Common Perspective Research Articles

Unlocking Collaborative Dynamics: Exploring Veterinarian-Leadership Relationships in Animal Shelters

Introduction: Veterinarians and organizational leaders play crucial roles in the success of animal shelters. Although both groups share a common mission, differing priorities and perspectives may lead to challenges that affect organizational success. This study explored attitudes of veterinarians and leaders toward collaboration and provides recommendations to enhance organizational effectiveness. Methods: An online survey collected data from 179 veterinarians and leaders of animal sheltering organizations on attitudes toward veterinarian-leader collaboration between June and August 2023. A composite score of Likert-type items measured attitudes toward veterinarian-leader relationship effectiveness (ATVLRE). Statistical tests compared responses across groups, while qualitative analysis identified recurring themes. Results: Differences were identified in ATVLRE among non-veterinarian leaders, veterinarian leaders, and veterinarian non-leaders. Non-veterinarian leaders reported the highest positive ATVLRE (M = 4.0, SD = 0.6), followed by veterinarian leaders (M = 3.7, SD = 1.0) and veterinarian non-leaders (M = 3.1, SD = 0.9). Statistically significant differences were found between these groups, particularly between non-veterinarian leaders and veterinarian non-leaders (Cohen d = 1.1). The most reported challenge for veterinarian non-leaders was ‘lack of effective communication’ (70%; n = 31/44), compared to veterinarian leaders (54%; n = 27/50) and non-veterinarian leaders (27%; n = 22/27). Additionally, ‘differences in priorities or conflicting goals’ were the top challenge for veterinarian leaders (66%; n = 33/50), while non-veterinarian leaders most frequently cited ‘managing expectations and demands’ (55%; n = 45/82). Communication was the primary contributor to successful relationships across all groups (68%; n = 122/179). Conclusion: This study revealed distinct attitudes within animal shelters and identified the critical role of communication in effective collaboration. Despite divergent attitudes, all groups emphasized constructive communication for fostering successful veterinarian-leader relationships. Understanding role-based perceptions can guide strategies to enhance organizational effectiveness and improve animal welfare.

"I'm trying to figure out who the hell I am": Examining the psychosocial and mental health experience of individuals learning "Not Parent Expected" news from a direct-to-consumer DNA ancestry test.

According to recent estimates, around 30million people have taken Direct-to-Consumer DNA ancestry tests, typically marketed as a fun, harmless and exciting process of discovery. These tests estimate a user's ethnic ancestry, also matching users with biological relations on their database. This matching can produce a surprising 'not parent expected' discovery, where a user learns that an assumed parent (typically the father) is not a biological parent. Such news may negatively affect mental health, self-identity and familial relationships, while prompting the utilization of putatively helpful resources by affected individuals. However, there is a lack of research on this topic. Thus, this study aimed to document the psychosocial experience of adults who have learnt that an assumed parent is not a biological parent via a Direct-to-Consumer DNA ancestry test. Specific objectives include investigating and understanding impact on mental health, familial relationships and subsequent resources mobilized. To meet these objectives, we conducted an inductive qualitative study, allowing for the documentation of common experiences and perspectives. This involved 52 semi-structured interviews with affected individuals, analyzed using thematic analysis. This resulted in five overlapping themes, namely (i) participants typically described their experience as an extraordinary shock that had a negative impact on their mental health, with some exceptions; (ii) the experience typically led to a severe and troubling disruption of their self-identity, with some exceptions; (iii) the news often ruptured extant familial relationships, especially with the mother, and any experiences with the new biological family were mixed; (iv) participants sought support from a variety of resources including spouses, siblings, and online peer support groups, which were generally considered helpful, with some exceptions; and (v) many participants consulted mental health professionals, who were sometimes considered supportive, but some participants noted that they were ill-equipped to help. Common across these themes were issues of grief, loss and trauma. This study reveals an expanding, vulnerable, and under-researched population facing unique stressors, that may be at high risk of developing a psychiatric disorder. There is a need for new services and supports for this population including tailored clinical interventions and specific self-care resources.

