Common Process Research Articles

Uniform approximation of common Gaussian process kernels using equispaced Fourier grids

The high efficiency of a recently proposed method for computing with Gaussian processes relies on expanding a (translationally invariant) covariance kernel into complex exponentials, with frequencies lying on a Cartesian equispaced grid. Here we provide rigorous error bounds for this approximation for two popular kernels—Matérn and squared exponential—in terms of the grid spacing and size. The kernel error bounds are uniform over a hypercube centered at the origin. Our tools include a split into aliasing and truncation errors, and bounds on sums of Gaussians or modified Bessel functions over various lattices. For the Matérn case, motivated by numerical study, we conjecture a stronger Frobenius-norm bound on the covariance matrix error for randomly-distributed data points. Lastly, we prove bounds on, and study numerically, the ill-conditioning of the linear systems arising in such regression problems.

Implementation of Building Information Modeling Technologies in Wood Construction: A Review of the State of the Art from a Multidisciplinary Approach

This research raises questions about the possibilities and options of using the BIM methodology associated with software for the wood design and construction of structure modeling along an asset’s cycle life. Likewise, several academic and research initiatives are reviewed. In this sense, this paper aims to establish an appropriate link between two agendas that the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry, academia, and governments normally handle separately. By conducting several literature reviews (book, journals, and congresses) and extensive software tests (BIM software: Revit v2023, Archicad v27, Tekla, and wood plug-ins: AGACAD, Archiframe, Timber Framing 2015, WoodStud Frame, etc.), the state-of-the-art was assessed in both fields, and several cases linking BIM and wood are shown in detail and discussed. Various theoretical samples are modelled and shown, and the advantages and disadvantages of each technique and stage are explained. On the other hand, although wood construction has been most common for hundreds of years, this is not the case of BIM software developments associated with this materiality. Furthermore, since the appearance of materials such as steel and reinforced concrete, all software developments have focused on these materials, leaving aside the possibility of developing applications for use in wood projects. According to that previously discussed, it can be concluded that BIM for wood has been used more frequently in academia, that both fields have several common processes, and, in many cases, that only a few BIM-wood tools have been used, thus disregarding the high potential and high level of benefits that result with the application of these methodologies for the complete building life cycle (design, construction, and operation).

Research on text classification based on neural networks

With the rapid development of information technology, the processing of massive text data has become increasingly important. As a common computer information processing task, text classification has attracted a wide range of research interests. This paper aims to explore the text classification method based on neural network and analyze the key technologies. In order to solve the problem of text time series data classification, this paper uses the text time series data of occupancy detection and applies these neural network models in deep learning, including recurrent neural network, long short-term memory and gated recurrent unit, and trains the neural network through supervised learning. Inputting the room attribute data to these trained neural network models and judging the occupancy of the room. At the same time, observing the experimental results of these neural network models, including training loss, test loss and accuracy, to further study the performance of neural network in processing text time series data classification. This papers experiment aims to evaluate the performance of neural network in text classification and makes a detailed analysis through the experimental results. The goal of the research is to find an effective solution based on neural networks for the classification of text sequence data. Through the analysis of the experimental results, it can be concluded that the method based on neural network is feasible and effective in text sequence data classification. These analysis results will help to further promote the development of text classification technology and provide guidance and reference for practical application.

Advances in Fatigue Performance of Metal Materials with Additive Manufacturing Based on Crystal Plasticity: A Comprehensive Review.

Using metal additive manufacturing processes can make up for traditional forging technologies when forming complex-shaped parts. At the same time, metal additive manufacturing has a fast forming speed and excellent manufacturing flexibility, so it is widely used in the aerospace industry and other fields. The fatigue strength of metal additive manufacturing is related to the microstructure of the epitaxially grown columnar grains and crystallographic texture. The crystal plasticity finite element method is widely used in the numerical simulation of the microstructure and macro-mechanical response of materials, which provides a strengthening and toughening treatment and can reveal the inner rules of material deformation. This paper briefly introduces common metal additive manufacturing processes. In terms of additive manufacturing fatigue, crystal plasticity simulations are summarized and discussed with regard to several important influencing factors, such as the microstructure, defects, surface quality, and residual stress.

Pro-inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid profile of neonates with intraventricular hemorrhage: clinical relevance and contrast with CNS infection.

