Common Raw Materials Research Articles

Recent advancements in combining MOFs and natural compounds for cancer therapy

AbstractIn addition to drugs, natural compounds such as functional food factors have demonstrated great potential for cancer therapy due to their low cost, mild side effects, and common raw materials. However, their short half‐life period, easy decomposition, and lack of targeting severely limit their further development. Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are a new type of porous crystalline materials that are created by combining metal clusters and organic linkers. MOFs have enormous applications, particularly in the biomedical field, due to their ability for pre‐functional design and post‐functional modification. In this mini‐review, we summarize recent research progress on combining MOFs with natural compounds for anti‐cancer performance, which will provide new insights for future research in the biomedical field.

Influence of Growing Substrate Preparation on the Biological Efficiency of Pleurotus ostreatus

Pleurotus ostreatus is one of the most cultivated mushrooms worldwide. It is a lignocellulolytic fungus cultivated on different substrates, whose more common raw material is straw. The present study investigated the biological efficiency of Pleurotus ostreatus as affected by the different age of straw and the growing media preparation process in four production cycles. The content of organic carbon significantly decreased during the growing media preparation, while the content of total nitrogen, moisture, and ash, as well asthe pH value, showed an opposite trend. The first production cycle was characterized by the highest total and soluble sugar content. A dramatic reduction in soluble sugars was recorded at the end of the preparation of the growing media, regardless of the production cycle, while the total sugars were slightly reduced during the production cycle. The microbial population was significantly influenced by the growing media preparation, while only bacteria were slightly influenced by the straw’s age. In contrast, cellulase activity significantly increased in the old straw, while an opposite trend was observed for pectinase activity. The β-glucosidase activity was influenced only by the growing media preparation. As expected, cluster analysis showed that the microbial community changed in each phase of growing media preparation. Finally, the biological efficiency of Pleurotus ostreatus decreased from 26.28% to 15.49% with increasing age of the straw, which may presumably be ascribed to the higher content of sugars in fresh straw compared to the older ones. Therefore, fresh straw should be used to prepare the growing media of Pleurotus ostreatus in order to increase its biological efficiency.

Engineering and scaling-up ceramic tiles with humidity self-regulation functionality

The humidity regulation in the interior spaces of buildings by means of passive solutions that do not require energy consumption is a topic of great interest due to the current needs for comfort and energy efficiency. This paper addresses the engineering of humidity regulating ceramic tiles that incorporate a functional coating formulated from gibbsite together with other common raw materials whose moisture regulating capacity has been demonstrated previously. A multi-layer coating tile system has been proposed, consisting of the following elements: an engobe layer, the functional coating with the regulating capacity, a decoration by inkjet technology and a protective topcoat glaze.This system has been analysed with moisture adsorption–desorption tests. The moisture regulation capacity and the effect of the coating thickness on this property have been determined, allowing to optimise the functionality.Finally, an analysis of the humidity regulation has been performed on the basis of demonstrators or small-sized cubicles that simulate the conditions of final use in rooms of buildings. The results show the different behaviour of the demonstrator with functional tiles in relation to conventional tiles, with an indoor ambient humidity that remains in the comfort zone for longer periods of time.

Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 membrane electrodialysis for lithium enrichment

Highly purified LiOH is a common raw material of cathode active materials of lithium-ion batteries. Its demand is rapidly increasing with the fast development of the electric vehicles. The traditional enrichment process of LiOH relying on water evaporation requires a lot of energy. Here, we demonstrate the ability of NASICON-type Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 membrane electrodialysis to enrich the LiOH aqueous solution with a low concentration. This Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 membrane electrodialysis could extract 99.7% and 96.5% of Li+ in 0.1, and 0.01 M LiOH feed solution, respectively, into 1 M LiOH receiving solution. And the transmembrane resistance between feed solution and receiving solution increased by 37.4, 389.5, and 964.6 Ω cm2, compared to the value for 1 M of LiOH feed solution as the feed solution concentration decreased to 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 M, respectively. This quantitative assessment method for the resistance variation is crucial to the potential separation application of Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 membrane electrodialysis in salt-lake brine.