Perceptions and attitudes about advance care planning among healthcare professionals of cardiac care: A Q methodology study

AbstractAimHealthcare professionals' perspectives on advance care planning (ACP) remain unclear, particularly among those who care for cardiac patients. Therefore, this study aimed to explore perspectives on ACP among healthcare professionals who provide care to patients with cardiovascular diseases.MethodUsing Q methodology, 40‐Q sample statements were derived from an extensive literature review and an in‐depth qualitative interview. The P‐sample (Q sorters) comprised 10 physicians and 14 nurses. The P‐sample filled each grid with a statement on the Q‐sorting table. The data were analyzed using the PQMethod.ResultsFour factors with 18 Q sorters emerged and explained 71% of the variance, each contributing 5%–53%. Four factors were labeled: healthcare professional‐led, communication‐focused ACP (n = 5); early application‐weighted, burden‐reducing ACP (n = 5); prognostic uncertainty‐based, negotiation‐focused ACP (n = 5); and patient‐value‐based, comprehensiveness‐focused ACP (n = 3); six Q sorters fell into either confounded or nonsignificant categories. Common perspectives on ACP across all factors emerged, including the conceptual definition of ACP, early employment of ACP as the right time, and needs for educational support and training.ConclusionsUnique perspectives and common perspectives on ACP across factors emerged among Korean healthcare professionals of cardiac patients. The findings of this study provide initial information on perceptions of and attitudes toward ACP among Korean healthcare providers. Healthcare providers can use these findings to provide educational support and training.

Research on the Well-being Effects of Digital Financial Inclusion in China from a Common Wealth Perspective

The digital economy is an important force in promoting the achievement of common prosperity. It is conducive to accelerating the efficient flow of factors of production, promoting the sharing of high-quality resources, and advancing the equalisation of basic public services. This paper systematically reviews the well-being effects of digital inclusive finance (DIF) from the perspective of the commonwealth, classifies and summarises existing literature in the academic community, and focuses on the role and challenges it in reducing poverty and regional income disparities at the macro level, reducing household financial risks and enhancing household financial resilience at the micro level, as well as improving the sense of well-being of individuals' lives. The main findings suggest that DIF significantly improves the financial stability and economic resilience of low-income groups and promotes coordinated regional economic development and social well-being and stability. However, there are differences in the effects across regions and groups, and further research and practice are needed to address these differences. By integrating and sorting out various research results in the academic community, this study provides a concrete and theoretical explanation of the beneficial role that DIF plays in facilitating China's successful implementation of shared wealth, filling the gaps in the review-type literature in this field.

Online Social Learning and Instructional Presence: Enhancing English Education at a Jordanian University

Due to the rapid growth of online education, universities have maximised their English language learning experiences. This study explores English language learning communities in synchronous and asynchronous online contexts, focusing on social and instructional presence. The sample included 10 English language, literature, and translation students. Open-ended questions were asked in a small focus group to promote reflective conversation. The intricacies of social and instructional presence in online learning are made clear by this qualitative method. By concentrating on the complex relationships and common perspectives that emerge in targeted group discussions, the study revealed how students view their interaction with social and instructional presence to enhance English language instruction in the digital environment. The study offers important information for customising approaches used at the university. Combining these strategies may enhance virtual learning environments, mainly the English language courses offered by the university.

BACKTALK: Finding the sweet spot between curriculum fidelity and teacher agency

Two common perspectives on the implementation of curriculum and instructional strategies often appear to be at odds. On one side are those who call for fidelity to designers’ plans. On the other side are those who call for the empowerment of teachers to meet individual student needs, regardless of the pace required by curriculum guides. Ronald S. Thomas explains how teachers can use data to find a sweet spot between these approaches.