Interpretation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies can be challenging in preterm infants. We hypothesized that intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH), and infection (meningitis) promote pro-inflammatory CSF conditions reflected in CSF parameters. Biochemical and cytological profiles of lumbar CSF and peripheral blood samples were analyzed for 81 control, 29 IVH grade 1/2 (IVH1/2), 13 IVH grade 3/4 (IVH3/4), 15 PHH, 20 culture-confirmed bacterial meningitis (BM), and 27 viral meningitis (VM) infants at 36.5 ± 4weeks estimated gestational age. PHH infants had higher (p < 0.02) CSF total cell and red blood cell (RBC) counts compared to control, IVH1/2, BM, and VM infants. No differences in white blood cell (WBC) count were found between IVH3/4, PHH, BM, and VM infants. CSF neutrophil counts increased (p ≤ 0.03) for all groups compared to controls except IVH1/2. CSF protein levels were higher (p ≤ 0.02) and CSF glucose levels were lower (p ≤ 0.003) for PHH infants compared to all other groups. In peripheral blood, PHH infants had higher (p ≤ 0.001) WBC counts and lower (p ≤ 0.03) hemoglobin and hematocrit than all groups except for IVH3/4. Similarities in CSF parameters may reflect common pathological processes in the inflammatory response and show the complexity associated with interpreting CSF profiles, especially in PHH and meningitis/ventriculitis.

Quality Testing in Aluminum Die-Casting – A Novel Approach using Acoustic Data in Neural Networks

In quality control of aluminum die casting various processes are used. For example, the density of the parts can be measured, X-ray images or images from the computed tomography are analyzed. All common processes lead to practically usable results. However, the problem arises that none of the processes is suitable for inline quality control due to their time duration and to their costs of hardware. Therefore, a concept for a fast and low-cost quality control process using sound samples is presented here. Sound samples of 240 aluminum castings are recorded and checked for their quality using X-ray images. All parts are divided into the categories "good" without defects, "medium" with air inclusions ("blowholes") and "poor" with cold flow marks. For the processing of the generated sound samples, a Convolutional Neuronal Network was developed. The training of the neural network was performed with both complete and segmented sound samples ("windowing"). The generated models have been evaluated with a test data set consisting of 120 sound samples. The results are very promising. Both models show an accuracy of 95% and 87% percent, respectively. The results show that a new process of acoustic quality control can be realized using a neural network. The model classifies most of the aluminum castings into the correct categories. Keywords: acoustic quality control, aluminum die casting, convolutional neural networks, sound data

Model-Based Virtual PK/PD Exploration and Machine Learning Approach to Define PK Drivers in Early Drug Discovery.

While poor translatability of preclinical efficacy models can be responsible for clinical phase II failures, misdefinition of the optimal PK properties required to achieve therapeutic efficacy can also be a contributing factor. In the present work, the pharmacological dependency of PK end points in driving efficacy is demonstrated for six common pharmacological processes via model-based analysis. The analysis shows that the response is driven by multiple pharmacology-specific PK end points that change with how the response is defined. Moreover, the results demonstrate that the most important chemical structural features influencing response are specific to both target and downstream pharmacology, meaning the design and screening criteria must be defined uniquely for each target and corresponding pharmacology. The model-based virtual exploration of PK/PD relationships presented in this work offers one approach to identify target pharmacology-specific PK drivers and the associated potency-ADME space early in discovery to increase the probability of success and, ultimately, clinical attrition.

Review on the Impact of Impeller‐induced Hydrodynamics on Suspension Cell Culture for Production of Biopharmaceuticals

AbstractHydrodynamic effects continue to play a crucial role in the design and operation of bioreactors for cultivating mammalian cells. Despite intensive studies in the past the link between hydrodynamics and biological process behaviour is still not fully understood. Common methods to describe dependencies, which relay mostly on averaged hydrodynamic parameters, does not seem to be suitable, as they do not incorporate the hydrodynamic heterogeneity. Within this review first a brief introduction to hydrodynamic effects is given, followed by an evaluation of common process design approaches with respect to hydrodynamic effects and recommendations for process development.

High-Order Harmonic Generation in Solids: The Role of Intraband Transitions in Extreme Nonlinear Optics.