Survival of lactic acid bacteria when using the developed yogurt from the milk of small cattle under in-vitro conditions

Functional nutrition is the use in everyday life of products of natural or artificial origin, which have a regulatory effect on the physiological functions, biochemical reactions of a person through the normalization of his microecological status. Cow remains a common raw material for yoghurts. In this article, the milk of small ruminants is considered as a raw material. The functionality of yogurt, shelf life, survival of bacteria in in vitro conditions are being studied. The purpose of the article is to identify the number of live microorganisms in terms of storage from - days, and in vitro conditions. Therefore, we chose the second method in order to study the viability of probiotics in the developed yogurts from sheep and goat milk, by modeling the gastrointestinal tract in vitro in comparison with the information available in the scientific literature. The studies were carried out in two stages: the stage of activation and preparation of strains, the second stage of modeling the gastrointestinal tract and checking at each stage of digestion. In this study, there were 8 samples, all samples showed a constant number of viable cells during 14 days of storage, even at 21 days there were viable bacteria. The number of viable cells was maintained at 107 and 106 CFU/mL until the 21st day of storage at 4 °C. The difference between BB counts may be related to its sensitivity to oxygen. Based on the experimental data obtained, it can be concluded that the samples showed a good initial concentration of probiotics - above 1010 CFU/g, after activation, as well as after simulating passage through the gastrointestinal tract with an average decrease of 106 and 107 CFU/g, which proves the therapeutic ability yoghurts from sheep's milk obtained according to the claimed method.

Synthesis of Azo Dyes and Generation of Dot Matrix Using Thin-Layer Chromatography

Thin-layer chromatography, which involves the movement of dyes along a silica-coated plate, is used to observe the progress of chemical reactions and to separate mixtures. We took advantage of this phenomenon to devise a method for generating patterns in the shape of numbers with dots (dot matrix). We prepared the azo dyes necessary for generating the dot matrix and successfully generated dot matrix images of numbers 0 to 9 using three azo dyes synthesized from two types of aromatic amines and three types of phenols. All plates were developed in a hexane:acetone = 5:1 solvent. The advantage of this study is that all azo dyes necessary for drawing can be synthesized from common raw materials. Both the dye synthesis and dot matrix generation can be carried out as part of practical work intended for first-year university students. Alternatively, the experiments could be conducted using the dyes prepared in advance by the instructor, and high school students could be encouraged to consider which dye solution to spot on each lane to draw their desired number by dot matrix.

Animal Fiber Recognition Based on Feature Fusion of the Maximum Inter-Class Variance

Abstract Cashmere and wool are common raw materials in the textile industry. The clothes made of cashmere are popular because of the excellent comfort. A system that can quickly and automatically classify the two will improve the efficiency of fiber recognition in the textile industry. We propose a classification method of cashmere and wool fibers based on feature fusion using the maximum inter-class variance. First, the fiber target area is obtained by the preprocessing algorithm. Second, the features of sub-images are extracted through the algorithm of the Discrete Wavelet Transform. It is linearly fused by introducing the weight in the approximate and detailed features. The maximum separability of the feature data can be achieved by the maximum inter-class variance. Finally, different classifiers are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The support vector machine classifier can achieve the highest recognition rate, with an accuracy of 95.20%. The experimental results show that the recognition rate of the fused feature vectors is improved by 6.73% compared to the original feature vectors describing the image. It verifies that the proposed method provides an effective solution for the automatic recognition of cashmere and wool.

Research progress on the application of tristate water in preparation of starch‐based foaming materials

AbstractResearch on the preparation of starch‐based degradable foams by adding simple raw materials and using simple processes meets the requirements of modern society and market demand. Water is the most common raw material in daily life, its triple transformation is easy to achieve, and it has an important effect on many aspects of the starch foaming process. This paper presents the research results on the preparation of starch‐based foaming materials using water as an important raw material, summarizing the mechanism of the action of solid–liquid gaseous water in the plasticization, foaming, hydrophobic, and swelling processes. Water vapor fumigation of starch materials uses high temperatures to induce the inversion (or dehydration) of the hydroxyl groups distributed on the surface, reducing the water sensitivity of the starch foam surface. Finally, the development trend is analyzed and foreseen, in order to provide new ideas for the development of low‐cost methods to prepare degradable and environmentally friendly packaging materials.

