approach, comparative-legal and formal-legal. In the course of the research it is substantiated that in order to reduce the risks of recognition of business splitting as illegal it is necessary: to define a clear, economically justified purpose of splitting; to ensure the independence of enterprises at the level of schemes of work, accounting, receipt and distribution of resources; it is desirable to split the business to enter a new market, expand the customer base or optimize fixed assets. The paper substantiates that among the characteristic features of business splitting as a circumstance for obtaining an unjustified tax benefit are: the presence of a single controlling person; splitting of a single production process; lack of independence of controlled entities in decision-making; use of common resources and the presence of common counterparties; formal distribution of resources or their gratuitous provision. The paper substantiates that business splitting can be assessed (qualified) by tax authorities as actions aimed at obtaining an unjustified tax benefit, but not always by itself.

Bloomington and Cambridge compared: varieties of ontological thinking, social positioning, and the self-governance of common-pool resources

Abstract This paper contributes to the literature on ontology and the history of economic thought by examining the ontological commitments of Nobel Laureate Elinor Ostrom from the vantage point of recent work on social positioning theory (SPT). The comparison highlights important features of Ostrom’s thought on common-pool resources (CPRs), most notably her emphasis on social positions and the correlative nature of the rights and duties and the role of power and authority associated with them. In addition to highlighting similarities between Ostrom and SPT, the paper also identifies differences and possible gains from trade. It is argued that Ostrom’s approach could potentially be enhanced by following SPT in allowing for the social positioning of objects as well as people and that SPT might benefit from Ostrom’s ideas about the epistemic challenges involved in deliberate attempts at social positioning and the possibility of failures in social positioning such challenges might entail.

Evaluating Community Forest User Groups (CFUGs)’ Performance in Managing Community Forests: A Case Study in Central Nepal

The community forests (CF) in Nepal, facilitated by Community Forest User Groups (CFUGs), is widely recognized as an effective model of community-based forest management. Despite this recognition, there is a notable lack of comprehensive studies assessing the performance of CFUGs in sustaining community forests. Addressing this gap, this study examined twenty-two indicators across five performance criteria, such as user group management, forest management, financial management, livelihood management, and collaboration and networking management, within four CFUGs in central Nepal. Data were collected through household surveys (n = 275) and focus group discussions (n = 4), and indicators of performance criteria were assessed using a Likert scale. Reliability was measured using the coefficient of Cronbach’s alpha. ANOVA was employed to compare mean performance criteria across the four CFUGs, providing an evaluative perspective on overall CFUG performance. The findings underscored collaboration and networking management as high performers, showing an index value of 0.71, while user group management exhibited moderate performance with an index value of 0.56, alongside other moderately performing criteria. Noteworthy disparities were evident across the four performance criteria (p < 0.01), with the exception of collaboration and network management. Approximately 55% of the indicators were rated low to moderate, revealing CFUGs’ deficiencies in regular functions, limited uptake of adaptive and market-oriented management practices, minimal contributions to biodiversity conservation, insufficient capacity for forest revenue generation and mobilization, and restricted income generation and benefit-sharing with communities. The absence of timely and pertinent actions further stifled interaction between CFUGs and community forests, undermining the potential for revenue generation, job creation, and collective actions essential for productive community forest management. Prioritization of the indicators based on the performance index value offers critical policy direction to ensure CFUG sustainability and augment participatory management of common pool resources. Strategies to address identified weaknesses and build on strengths are essential for the success of Nepal’s community forests.

Catalysing virtual collaboration: The experience of the remote TIES working groups

AbstractDuring the COVID‐19 pandemic, the idea of collaboration and scientific exchange between members of the scientific community was enhanced by technology. Virtual meetings and work platforms have become common resources to continue generating research, partially replacing instances of joint in‐person work before, during or after a conference. The idea of teleworking played a fundamental role in remote collaboration groups within The International Statistical Society (TIES), a community of interdisciplinary scientists such as statisticians, mathematicians, meteorologists, and biologists, among others working on quantitative methods to enhance solutions to environmental problems. In 2021 the Society launched three working groups with the aim of improving networking across the Society's members and develop creative collaboration, while advancing statistical and computational methods motivated by real‐world driven applications in environmental research. Here, we provide insights from this virtual collaborative initiative.