Migration and Its Discontents: Study of Leila Aboulela’s Bird Summons

Bird Summons by Leila Aboulela has caught the attention of researchers and media people alike, for differing reasons, though there are a few common perspectives too among them. Their most common perspective is looking at the novel as an immigrant bildungsroman where the childlike immigrants come of age and try to assimilate themselves in a culture in which the hosts are generally hostile to their presence in their midst. The present study is a reading of Bird Summons from a postcolonial perspective. The research method employed was close reading of the text, and the objective of the present study was to interpret the selected text in view of the fictional representation of Muslim Arab diaspora, particularly in the UK. The finding of the research is that the plot, theme, and the narrative point of the novel are a veiled representation of migrants’ discontents with their condition in the new land, their loss of identity, and the issues they face in a foreign land, leaving everything behind, some of them even burning the boat, and feeling lost for lack of assimilation in the new society. The culturally shocked and emotionally unsettled immigrants then start looking all over thinking where they had gone wrong in their decision-making that they have to face such hardships, looking for similarities and differences in the two cultural milieus – the home culture and the host culture – and then learning to unlearn their own language. They realize that it is only the death of their birth identity which can redeem them to live a normal life. The significance of the present research lies in its contribution to the understanding of the neo-colonial, hegemonic social structures ever present in an erstwhile colonial centre, and the strategies of adjustment the diaspora population adopts to cope with the ensuing tensions.

Perspectives on cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the frail population: a scoping review.

Frail and elderly persons approaching end of life who suffer cardiac arrest are often subject to rigorous, undignified, and inappropriate resuscitation attempts despite poor outcomes. This scoping review aims to investigate how people feel about the appropriateness of CPR in this population. This review was guided by the PRISMA-ScR methodological framework. A search strategy was developed for four online databases (MEDLINE, EMCARE, PSYCHINFO, CINAHL). Two reviewers were utilised for title/abstract screening, full text review and data extraction. Full text, peer reviewed studies were eligible for inclusion which discussed perspectives in the frail and/or elderly population with a focus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The database search yielded 3693 references (MEDLINE n = 1417, EMCARE n = 1505, PSYCHINFO n = 13, CINAHL n = 758). Following removal of duplicates (n = 953), title and abstract screening was performed on 2740 papers. A total of 2634 articles did not meet the inclusion criteria. Twenty-five studies were included in the scoping review and analysed for data extraction. Five themes emerged: (i) Preferences towards CPR, (ii) Preferences against CPR, (iii) Poor knowledge of CPR/Estimated survival rates, (iv) Do Not Resuscitate Orders, and (v) Decisional authority. This scoping review maps and describes the common perspectives shared by CPR stakeholders in the frail/elderly population. Findings revealed CPR decisions are often made based on incorrect knowledge, DNAR orders are frequently underused, CPR decisional authority remains vague and healthcare professionals have mixed views on the appropriateness of CPR in this population.

Physicians’ perspectives on cancer-related fatigue management and their suggestions for improvements in medical training: a cross-sectional survey study in Germany

PurposeContrary to guidelines, many cancer patients are not screened for cancer-related fatigue (CRF) and do not receive information or adequate treatment. As physicians play a key role in cancer therapy, their knowledge of this common sequela and perspectives on its management are of major interest.MethodsFor an online survey, physicians working in oncology in Germany were systematically drawn from registers and invited by using institutional newsletters or colleagues. Descriptive analyses, logistic regression analysis of physicians’ knowledge, and Mann‒Whitney U tests were performed.ResultsTwo-thirds of the 148 surveyed physicians felt (rather) well informed about CRF and capable of counseling patients. Only 32% of the sample were aware of CRF-specific guidelines. Despite of this, participants rated the scientific evidence for recommending physical activity, exercise programs, and psychotherapeutic interventions in accordance with guidelines as being mostly (very) strong. However, despite 82.4% of the physicians being (rather) aware of its evidence, only 56.1% often to almost always recommended psychotherapeutic interventions. CRF was rarely covered in medical studies and medical specialist training. The completion of advanced training for palliative care increased the likelihood of knowing guidelines (OR = 2.6, 95% CI [1.1–6.0], p < 0.05). Suggestions for improving training included the mandatory coverage of CRF in medical training or its consideration in interprofessional supportive care workshops.ConclusionAlthough awareness and recommendation rates were adequate for some interventions in CRF treatment (such as physical activity), there were lower recommendation rates for others, including psychotherapy. Studies are required assessing for the reasons of this knowledge-to-practice gap. Moreover, training is needed among physicians in order to enhance knowledge of CRF guidelines.Trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov, identifier: NCT04921644. Registered in June 2021.