Preparation and electrochemical application of porous carbon materials derived from extraction residue of Ganoderma lucidum

As a valuable biomass resource, a large number of Chinese medicine residue have not been effectively utilized and are often treated as garbage, which not only causes environmental pollution, but also leads to the waste of resources. Ganoderma lucidum is a common raw material of Chinese herbal medicine, its natural mycelium and tube structure is conducive to the formation the porous structure of carbon materials. In this paper, porous carbon materials with high specific surface area and high pore volume were prepared by high temperature carbonization in nitrogen atmosphere using Ganoderma lucidum residue as a raw material and KOH as an alkali activator. The morphology and pore structure of the prepared carbon materials were analyzed and characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and nitrogen adsorption method. When the mass ratio of carbon to alkali was 1:4 and the temperature was 800 °C, ultra-high specific surface area microporous carbon materials were obtained with specific surface area of 3425 m3 g−1 and total pore volume of 1.74 cm3 g−1. The prepared porous carbon material was assembled into hydrogen peroxide electrode and cholesteric oxide modified electrode, which showed good catalytic performance.

Moisture transport in cotton woven fabrics of different weaves and linear density of weft yarn

Cotton is the most common raw material of natural origin applied in clothing manufacturing. Clothing currently available on the market is usually made of plain weave fabrics. As part of this study, 3 pairs of cotton woven fabrics with different weaves (plain, twill 2/2 S, transverse rep 1/1) and different linear density of weft yarn (60 tex and 100 tex) were tested. The scope of research included determination of parameters characterizing the ability of fabrics to transport moisture in liquid form. The investigation was carried out on the Moisture Management Tester M290. The investigations allowed assessing the moisture transport of individual fabrics as well as the influence of both weave and linear density of weft yarn on the parameters characterizing the liquid moisture transport in the fabrics.

Biodiesel Production from Waste Frying Oil using Catalysts Derived from Waste Materials

Domestic resources such as vegetable oil, animal fats, tallows, and waste frying oil are common raw materials for making biodiesel. In contrast to ordinary diesel, biodiesel helps to reduce CO2 emissions. This study aimed to produce biodiesel using waste frying oil in the presence of suitable solid waste-derived heterogeneous catalysts. Firstly, CaO/K2O catalyst was synthesised using eggshells and banana peels. Then, the pre-prepared catalyst (CaO/K2O) modified with ZnO was utilized for biodiesel production. The prepared catalyst and biodiesel were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FTIR spectroscopy. The AOAC and ASTM standard methods were employed to analyze the physicochemical properties of oils and biodiesel. The catalytic efficiency of CaO/K2O and CaO/K2O-ZnO tested for the transesterification of purified oil to biodiesel at the catalyst weight (1-7 %wt), temperature (60-80°C), and methanol to oil ratios ranging from 3:1 to 12:1. The highest biodiesel yield (92%) obtained when 5 %wt CaO/K2O catalyst used. However, a 95% yield resulted when using a 3 %wt CaO/K2O-ZnO catalyst load in 2 h with a methanol to oil (v/v) ratio of 9:1 at 65°C. The study revealed that waste frying oil is a good source of biodiesel which could replace nonrenewable energy in the future. The catalysts made from solid waste could also replace an expensive chemical catalyst.

Isolation, identification and sensory evaluation of kokumi peptides from by-products of enzyme-modified butter.

Enzyme-modified butter is used as a common raw material to obtain a natural milk flavor. Butter protein is a by-product in butter processing that can be used as substrate to produce taste-active peptides, which can create additional value and new application opportunities, making the method more environmentally friendly. Putative kokumi peptides from hydrolysates of protein by-products were isolated by gel filtration chromatography and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The isolated peptide fraction with the most pronounced kokumi taste was screened by sensory evaluation and electronic tongue analysis. Eleven peptides were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Six peptides were synthesized to verify their taste characteristics. Five synthetic peptides (FTKK, CKEVVRNANE, EELNVPG, VPNSAEER and YPVEPFTER) showed different intensity levels of kokumi taste. Of these peptides, the decapeptide CKEVVRNANE had the highest kokumi intensity. The newly identified kokumi peptides increased the kokumi taste intensity and showed some synergistic effect with umami taste. Both termini of the peptides seem to play an important role in taste characteristic. Glu residue at both termini can increase the kokumi taste intensity. This work indicated that it was feasible to produce kokumi peptides by enzymatic hydrolysis of the protein by-products of butter. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Land use and risk management in the Diamante Valley, northwestern Patagonia, Argentina

