Ligustrum Vulgare Research Articles

Die photosynthetische Leistung zweier Sträucher (Spiraea spec. und Ligustrum vulgare) im großstädtischen Biotop

Co2-gas exchanges of two shrubs, Spiraea spec, and Ligustrum vulgare, was investigated and the climatic factors of the study site were determined. At the beginning of June both shrubs showed the highest photosynthetic capacity. The photosynthetic capacity was clearly reduced if the temperature in the cuvette increased over 37 °C. In general it seemed that temperature had a predominant impact on Co2-exchange. High radiation intensities only reduced Co2-exchange if they were coupled with high temperatures.

Seasonal changes between one- and two-phasic response of plant leaves to heat stress.

Plant leaves normally respond to increasing injurious temperatures with a more or less continuous increase of tissue damage. A discontinuous response comprising a first lethal or sublethal temperature range which is followed by a non-injurious temperature range and a second, the lethal temperature range appeared to be an exception. The data with Populus deltoides x simonii show that a two-phasic response is most pronounced after heat shocks of 15 s and was no longer detected after exposure to heat longer than 9 min. In the course of the growing season the two-phasic stress response appears from the beginning of August until leaf fall in late October. Similar results with Convolvulus arvensis and Ligustrum vulgare show that this stress response is not particular of this hybrid of Populus. The wintergreen leaves of Ligustrum do not continue the two-phasic response until leaf fall in spring. Thus, the two-phasic response cannot be related to leaf senescence, however, it seems to indicate a transitional state of the heat tolerance in the period between late summer and late fall. In this state, the socalled primary thermostability of the organs decreases with decreasing natural heat hardening, however, sublethal heat shocks then have hardening or adaptive effects.

Ganoderma lucidum . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Ganoderma lucidum . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Angiosperms and Gymnosperms: Quercus sp., Quercus Ilex, Ligustrum vulgare, Carpinus betulus, Fagus sylvatica, Corylus avellana, Populus alba, Prunus insititia, Picea sp., Taxus sp., Larix sp., Abies sp. DISEASE: Butt rot and lethal root disease of many tree species. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Throughout the temperate zones of the northern hemisphere. From the Pacific shores of the USA and Canada, through temperate Europe to the Pacific shores of Asia and Japan. Also in the mountains of Central Africa above the 1500 m level.

Foliar sorption of atmospheric sulphur dioxide by woody plants

Foliar uptake of ambient sulphur dioxide (1·0 ppm) was measured in an openfumigation system. Container-grown seedlings of white birch ( Betula papyrifera Marsh.), red maple ( Acer rubrum L.), white ash ( Fraxinus americana L.), sweetgum ( Liquidambar styraciflua L.), rosebay rhododendron ( Rhododendron maximum L.), kurume azalea ( Rhododendron obtusum japonicum Wils. cv. Venus), privet ( Ligustrum vulgare L.), and firethorn ( Pyracantha angustifolia (Franch.) Schneid.) were used in the study. Maple, birch and sweetgum showed appreciably greater vegetal sorption of sulphur dioxide on a unit area or unit weight basis than did comparable species of rhododendron, ash, and azalea. Privet and firethorn showed an intermediate response. Under controlled environmental conditions, depletion of sulphur dioxide by foliage of firethorn remained relatively constant for periods up to 6 h. There was no significant difference in the capacity of foliage from white ash and azalea to remove sulphur dioxide from the air at pollutant concentrations of 1·0, 0·5 and 0·2 ppm. However, leaves of birch and firethorn showed significantly less SO 2 uptake at 0·2 ppm compared with uptake at the higher concentrations. The data show that foliage of certain woody plants may significantly reduce ambient sulphur dioxide levels in the microenvironment immediately surrounding individual leaves.