AN EXAMINATION OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS' OPINIONS ABOUT THE SCHOOL THROUGH SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES

Sociological theories put forward to understand society are closely related to education, which is one of the social institutions. According to the common sociological perspective, which sees education as a function of society, every theory has the power to influence schools. The aim of this study is to examine school administrators' views on the definition of school, its purpose, teachers and administrators, and what should and should not be in schools through four sociological theories: Functionalist, conflictualist, interpretivist and critical. Knowing the theoretical background of school administrators' views on the school, which have direct and indirect effects on school development, and explaining school administrators' perspectives on the school will enable us to understand the foundations of school management and educational leadership behaviors. In addition, being able to reveal the intersection between sociology and school administration can develop action plans for getting support from the school to improve society.

THE UNSTOPPABLE PANTELIMON 2024 TRIATHLON FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE PARTICIPANTS

As a result of an increasingly important need to compensate for the harmful effects of the lack of movement determined by daily activities, people are looking for more and more diverse and challenging alternatives in the area of free time motor activities, so that the benefits cover both the physical and the mental sphere as well. By nature and their particularities, triathlon competitions, in general, fit very well into this category, gaining more and more ground compared to other forms of movement, in the options of the participants, precisely because they offer a favorable environment where everyone can test their limits, can compete with other people and establish his own training strategy.Having this important and interesting information at hand, we will be able to better understand the perspective, preferences and reporting of the participants to the particularities of such a competition, all in the context of a deep awareness of the importance of constant involvement in a form of movement. The main purpose of this research is to create a profile of the participant in the Unstoppable Pantelimon 2024 Triathlon, by applying a questionnaire designed to lead to the identification of the main reasons that were the basis of this option. Moreover, through our scientific approach, we aim to highlight the way in which this competition resonates with the expectations and preparation strategies of the participants, thus leading to a common perspective regarding the benefits of participating in these physical activities.

Protocol for a systematic search and critical discourse analysis of research on national HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis programmes among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men.

HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a medication that prevents the acquisition of HIV, most commonly taken in the form of a pill. PrEP is an efficacious tool for HIV prevention, including among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM). PrEP is often provided through formal PrEP programmes. Research on these programmes may employ discourses shaped by heteronormativity and homophobia. Given that expert language influences how HIV prevention is understood and delivered, problematic discourses in research likely extend into PrEP implementation. This study will use critical discourse analysis (CDA) to explore research on PrEP programme implementation for gbMSM. Within this literature, we will identify interpretive repertoires used to discuss gbMSM; the subject positions afforded to gbMSM; and the implications of these interpretive repertoires and subject positions for gbMSM engaging with HIV PrEP programmes. Systematic search methods identified relevant articles through timebound searching (2012-2023) in ProQuest ASSIA, EBSCOhost PsycInfo, OVID Medline, OVID Embase, and EBSCOhost CINAHL, with forward and backward citation searching of included studies. Grey literature will be identified through ProQuest and Google Scholar. Screening will be conducted by two independent reviewers, who will conduct random partial double screening for titles and abstracts and for all full text articles. Data will be analysed and synthesised using CDA informed by critical realism (CR). CDA focuses on relationships between language and power, including how language enables inequality. The analytic process will explore the background of included studies, identify themes, and analyse external and internal relations in included studies. Highlighting issues with discourses in PrEP implementation may enhance reflective engagement with assumptions underlying this research, preventing further stigmatisation of gbMSM's sexual and protective practices. As PrEP programmes become more common, diverse and inclusive perspectives in PrEP programme research may inform interventions that enhance their acceptability and implementation.

Reduction of endocytosis and EGFR signaling is associated with the switch from isolated to clustered apoptosis during epithelial tissue remodeling in Drosophila.

Epithelial tissues undergo cell turnover both during development and for homeostatic maintenance. Removal of cells is coordinated with the increase in number of newly dividing cells to maintain barrier function of the tissue. In Drosophila metamorphosis, larval epidermal cells (LECs) are replaced by adult precursor cells called histoblasts. Removal of LECs must counterbalance the exponentially increasing adult histoblasts. Previous work showed that the LEC removal accelerates as endocytic activity decreases throughout all LECs. Here, we show that the acceleration is accompanied by a mode switching from isolated single-cell apoptosis to clustered ones induced by the endocytic activity reduction. We identify the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway via extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) activity as the main components downstream of endocytic activity in LECs. The reduced ERK activity, caused by the decrease in endocytic activity, is responsible for the apoptotic mode switching. Initially, ERK is transiently activated in normal LECs surrounding a single apoptotic LEC in a ligand-dependent manner, preventing clustered cell death. Following the reduction of endocytic activity, LEC apoptosis events do not provoke these transient ERK up-regulations, resulting in the acceleration of the cell elimination rate by frequent clustered apoptosis. These findings contrasted with the common perspective that clustered apoptosis is disadvantageous. Instead, switching to clustered apoptosis is required to accommodate the growth of neighboring tissues.