This research discusses land use in three ecological zones from the Diamante Valley: the highlands, the piedmont, and the lowlands—while focusing on mobility and the lithic organization of prehistoric hunter-gatherers. To determine the differences in land use, the fieldwork for this research involved a systematic random sample of surface deposits from 400 one-hectare units within a 100 km2 area in each ecological zone, followed by lithic analysis of the materials recovered. The piedmont contains the highest density of human activity, followed by the highlands, and then the lowlands. In the lowlands, the relative absence of evidence for human activity suggests this was an unfavorable place for people to live. However, geomorphology, site formation processes, and visibility, may also be a plausible cause of the lack of findings. In both the piedmont and the highlands, larger sites close to watercourses and raw materials were occupied repeatedly. Across the region, the most common raw material was basalt, followed by cryptocrystalline, and then obsidian. Chipped stone implements and fragments in the highlands were smaller than in the other areas. In the highlands, the most abundant camps were of medium size, possibly located and organized to support logistical foraging trips to acquire resources in a patchier environment. I examine how patterns of human mobility complement the use of resources across different ecological zones, nothing that the piedmont, which is accessible all year round, was used the most. These findings contribute to our understanding of the diversity of evolutionary trajectories of small-scale groups in marginal environments by the use of a variety of adaptive strategies.

Comprehensive activity analysis of silicacontaining raw materials for use in mechanical activation efficiency evaluations

The matrix formed predominantly at the hardening of binders through various physical and chemical mechanisms, with the consolidation of all material components into a single high-strength conglomerate, represents a key element in the structure of any composite, ensuring its basic quality. The use of mineral additives, represented mainly by silica-containing raw materials with high pozzolanic activity, as fillers or modifiers allows producing a consolidating binder that is required to obtain materials with the desired properties. Natural raw materials with a stable composition and consistent properties may be modified to increase their dispersion and activity. Mechanical activation in grinding machines is the most effective of all modification methods. The degree of variation in the properties of any substance mainly depends on the typomorphic parameters of the material being ground. Since the resulting mechanically activated substance is to be further used in mineral binder systems, its activity may be regarded as a key quality indicator for the respective ground raw materials. The purpose of this work was to conduct a comprehensive activity assessment for mineral components with various compositions and structures following their mechanical activation by various methods. The set of physical and mechanical properties analyzed included grain-size distribution, dispersion, sorption capacity, concentration of active centers, and surface energy. Common raw materials, such as sand, granite, opoka rock, and perlite, were studied. The dependence is shown between the degree of mechanicalactivation of a substance and its resulting physical and mechanical properties. The following efficiency rating may be compiled for the grinding types based on the activity generated: wet grinding → dry grinding → grinding to obtain a mineral suspension.The study was carried out under the grant issued by the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 19-19-00263) using the equipment of the Center for High Technologies of the Belgorod State Technological University named after V. G. Shukhov.

A Selective Review of Lipid Autoxidation and Rancidity, Antioxidants, and Dithiooxamide

Background: The authors had a research interest in antiaging, oxidation and antioxidants, and determined that lipids are some of the more common raw materials in foods, cosmetics, and in humans, and would be an area to explore autoxidation, whether in retarding spoilage, or to slow aging.
 Objective: The authors selected a few lipids and tested them against common pro-oxidants, and documented the effects of common antioxidants as well as a proposed antioxidant candidate together with a short-term toxicity study.
 Methods: The authors subjected the lipids to elevated temperatures, with a control, and various pro-oxidants, as well as some commercial antioxidants, and the antioxidant candidate. The authors subsequently tested the lipids for by-products of oxidation, and used mice for a short-term toxicity study.
 Results: Lipids stored in iron, copper, and other heavy metals, or are contaminated with such metals, are prone to accelerated autoxidation. Aluminium seems to provide an induction period to lipids and does not accelerate autoxidation as other metals do. When compared to antioxidants such as vitamin E, BHA, BHT, and PG, the antioxidant candidate dithiooxamide appears to be a proficient antioxidant and free from short-term toxicity in a small sample study, which were far below the LDLo and LD50 conducted on rats and mice using dithiooxamide in other later published studies.
 Conclusions: The authors determined that lipids should steer clear of iron, copper and other heavy metals, and suggest that the antioxidant candidate dithiooxamide in low quantities may be useful for external lipid applications.