Equal allocation, demand priority or negotiated allocation? How to allocate water resources in the Tigris and Euphrates River Basin efficiently

The Tigris and Euphrates River Basin is an important water supply, but it suffers from water scarcity. It is necessary to carry out reasonable allocation of water resources in this region. Since water resources issues in this region are of multinational interest, international cooperative distribution efforts are needed. Common water resources allocation modes include equal allocation, demand priority or negotiation allocation. In order to derive the applicable range of various water resources allocation modes, this article constructs three differential game models and compares and analyzes the equilibrium results obtained by the models. Finally, the study shows that when the cost of developing water resources is small and the revenue obtained from developing water resources is large, the water-scarce region can obtain the maximum benefit by adopting the demand priority mode. Otherwise, the water-scarce region can obtain the maximum benefit by adopting the negotiation allocation mode. This study can inform the allocation, strategic interaction and cooperation of dynamic water resources in the two river basins.

“Industryimpactsmorethannature” - Risk perception of natural hazards in more-than-human worlds

Understanding the risk perceptions of natural hazards is vital for disaster mitigation. Despite extensive research on the topic, local and indigenous perspectives often remain marginalized and underrepresented. One reason discussed is the inherent Eurocentrism in knowledge production. Using narrative interviews with fishermen in the Patagonian fjord lands, we developed a grounded theory on risk perception against the background of actor–network theory to adress this criticism.The emergent order of risk perception research can be described by constructions of natural event systems, attributions of cause and blame, psychological processing and emotional strategies, territorial and professional identity, and perceptions of the national state. The distinction in risk science between natural hazards and environmental degradation, which represents the manifestation of the nature-culture divide, is not necessarily made by people.By allowing ambiguity in the ontology of nature, including networks of human and non-human actors,a hybrid understanding can be developed. We propose the following basic concepts of this understanding: environmental transformation, human-environment relations, appropriation of nature and ownership structure, displacement of sustainable traditions, and regional common-pool resources. Classifying these perspectives as pre-modern corresponds to the separation of different cultures described by Latour and forms the basis for asymmetrical relationships, reproducing the hegemony of Eurocentric and anthropocentric knowledge production. The separation into hazard and vulnerability can be seen as a manifestation of the second separation and leads to the networks of human and non-human actors that promote resilience being overlooked.

Dynamic microservice placement in multi-tier Fog networks

Fog computing extends Cloud-like infrastructure to the Edge, advancing Industrial Internet-of-Things (IIoT) applications in which parts of business-oriented enterprise systems, decoupled via fine-grained microservices, can be deployed in Fog networks in proximity to sensor devices. It boosts the responsiveness to IIoT events significantly where timely decision-making and actions are required, particularly for problematic trends and anomalies. However, microservice placement is a non-trivial problem in IIoT settings, given the dynamic occurrence of different IIoT events and variable resource needs of microservices against resource-constrained, heterogeneous, and distributed Fog devices. The cost of matching and deploying microservices in real-time, highly dynamic, and contentious settings can easily exceed the benefit of just-in-time Edge deployments. Current studies largely focus on managing the microservice placement from Cloud servers and offloading to the Cloud when Fog devices are resource-deficient. Yet, there is a lack of research focusing on efficient Fog resource use and managing the placement at the edge to improve the responsiveness. The complexity increases when multiple inter-dependent microservices with similar priorities are required to be placed on the same Fog devices. To mitigate this, we develop a tiered framework for dynamic microservice placement, in which costly resource decision-making for microservices is dedicated to Master Fog devices and Citizen Fog devices are exclusively assigned to executing microservice requests. Firstly, we implement a priority-based algorithm in each Master Fog device to identify the high-priority Edge-required microservices. Secondly, we sort the Fog devices according to their resource availability and place the microservices based on their priority and dependencies. Thirdly, we implement the strategies for microservice placement, scaling and request escalation in each Master Fog, managing a small number of Citizen Fog devices. These exempt the Citizen Fog devices from common resource and communication management responsibilities and enable them to allocate more resources to Edge-required microservices with a higher number of instances. Finally, we implement and evaluate our framework in a simulated Fog environment. The results outperform state-of-the-art frameworks in terms of efficient resource utilisation, resulting in reduced Cloud dependency by one-third compared to other approaches and average application execution time by 65–70%.