Alkaloid-screening of swedish plants

A method is given for a semi-quantitative determination of the alkaloid concentration in dried plant material. In a screening of two hundred plants in Sweden, wild and cultivated, the following plants not previously known to contain alkaloids gave a positive reaction corresponding to an alkaloid concentration of more than 0·05 per cent of the dried plant: Linnea borealis and Valeriana sambucifolia; and, additionally, the following gave a positive reaction corresponding to at least 0·01 per cent: Armeria maritima, Bartonia aurea, Cobaea scandens, Euphrasia frigida, Galium aparine, Hemerocallis conspicua, Lonicera periclymenum, Melampyrum pratense, Odontites litoralis, Pedicularis palustris, Pedicularis silvatica, Phragmites communis, Picea abies, Pinguicula vulgaris, Platanthera bifolia, Plantago media, Polygala vulgaris, Polygonum viviparum, Rhamnus cathartica, Rhamnus frangula. Silene rupestris, Sorbus intermedia, Spergula arvensis, Spergula marginata, and Veronica officinalis. The following plants, previously reported to contain alkaloids, gave a positive reaction corresponding to more than 0·05 per cent: Ligustrum vulgare, Succisa pratensis, and Valeriana officinalis. In the plant family Scrophulariaceae ten out of nineteen species investigated gave a positive reaction corresponding to at least 0·01 per cent of alkaloids. Earlier reports indicating the presence of alkaloids in the following plants were not confirmed: Alnus glutinosa, Anthemis tinctoria, Butomus umbellatus, Calla palustris, Chamaenerion angustifolium, Corylus avellana, Euphorbia peplus, Geranium molle, Glaux maritima, Herniaria glabra, Odontites verna, Pyrola rotundifolia, and Scirpus Tabernaemontani. The present results are compared with earlier reports available from the literature.

Fusarium redolens . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Fusarium redolens . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Asparagus officinalis, A. plumosus, Cucumis sativus, Daucus carota, Dianthus barbatus, D. caryophyllus, D. plumarius, Helleborus niger, Iris florentina, I. germanica, I. tectorum, Larix sibirica, Ligustrum vulgare, Linum usitatissimum, Lupinus angustifolius, Lycopersicon esculentum, Picea glauca, Pinus resinosa, P. sylvestris, Pisum sativum, Spinacia oleracea, Tulipa sp. and Vicia faba . DISEASE: A tracheid parasite causing wilt, 'damping-off in seedlings, and sometimes a cortical rot. Fusarium redolens has been recorded in association with F. oxysporum f. pisi in a wilt of broad beans (35: 340) and of peas (39: 450). Each of these pathogens can cause wilting of peas separately, producing symptoms which are indistinguishable from one another (35: 213). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in soil in temperate regions. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne infection through roots, or dying cotyledons in the case of peas.

Phytophthora syringae . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora syringae . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Syringa vulgaris, Castanea saliva, Cereus martianus, C. tetracanthus, Citrus spp., Foeniculum vulgare, Malus pumila, Prunus armeniaca, P. cerasus, P. persica, Pyrus communis and Pyrus sp. Also pathogenic to the following hosts on inoculation; Aesculus hippocastanum, Alnus glutinosa, Chionanthus virginica, Corylus avellana, Crataegus oxyacantha, Jasminum nudiflorum, Ligustrum vulgare, Prunus domestica and Quercus spp. DISEASE: Causing twig blight and wilt of lilac. Also on apple and pear and other woody Rosaceae causing fruit rot and collar rot; on sweet chestnut and beech causing root rot; on citrus causing fruit brown rot and twig and blossom blight; on fennel causing a leaf blight, and on cacti causing stem rot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Eire, Great Britain, France, Greece, Germany, Holland, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Sicily, Sweden, U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia); North America (Canada, U.S.A.); Asia (? India) and New Zealand. (CMI Map 174) TRANSMISSION: Soil borne, common in orchard soils and persisting in arable land for as long as 15 years after orchards have been ploughed up (42: 75), but not present in soils under cultivation for as long as 138 years (38: 213). Pathogenicity to lilac was unimpaired after storage for 2 years in bog soil (1: 399). Disseminated by water (6: 668) and in irrigation canals and reservoirs supplying citrus groves in California during winter and spring (39: 24).