Influence of plastificer selection on starch-based polymer properties

Synthetic plastics have become widely used in everyday life and industry but, thus, have become one of the biggest factors in environmental pollution. One of the ways to reduce pollution is to replace synthetic plastics with their natural counterparts. The most common raw materials for the production of natural plastics are starch and cellulose. Starch bioplastics are interesting because they are easily modified and can be processed employing techniques and the same equipment that is used for synthetic plastics.
 The peculiarity of obtaining bioplastics from starch is that the original starch is a dry granular material that cannot be molded in its original form. Starch can be molded at elevated temperatures using plasticizers. When heated together with the plasticizer, starch loses its crystallinity. This happens in two stages. The first stage is characterized by swelling and the second involves gelatinization and destruction of the starch granules.
 The properties of starch biopolymers directly depend on the starch structure, production parameters and composition of the final additives used. Starches of different botanical origins have different "amylose-amylopectin" ratio, which influences the final characteristics of the product. Good film-forming ability is inherent in starch from ahipa, cassava and corn. Corn starch films contain more amylose and, therefore, have greater moisture resistance but lower modulus of elasticity. Starch with a higher amylose content has higher values of elongation and tensile strength but lower modulus of elasticity. This is due to different sensitivities of amylose and amylopectin to plasticizers. Amylose is less susceptible to the plasticizing effect than amylopectin, so plasticizer molecules interact more efficiently with starch containing more amylopectin. Therefore, a starch film with a higher amylopentin content has better flexibility and extensibility. Amylose influences the gas-protective properties of films. We compared the values of vapor permeability of films depending on different botanical origins and concluded that vapor permeability was higher for films with higher amylopectin content.
 The type and amount of plasticizer are important in the production of thermoplastic starch (TPS). The introduction of a plasticizer breaks down hydrogen bonds and reduces the glass transition temperature of starch. At elevated temperatures and under shear forces, the starch in the presence of plasticizers turns into a liquid fluid mass that can be fed to the processes of extrusion, injection molding or blowing. TPS prepared only in an aqueous medium has low mechanical properties. Ethylene glycol, sorbitol, sucrose, fructose, glucose, urea, amides, amino acids and others are often used as plasticizers. The addition of glycerin increases the plasticity of TPS. Fillers plasticized with glycerin absorb much more moisture from the air than films plasticized with sorbitol. This is because sorbitol has the same hydrophilicity and hydroscopicity as pure starch. TPSs containing higher molecular weight plasticizers are stronger and have a higher glass transition temperature but are more brittle.
 The mechanical properties of TPS are equally dependent on the botanical origin of the starch and plasticizer used. We determined that these values can differ up to 88 times for tensile strength, up to 25 times for tensile strain and up to 83.2 for the modulus of elasticity. The highest tensile strength and modulus of elasticity among the considered materials are achieved in rice starch, plasticized with sorbitol. Corn starch in the composition with glycerin and stearic acid has the lowest values. Starch films plasticized with sorbitol have higher tightness than films plasticized with glycerin. Urea, formamide and ethanolamine work better as plasticizers than glycerin, promoting stronger and more homogeneous films. The strength of hydrogen bonds is correlated in the following order: urea> formamide> acetamide> polyols.
 We believe that one of the most important issues in the technology of producing thermoplastic material based on starch is the correct selection of plasticizers, their concentrations, and mode parameters, which are necessary for the material to acquire the specified physical and mechanical characteristics.