High-order harmonic generation (HHG) in gases is frequently used nowadays to produce attosecond pulses and coherent radiation in the visible-to-soft X-ray spectral range. HHG in solids is a natural extension of the idea of HHG in gases, and its first observation about ten years ago opened the door to investigations on attosecond electron dynamics in solids and the development of solid-state attosecond light sources. The common process in both types of HHG is nonlinear photocarrier generation, and thus, transitions between different bands (interband transitions) are always important for HHG. As well, in the case of solids, the transitions within a band (intraband transitions) also need to be considered, because efficient carrier acceleration is possible due to them. This Perspective focuses on experimental findings that show how intraband transitions can be controlled because such an understanding will be essential in the development of unique optoelectronics that can operate at petahertz frequencies.

Contributions of Chinese hamster ovary cell derived extracellular vesicles and other cellular materials to hollow fiber filter fouling during perfusion manufacturing of monoclonal antibodies.

Hollow fiber filter fouling is a common issue plaguing perfusion production process for biologics therapeutics, but the nature of filter foulant has been elusive. Here we studied cell culture materials especially Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell-derived extracellular vesicles in perfusion process to determine their role in filter fouling. We found that the decrease of CHO-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) with 50-200 nm in diameter in perfusion permeates always preceded the increase in transmembrane pressure (TMP) and subsequent decrease in product sieving, suggesting that sEVs might have been retained inside filters and contributed to filter fouling. Using scanning electron microscopy and helium ion microscopy, we found sEV-like structures in pores and on foulant patches of hollow fiber tangential flow filtration filter (HF-TFF) membranes. We also observed that the Day 28 TMP of perfusion culture correlated positively with the percentage of foulant patch areas. In addition, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy-based elemental mapping microscopy and spectroscopy analysis suggests that foulant patches had enriched cellular materials but not antifoam. Fluorescent staining results further indicate that these cellular materials could be DNA, proteins, and even adherent CHO cells. Lastly, in a small-scale HF-TFF model, addition of CHO-specific sEVs in CHO culture simulated filter fouling behaviors in a concentration-dependent manner. Based on these results, we proposed a mechanism of HF-TFF fouling, in which filter pore constriction by CHO sEVs is followed by cake formation of cellular materials on filter membrane.

Investigation of the inner microstructure of composite materials during their densification by scanning electron microscopy – LSM:YSZ electrode case study

An understanding of the high-temperature processes, such as sintering, remains a challenge despite its paramount importance, and has yet to be achieved by the scientific community. Scanning electron microscopy is a valuable technique for investigating morphological changes, including elemental composition, by means of an energy-dispersive X-ray detector associated with these processes, with high resolution in-situ. Historically, this technique has been limited to experiments conducted at ambient temperature. However, by integrating scanning electron microscopy with a MEMS® heating chip, this limitation can be overcome, enabling the study of solid-state processes at temperatures of up to 1 200 °C. This study demonstrates one potential application of in-situ scanning electron microscopy – the densification of La1-xSrxMnO3-δ : (ZrO2:Y2O3) composite. This material, employed as an oxygen electrode in solid oxide cells, exhibits a complex microstructure. Achieving a balance between effective particle interconnection, ensuring high electric conductivity, and efficient mass transport through its porous structure is crucial. A comprehensive understanding of microstructure and surface composition evolution during the sintering process is vital to addressing trade off when optimizing densification conditions. It was shown that the densification of La1-xSrxMnO3-δ : (ZrO2:Y2O3) composite occurs in two steps. At 900 °C a significant additional porosity emerged due to the La1-xSrxMnO3-δ phase shrinkage (densification). The main densification process at 1 150 °C then acts as a self-healing mechanism, leading to the formation of a well-interconnected microstructure. Interparticle ligament formation is exclusively induced by the La1-xSrxMnO3-δ phase. Notably, no common degradation processes, such as La2Zr2O7 formation, were observed under the experimental conditions employed. This study underscores the promise of scanning electron microscopy with a heating chip extension for in-situ investigations pertinent to various high-temperature technologies.

Dynamic Modelling, Process Control, and Monitoring of Selected Biological and Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment: A Review of Recent Developments.