EXPERIMENTAL INDUCTION OF VASCULAR TISSUES IN CALLUS OF ANGIOSPERMS

Wetmore, Ralph H. (Harvard U., Cambridge, Mass.), and John P. Rier. Experimental induction of vascular tissues in callus of angiosperms. Amer. Jour. Bot. 50(5): 418–430. Illus. 1963.—Callus tissues in established maintenance culture lack morphological and physiological organization. Such callus consists of homogeneous parenchyma. Movement of auxin and sugar, therefore, must be along diffusion gradients. The only vascular tissues occurring in callus are induced. Experimental induction of vascular tissues has been successful in callus of 3 sp. of the Oleaceae: a tree, Fraxinus americana, and 2 shrubs, Syringa vulgaris and Ligustrum vulgare; another tree, Salix purpurea, var. lambertiana; a vine, Parthenocissus tricuspidata; and an herb, Helianthus tuberosus. In each of these species, an auxin (IAA or NAA in these studies) and a sugar (sucrose or glucose in these studies) prove necessary for the induction and complete differentiation of xylem and phloem in callus tissues. Varying concentrations of sugar alter the proportions of xylem to phloem: low concentrations, 1.5%–2.5%, favor xylem formation; high, 3%–4%, favor phloem. Middle concentrations, 2.5%–3.5%, favor the presence of xylem and phloem, usually with a cambium between. The almost universal association of xylem and phloem may have its explanation in this middle concentration of sugar. Grafting of apices into callus or direct application of appropriate concentrations of an auxin and a sugar in agar to the surface of callus causes nodules of vascular tissue to be formed, mostly in a circular pattern when seen in section transverse to the axis of orientation of the callus in the medium. The diameter of this circle varies directly with the auxin concentration at the place of application, 0.05 mg/liter giving a narrow, and 1 mg/liter, a wide pith. In individual nodules, xylem is characteristically oriented towards the center of the callus and the phloem towards the outside. Variable cross‐sectional views of nodule distribution in calli under different treatments suggest experimental approaches to understanding stelar patterns. The induction and differentiation in callus of xylem and phloem tissues has no relation to conduction. Any use of vascular tissues can occur only after their induction.

La Marana di Ciminiera (Foggia)

Summary A «marana» of the Foggia Plain (Puglie) is a depression where water accumulates from the surrounding higher ground, and, very often, springs from the undersoil where the clay layer curves upwards. The soil is generally saline. It is not tillled but is grazed by herds of water-buffaloes. In the Marana di Ciminiera the auth. has found a mosaic of highly saline soils (with Salicornia fruticosa, Suaeda fruticosa, etc.), subsaline meadows (with Juncus acutus, Althaea officinalis, etc.), and fairly deep bogs, mostly drying up in summer (with Iris Pseudo-Acorus, Typha angustifolia, Phragmites communis, etc.). A dense stand of Inula Helenium, one of Ligustrum vulgare, Lonicera etrusca, Crataegus Oxyacantha, Thalictrum flavum, Schoenus nigricans, and the general aspect of Lago della Contessa are described. Plants collected in the «marana» are listed.

トネリコ属植物樹皮成分の研究 (第5報)

Fraxinus verecunda Koidz., a large tree that grows on the Ohmine mountain in Nara Prefecture (western part of Japan) belongs to F. sect. Fraxinaster and is totally different from F. sect. Ornus. The aqueous extract of its bark docs not show any fluorescence in which it resembles those of the same classification, F. Mandshurica Reprecht and its variety, var. japonica Max. Syringin, m.p. 192-193°, was obtained from the bark of F. verecunda. Its oxidation with potassium permanganate yielded glycosyringaic acid, m.p. 208°, whose hydrolysis gave syringaic acid, m.p. 205-206°. Syringin was first isolated from the bark of lilac, Syringa vulgaris L. From the fact that it had been found in the bark of F. verecunda belonging to the same Oleaceae family, it is assumed that syringin is widely distributed in the plants of Oleaceae. A kind of phytosterol of m.p. 134-135° (acetate, m.p. 115-116°) was also obtained with syringin. from the same plant This sterol is probably identical with the phytosterol, m.p. 134-135° (acetate, m.p. 117°) of C26H44O, obtained from the bark of Ligustrum vulgare by Zellnerr and Werner (Monatsch. 47, 151 (1926)).