Hospital Experiences of Carers in Relation to the Comprehensive Care Standard: A Mixed Method Study.

To explore the care experiences of informal carers of people with chronic conditions in hospitals and identify areas for improvement in the context of comprehensive care delivery. A explanatory sequential mixed-method study. This study was conducted, involving a survey with 182 carers and interviews with 31 carers of individuals who attended an Australian hospital. Descriptive analysis of quantitative data was performed using RStudio, while thematic analysis of qualitative data was conducted using NVivo. The findings revealed seven overarching components of care that influenced carers' hospitalexperiences and their perceptions of care quality. Areas requiring improvement were identified within these categories. This review identifies common perspectives of informal carers of people with chronic conditions in hospital settings and highlights important areas that require attention to improve carers' hospital care experiences. Carers should be welcomed, involved, informed and supported during hospital attendance to foster the most positive care experiences. Healthcare professionals should involve carers in assessment, shared decision-making and the care process and recognise and address carers' needs. The findings revealed the carer's hospital experiences in the context of comprehensive care delivery and identified areas requiring improvement. The CROSS and the COREQ guidelines were followed. The study protocol was presented to stakeholders from two hospitals in Australia, a Patient and Carer Advisory Board (attached to the parent project: evaluating Quality of Care (eQC))and the Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care, and discussions were held to assess the relevance and significance of this study to clinical practice and health policy.

»Glauben Sie mir […]: das Wort Zufall ist Gotteslästerung«

Abstract The essay begins with a discussion of the concepts of chance and contingency from both philosophical and common knowledge perspectives. Subsequently, the essay analyzes Schiller’s rejection of chance as a dramaturgical factor, which he offers in the preface to Die Verschwörung des Fiesko zu Genua. This analysis is conducted with a reference to Lessing’s Hamburgische Dramaturgie. The reading then poses the question: Could Schiller’s figure Fiesko and Lessing’s Orsina be correct in crediting Providence’s hand, despite their misguided perception of their own standing and role? After a brief exploration of the »Schicksalsdrama« genre, which was prominent in the 19th century, the focus then shifts to Friedrich Dürrenmatt’s comedy Die Physiker. In Dürrenmatt’s play, chance emerges as the ultimate principle governing worldly events.

Creating open innovation through API-enabled simultaneous centralization and decentralization

Application Programming Interface (APIs) have increasingly become crucial to digital ecosystems, facilitating interconnectivity and data exchange essential for digital transformation and open innovation in today's business landscape. In this article, we introduce a perspective on how APIs can be viewed as a means of achieving a dynamic equilibrium between centralization and decentralization for value creation in business ecosystems. Unlike common perspectives that regard APIs solely as technological tools, we examine them as a new way of thinking and organizing and as strategic mechanisms that facilitate both the unbundling and rebundling of business offerings. We also highlight their flexibility in adapting to changing business environments and outline various organizing models ranging from internal coordination to open platforms. This approach enables organizations to dynamically integrate diverse innovative services while maintaining a balance between control and autonomy. Our article draws on insights from open-innovation organizational structures with practical examples from leading edge use and application of APIs, demonstrating the transformative power of APIs on business models and ecosystems. In doing so, we provide a detailed framework and multiple examples, guiding business leaders to strategically incorporate APIs into their offerings.