This review emphasizes the significance of formulating control strategies for biological and advanced oxidation process (AOP)-based wastewater treatment systems. The aim is to guarantee that the effluent quality continuously aligns with environmental regulations while operating costs are minimized. It highlights the significance of understanding the dynamic behaviour of the process in developing effective control schemes. The most common process control strategies in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are explained and listed. It is emphasized that the proper control scheme should be selected based on the process dynamic behaviour and control goal. This study further discusses the challenges associated with the control of wastewater treatment processes, including inadequacies in developed models, the limitations of most control strategies to the simulation stage, the imperative requirement for real-time data, and the financial and technical intricacies associated with implementing advanced controller hardware. It is discussed that the necessity of the availability of real-time data to achieve reliable control can be achieved by implementing proper, accurate hardware sensors in suitable locations of the process or by developing and implementing soft sensors. This study recommends further investigation on available actuators and the criteria for choosing the most appropriate one to achieve robust and reliable control in WWTPs, especially for biological and AOP-based treatment approaches.

Sharing of Liturgical, Theological, and Ecumenical Gifts: A Quest for a Method

The article explores relations between the gift and the given. It combines Jean-Luc Marion's and Louis-Marie Chauvet's critique of the instrumentalization of the gift and of an exaggerated visibility of what comes from God, with Mother Maria Skobtsova's notion of non-possession applied also to spiritual wealth. With the assistance of these authors, the article interprets the ecumenicity of liturgical and theological tradition as a common heritage. Thus, it moves beyond assumptions that specific ecclesial groups could “own,” for example, the Easter Triduum, icons, biblical consciousness, or the right and proper manners of conversion, and as their “property” share it with others. It argues that if an ecumenical method is to remain dialogical at all levels, it needs to work both with the positive and the negative aspects of the common heritage, engage in the common process of discernment, and with regard to the multi-layered specificities of each legitimate position move beyond a search for synthesis.

Cross-hedging wild salmon prices

A number of studies have documented that there is a global market for salmon, in which wild and farmed salmon have a common price determination process. Recent studies report that Norwegian farmed salmon spot prices are also highly correlated with the Fish Pool salmon future contract price, indicating that the futures market can be an important risk management tool, as producers and buyers can hedge price risk. Here, we investigate whether the wild salmon prices can be cross-hedged against the Fish Pool salmon future contract, by testing whether the two prices are correlated.. If so, the Fish Pool future contracts can be used as a risk management tool for fishers and buyers of wild salmon. We find that this is the case, providing an additional link between wild and farmed salmon specifically, and between fisheries and aquaculture generally.

Impact of processing and storage on rancidity markers in commercial and novel cultivar candidates of intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium)

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesBreeding of intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium, IWG) culminated in the release of a commercial cultivar (MN‐Clearwater) with attractive environmental and nutritional benefits. Determining the impacts of ambient storage and common postharvest processing on the stability of IWG flour is essential to promote it as a food ingredient. Accordingly, MN‐Clearwater and two other potential cultivars, selected for their unique chemical composition, were subjected to extrusion and germination followed by 8 months of storage. Antioxidants, lipase and lipoxygenase activity, free fatty acid (FFA), peroxide value (PV), and volatile odor compounds (VOC) were analyzed at different timepoints.FindingsWhile germination caused a significant increase in lipase activity (~threefold in MN‐Clearwater), extrusion resulted in complete lipase degradation. Additionally, lipase activity was more consequential to hydrolytic rancidity than fat content. Regardless, results indicated that the endogenously abundant antioxidants can combat rancidity facilitated by enzymes and autoxidation as evidenced by significant losses in carotenoids between 3 and 6 months of storage (with 70%–80% reduction after 6 months of storage), when steep increases in FFA (up to 40% oleic acid/100 g fat), PV (two‐fourfolds increase after 6 months of storage), and VOC (hexanal and 2‐pentyl‐furan) occurred.Significance and NoveltyThe findings of this work serve as an impetus for IWG breeding advancements since enzymes and antioxidants can be traits that breeders may consider when selecting cultivar candidates. Results can be also utilized to understand the impact of postharvest processing of the grain on the storage stability of its flour.

A lexicon-based diachronic comparison of emotions and sentiments in literary translation: A case study of five Chinese versions of David Copperfield.