Identification of key gene networks controlling vernalization development characteristics of Isatis indigotica by full-length transcriptomes and gene expression profiles

Isatis indigotica Fort., as a common Chinese medicinal raw material, will lose its medicinal value if it blooms early, so it is highly valuable to clarify the induction mechanism of the vernalization of I. indigotica at low temperature. In this study, the concentrations of soluble sugar, proline, glutathione and zeatin in two germplasms of I. indigotica with different degrees of low temperature tolerance (Y1 and Y2) were determined at 10 days, 20 days and 30 days of low-temperature treatment, and the full-length transcriptome of 24 samples was sequenced by Nanopore sequencing with Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT). After that, the data of transcripts involved in the vernalization of I. indigotica at low temperature were obtained, and these transcripts were identified using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). The results revealed the massive accumulation of soluble sugar and proline in Y1 and Y2 after low temperature induction. A total of 18,385 new transcripts, 6168 transcription factors and 470 lncRNAs were obtained. Differential expression analysis showed that gibberellin, flavonoids, fatty acids and some processes related to low temperature response were significantly enriched. Eight key transcripts were identified by WGCNA, among which ONT.14640.1, ONT.9119.1, ONT.13080.2 and ONT.16007.1 encodes a flavonoid transporter, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 3 (NCED3), growth factor gene and L-aspartate oxidase in plants, respectively. It indicated that secondary metabolites such as hormones and flavonoids play an important role in the vernalization of I. indigotica. qRT-PCR proved the reliability of transcriptome results. These results provide important insights on the low-temperature vernalization of I. indigotica, and provide a research basis for analyzing the vernalization mechanism of I. indigotica.

Preparation of carboxymethyl chitosan/phytic acid composite hydrogels for rapid dye adsorption in wastewater treatment

In recent years, chitosan has been used as a common raw material to prepare hydrogels for wastewater treatment. In this work, a series of carboxymethyl chitosan/phytic acid (CMCS-PA) composite hydrogels with various amounts of PA were prepared to remove methyl orange (MO) and Congo red (CR) dyes from aqueous solution. The composite hydrogels with well-defined structure were characterized by different techniques. The experimental results revealed that the hydrogel possessed stable porous structure with more wrinkles on the surface due to the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonding between CMCS and PA during the in-situ polymerization process. More importantly, the optimal adsorption conditions of CMCS-PA were obtained by changing different adsorption factors: ratio of two molecules and pH. And the CMCS-PA (3:1) composite hydrogel presented great adsorption capacity for MO (13.62 mg/g) and CR (8.49 mg/g) at pH = 7 at room temperature. In addition, the hydrogel also showed great adsorption reusability and stability. This work promotes further development in composite hydrogels design and their applications of wastewater treatment.

Effect of stewing time on fatty acid composition, textural properties and microstructure of porcine subcutaneous fat from various anatomical locations

Porcine subcutaneous fat is a common raw material used in meat processing. In this study, the effects of stewing times (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 min) on the fatty acid composition, texture, and microstructure of porcine subcutaneous fat from various anatomical locations (hind legs, shoulders, back, belly, and head) were investigated. The results showed that the fat contents of the samples from the hind legs, shoulders, and back increased by approximately 40 % after stewing for 200 min. Long-term stewing reduced the proportion of SFA but increased the relative content of PUFA such as C18:1n9c and C18:2n6c, especially in the back, head, and shoulders. Besides, the hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, and chewiness were significantly lower in subcutaneous fat from the hind legs and back, which could be caused by the melting and gelation of the connective tissue as shown by the result of scanning electron microscopy. Overall, porcine subcutaneous fat from the hind legs and back was suitable for long-term stewing according to the changes in the fat content, fatty acid profile, and texture.

Development of a new vapour phase methodology for textiles disinfection

In this study, we used, for the first time, disinfectant in the vapour phase to treat fabrics and textiles. The methodology was applied to disinfect fabrics with different origins, such as cotton, linen, silk, wool, polyester, viscose, which are the most common raw materials used in clothing products. We vaporized three solutions based on ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, benzalkonium chloride, at different concentrations (1.5–0.05 - 0.01 mg/m3) to simulate the traditional disinfection processes (laundry washing, scrubbing, and surface cleaning) and at three different exposure times (1 -5- 10 min). Experimental results demonstrated that vapour phase disinfection could be a suitable alternative to the traditional processes, with very good efficiency in reducing microbial load. The main advantage of using vapour phase methodologies is related to cheapness, water consumption reduction, and easy-to-operate method in comparison to traditional methodologies such as the water-based. Moreover, there is no damage or lightning to the colour of the disinfected textiles.