Departmental case study of physics doctoral students’ perspectives of written qualifying exams

Little research in physics education focuses on graduate student experiences related to structural elements of their programs. This departmental case study examines the impact and perceptions of written qualifying exams (QEs) from a student perspective, following recent research which questions the role and utility of such exams. We conducted semistructured interviews with two physics doctoral students at a large research university before and after taking their QEs, capturing their expectations, preparedness levels, and apprehensions regarding the exam. We also conducted a survey of the rest of their student cohort one month before and one month after their exams to understand further variation in the students’ perspectives. The students’ experiences reflected substantial frustration with the nature and transparency of the QE process, as well as substantial negative emotional and mental impacts of the exams. The students’ experiences with the QEs are consistent with psychological responses to traumatic events. The responses further indicate that building trust and establishing transparency around the QE process, as well as creating emotionally and academically safe spaces that allow students to fail on exams and in coursework without the threat of punitive action, are important trauma-informed pedagogical strategies that faculty can use to support students through this process and help them build resilience. While we do not suggest that the current QE process in this department follows best practices for assessment, the students and faculty in this department do agree on the need for some kind of assessment indicating research readiness early in the graduate program; this provides a common perspective from which departmental change can begin. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Performance Analysis of Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) in Augmented Reality (AR)

Augmented reality (AR) has existed for decades, dating back from roughly 50 years ago when the renowned ‘father of computer graphics’ Ivan Sutherland first invented an AR head-mounted display system. Ever since, various organizations strive to improve the technology but while the AR technology definitely evolved significantly since its advent, the technology progress is relatively stagnant these past few years whereby we see little to no usage at least from common end user perspective. This may be due to various limitations of technologies currently utilized in AR. However, things may change since in 2020, the tech giant, Apple Inc. has made an unprecedented breakthrough by including the light detection and ranging (LiDAR) scanner on consumers’ smartphones which could potentially revolutionize the AR industry. This research primarily revolves around analyzing the performance of utilization of LiDAR technology in AR mainly in mobile devices available for the mass. The methodology and concept for this research is fairly straight-forward, the AR experience boosted by the newly introduced LiDAR technology will be compared with the widely used technology which primarily consist of the implementation of Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) and RGB camera with the exclusion of LiDAR and assessing the potential of LiDAR to further improvise AR experience and implementation in various fields. Testing results has shown significant improvement from various important aspects in AR whereby occlusion is possible in object rendering, the estimations based on live visual stimuli accuracy at roughly 99% in comparison to the true values as well as the ability to accurately perceive the geometry of objects in the real world environment through advanced depth and space perception.

The emission of off-road vehicles and their reduction options

Abstract The reduction of harmful emissions is a popular topic in both scientific and public circles. Contrary to popular belief, emissions from transport are only a small part of global emissions. As shown in the figure, the average of the EU 27 countries attributes only 15% of emissions from transport. From common perspective, vehicles with internal combustion, including diesel engines, will soon be replaced by alternative drivetrains. However at least at the commercial and off-road transportation, the diesel technology it is not so easy, and also the environmental reasons are questionable. Although the local emissions of electric vehicles are zero, their global emissions are, according to some research, more significant than their counterparts with internal combustion engines. The total electricity produced in the world in 2016 was about 25 PWh, two-thirds of which came from fossil energy carriers, which seriously damages the ecosystem, so it cannot be labelled as green energy.

Prevalence of common mental disorders and perspective toward mental health in an urban resettlement colony of Delhi, India: A mixed-method study.

The paucity of community-based research and misunderstandings surrounding mental illness in low- and middle-income countries impede the provision of proper care in this domain. The objective of this research was to assess the prevalence of common mental disorders in an urban resettlement colony in Delhi, India, explore associated factors, and understand the community's perspective on mental health. A community-based mixed-method study was conducted in which 130 participants were selected through multistage systematic random sampling and 12 key community members by purposive sampling. To assess the prevalence of common mental disorders, the 20-item Self-Reported Questionnaire (SRQ-20) was used, while the community's viewpoint on mental illness was explored using an in-depth interview guide. The odds ratio (OR) for risk factors was calculated using Pearson's Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and multiple logistic regression. For the qualitative component, themes were analyzed and presented. The study found an 18.5% prevalence of common mental disorders in the area. Socioeconomic status, hypertension, chronic health conditions, and the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on personal life were significant predictors (P < 0.05). The qualitative study identified that community members have a negative perspective on mental illness. Women are a vulnerable group because of their susceptibility to violence and certain cultural factors. Insufficient knowledge and societal stigmatization act as barriers to accessing mental health services. Certain groups, such as people of lower socioeconomic strata, living with a chronic disease are more affected. Targeted interventions are required to address these effectively.