The Vegetation of Magnesian Limestone Cliffs at Markland Grips Near Sheffield

Outstanding characteristics of the Magnesian Limestone outcrop to the east of Sheffield are the 'grips', deep valleys with vertical cliff-like sides, believed by geologists to have arisen by collapse of the roofs of subterranean stream-channels. At Markland Grips, about 12 miles south-east of Sheffield near Clowne (Derbyshire) there are two such valleys joining just below that length of the right-hand valley which was chosen for detailed study (Fig. 1). Attention was focused chiefly on the vegetation of the cliff and of the scree at its foot. The plateau between the two valleys was planted or semi-natural woodland before it was felled during the war of 1914-18, since when most of it has been left to regenerate naturally. It is now covered with secondary woodland of Betula and Fraxinus with some Acer pseudo-platanus, Ulmus glabra, Quercus robur, Taxus baccata, Sorbus aucuparia and Ilex aquifolium, and with locally dense scrub and undergrowth of Cornus sanguinea, Crataegus monogyna, Ligustrum vulgare, Rubus fruticosus and Rosa spp. The oldest trees are between 20 and 30 ft. in height and there are numerous young plants of Fraxinus, Betula, Sorbus aucuparia and Quercus. No detailed examination was made of the vegetation of the plateau, but many calcicolous herbs, including Viola hirta, Poterium sanguisorba and Origanum vulgare were noticed along the sides of the marginal ride. The cliff top. Between the marginal ride and the edge of the cliff is a narrow strip whose vegetation appears to be more natural than that of the plateau. The dominance of ash and birch is here less complete, while oak, elm and yew are more abundant and the trees have attained greater dimensions than on the plateau (Table 5), birches being found up to 49 ft. high with girths at breast height up to 42 in. Occasional trees of Tilia platyphylios are found. Tree regeneration is proceeding actively and it is interesting that saplings of Fraxinus are more abundant than those of Betula, reversing the order of abundance of the larger trees (Tables 2 and 3). It seems likely that Fraxinus may ultimately replace Betula as the community approaches maturity.

Birds in an Oak Forest During a Gypsy Moth Outbreak in South-Slovakia

In 1947 the writer observed a disastrous outbreak of the gypsy moth (Liparis dispar L.) in an oak forest near the village Cankov in South-Slovakia; by June most of the trees and shrubs were leafless. Further damage resulted from the oak mildew (Microsphaera quercina Burr.) which followed the defoliation and brought about necrosis of the young leaves of all the native oaks. A State Forest of about 320 hectares, 200 meters above sea-level, was studied during the first week in June. This soil is humus on a volcanic substratum with the nearest water two kilometers distant. Temperatures at noon tanged between 300 and 350 C.; the weather was dry and windless. The forest consists chiefly of Austrian oak (Quercus cerris) from 16 to 43 years old, with small amounts of English oak (Quercus robur) from 16 to 53 years old, Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris) 40 to 60 years old, spruce (Picea) and European larch (Larix decidua) 40 to 55 years old. The composition of the shrubstratum is: hedge maple (Acer campestre), Tatarean maple (Acer tataricum), elm (Ulmus campestris), European privet (Ligustrum vulgare), bloodtwig dogwood (Cornus sanguinea), blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), English hawtlhorn (Crataegus oxycantha). and European evonymus (Evonymus europaeus), while on the edges grow black locust (Robinia pseudoacia), black elderberry (Sambucus nigra) and goat willow (Salix caprea). The undergrowth consists of grasses and bird vetch (Vicia cracca). Vast numbers of gypsy moth larvae were observed on the ground, on the undergrowth, bark of the trees and their branches. All of the woods and shrubs except the elderberry and common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) had been injured by the larvae. In Table 1 a list is given of the birds seen on the tract in descending order of their importance as predators of the larvae, as well as four counts on three different plots.