FEASIBILITY AND MICRO–COSTING ANALYSIS OF A SAME–DAY DISCHARGE PROTOCOL FOR CATHETER ABLATION OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION: A PILOT STUDY USING CRYOBALLOON ABLATION

Abstract Background Catheter ablation (CA) is a well–established treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF). Due to the ageing population, increasing prevalence of AF risk factors, improving detection methods for AF, and broadening indications for ablation, CA for AF is the most common resource–consuming ablation procedure, strongly impacting waiting list times and healthcare costs. The combination of these factors and limited bed availability led to development of a same–day discharge (SDD) protocol with acceptable efficacy and safety outcomes. Due to the COVID–19 outbreak, we started the SDD pilot project to reduce patient hospital stays and time spent on the waiting list. Objective We aimed to assess our day–case service‘s overall effectiveness and safety. Furthermore, we aimed to evaluate the health–economic impact of a routine adoption of day–case AF ablation. Methods Patients with symptomatic and drug–refractory PAF or early Pe–AF scheduled for de–novo ablation were included in the study protocol if they had the following clinical and non–clinical criteria for an SDD protocol: 1–Clinical factors: a) stable anticoagulation, b) No history of bleeding, c) No systolic heart failure, d) No history of pulmonary disease, e) No interventional procedure within 60 days, f) BMI <35, g) CHA DS –VASc ≤3, h) non–severely dilated left atrium, i) age <65 years old; 2–Non–clinical factors: a) home residence within 50 km, or if more, with an emergency department (ER) reachable within 30 minutes, b) home assistance to the patients the same day of the procedure. Results Fifty–two patients were included in the SDD protocol and underwent PVI with the Arctic Front Advance cryoballoon ablation catheter. Patients were admitted to a cardiac short–stay unit on the day of ablation at 7 am. SDD procedures were carried out in conscious sedation without the presence of an anesthesiologist. After ablation, the patient was admitted to the recovery area for at least 6 hours. Postprocedural echocardiography was performed to rule out pericardial effusion. The bed occupancy cost reduction was 493€/procedure with the SDD protocol (2415€ vs. 1921€). No minor or major complications were observed in the SDD protocol. Conclusion The adoption of an optimized path would lead to a reduction in the length of hospital stays, optimization of beds, a reduction in waiting lists, an accelerating patient access to care and a reduction in patient management costs by optimizing the consumption of resources.

Beyond the aggregated paradigm: phenology and structure in mutualistic networks

Mutualistic relationships, where species interact to obtain mutual benefits, constitute an essential component of natural ecosystems. The use of ecological networks to represent the species and their ecological interactions allows the study of structural and dynamic patterns common to different ecosystems. However, by neglecting the temporal dimension of mutualistic communities, relevant insights into the organization and functioning of natural ecosystems can be lost. Therefore, it is crucial to incorporate empirical phenology -the cycles of species’ activity within a season- to fully understand the impact of temporal variability on network architecture. In this paper, by using empirical datasets together with a set of synthetic models, we propose a framework to characterize the phenology of plant-pollinator communities and assess how it reshapes their portrayal as a network. Analyses of three empirical cases reveal that non-trivial information is missed when representing the network of interactions as static, which leads to overestimating the value of fundamental structural features. We discuss the implications of our findings for mutualistic relationships and intra-guild competition for common resources. We show that recorded interactions and species’ activity duration are pivotal factors in accurately replicating observed patterns within mutualistic communities. Furthermore, our exploration of synthetic models underscores the system-specific character of the mechanisms driving phenology, increasing our understanding of the complexities of natural ecosystems.