In the Chinese context, translations have served as a useful conduit for providing access to wider literature authored in other languages. A prominent question has been whether translators' linguistic choices are influenced by factors such as translators' social and cultural background and emotions towards the texts they are translating. When multiple translations of the same text over a span of time are produced, another layer of complexity is introduced, and research such as the present study, must examine how or whether variation in the expression of emotions within translations produced over a period of time is discernible. To this end, the present study made use of Lexicon-based Sentiment Analysis (LBSA), a common natural language processing (NLP) approach, to study people's attitudes, opinions or emotions towards a certain person or thing. LBSA has attracted much attention in the literary works or translated works for analyzing reader response and appraisal of the works themselves. The present study undertook a diachronic comparison of emotions and sentiments in five translations of David Copperfield based on the emotion lexicons. The corpus of the study comprised translations of five books and 3,084,599 tokens. We applied the computational method of emotion and sentiment analysis to the emotion words in the five translations. In addition, we used python and R package to analyze the positive and negative words in five versions. The study revealed that translators as social beings in the target world express unique reactions towards the same emotion in the original text as well as in literary translations. Yet, the modern vernacular Chinese versions also showcase a similarity in the expression of emotions thus demonstrating the decisive role of the overall flow of emotion in the original plays and in translation. The contribution of the study is significant as it is a pioneering investigation given that it undertakes a sentiment and emotion analysis of literary translations in Chinese.

Hypnotherapy as a medical treatment: Evidence-based or pseudoscience?

BackgroundHypnotherapy continues to be a controversial practice in medicine. It is surrounded by myth and misuses that instill doubts about its legitimacy and usefulness. PurposeIn this paper, we will distinguish pseudoscientific claims from evidence-based uses of hypnotherapy. ResultsThe use and acceptability of hypnotherapy has varied over history. Pseudoscientific uses, based on outdated theories that it can access the unconscious mind, have delegitimized hypnotherapy. Modern theories that hypnosis uses common social, emotional, and cognitive processes combined with evidence-based methods have re-established the use of hypnotherapy in many physical and mental health disorders and symptoms. Currently it is a widely accepted and recommended treatment for irritable bowel syndrome, with evidence building for many other applications. ConclusionHypnotherapy, as a pseudoscience, can become unethical and cause distress for the patient and their families. Hypnotherapy, as an evidence-based treatment, can be used as a powerful tool to treat physical and psychological symptoms related to medical ailments.

Muscle geometry and its relevance for sports performance? A perspective of current findings and future opportunities

Muscle geometry and its relevance for sports performance? A perspective of current findings and future opportunities

Exploration of the Dynamic Variations of the Characteristic Constituents and the Degradation Products of Catalpol during the Process of Radix Rehmanniae.

Radix Rehmanniae (RR), a famous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) widely employed in nourishing Yin and invigorating the kidney, has three common processing forms in clinical practice, including fresh Radix Rehmanniae (FRR), raw Radix Rehmanniae (RRR), and processed Radix Rehmanniae (PRR). However, until now, there has been less exploration of the dynamic variations in the characteristic constituents and degradation products of catalpol as a representative iridoid glycoside with the highest content in RR during the process from FRR to PRR. In this study, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detector (UPLC-PDA) method was successfully established for the simultaneous determination of ten characteristic components to explore their dynamic variations in different processed products of RR. Among them, iridoid glycosides, especially catalpol, exhibited a sharp decrease from RRR to PRR. Then, three degradation products of catalpol were detected under simulated processing conditions (100 °C, pH 4.8 acetate buffer solution), which were isolated and identified as jiofuraldehyde, cataldehyde, and norviburtinal, respectively. Cataldehyde was first reported as a new compound. Moreover, the specificity of norviburtinal in self-made PRR samples was discovered and validated, which was further confirmed by testing in commercially available PRR samples. In conclusion, our study revealed the decrease in iridoid glycosides and the production of new degradation substances during the process from FRR to PRR, which is critical for unveiling the processing mechanism of RR.

Functional Properties of Insect Proteins

As a more sustainable option compared to conventional animal sources, insects are a great source of proteins. Edible insects have great nutritional value, but in addition, their functional properties, such as solubility, foaming, emulsifying and gelling, have attracted the attention of numerous researchers. The structure, physiochemical characteristics and amino acid composition of insects vary widely. This review explores the many functional facets of insect proteins in an effort to provide insights that may encourage additional study and advancement in the area, ultimately leading to the incorporation of insect proteins into common foods and industrial processes. Beyond adding to the variety of protein sources, research into the functional characteristics of insect proteins also advances the more general objective of fostering sustainability in food production.