Common Periodontal Disease Research Articles

The Relationship between Dental and Oral Health Maintenance in Elders with the Occurance of Periodontitis (Case Study at the Posyandu Lansia RW 07 Gunung Anyar Tambak Village, Surabaya

Periodontitis is one of the most common periodontal diseases with an incidence of approximately 10% of adults worldwide. Periodontitis can lead to tooth loss, which has negative impact on chewing function, aesthetics and can affect the quality of life of the sufferer. High percentage of elderly with periodontitis in Posyandu Lansia RW 07 Gunung Anyar Tambak Village, Surabaya. The aim of the research was to determine the relationship between oral health maintenance of the elderly and the incidence of periodontitis in the Posyandu Lansia RW 07 Gunung Anyar Tambak Village, Surabaya. The type of research conducted was analytical research with a cross sectional method, with a sample of 35 elderly people at the RW 07 Posyandu Lansia, Gunung Anyar Tambak Village, Surabaya. The data collection instrument used is a questionnaire used to measure oral health maintenance and an examination sheet to identify periodontitis. The data analysis techniques using Spearman's rho. Conclusion : The average maintenance of oral health of the elderly in answering the research questionnaire was categorized as sufficient at 70.8%. Elderly people who experience periodontitis are 65.72%. There is a strong relationship between oral health maintenance and periodontitis.

Non-coding RNAs Function in Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells.

Non-coding RNA has many types which has rich functions and plays an important role in the study of basic molecular mechanisms. Many non-coding RNA have important implications for pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells. It has been found to affect the self-renewal and osteogenesis of many types of stem cells. They have also been found to regulate stem cell proliferation and induct bone differentiation. Periodontal ligament stem cells are essential for the regeneration of periodontal tissue. In recent years, in the field of stomatology, studies have found that many non-coding RNA also have significant regulatory effects on the proliferation and differentiation of periodontal stem cells and may become potential therapeutic targets for many common periodontal diseases such as periodontitis, bone/tooth/soft tissue loss and orthodontic treatment. Therefore, we summarized the current research status of non-coding RNA in the field of molecular mechanism of periodontal ligament stem cells and prospected its future progress.

Development of phytoactive essential oils-composed organogels against oral pathogens

Gingivitis, one of the most common periodontal diseases, is the inflammation of the gingival tissues that causes swelling, tenderness, redness and bleeding. The treatment should contain anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant agents to decrease the risk of dental plaque formation and periodontal tissue damage in the inflammatory process. In line with the antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant effects of the geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér.) herb, common sage (Salvia officinalis L.) herb, and mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus L.) leaf, in this work we propose their use as active pharmaceutical ingredients of periodontal gels. The organogel formulations were produced either by microwave-assisted irradiation method or by the conventional approach (microwave-free), and further characterized for their physicochemical properties, antimicrobial efficacy and cell viability. Among them, the gel formulation containing 4 % geranium essential oil obtained by the conventional method was identified as the best candidate to be developed as an effective and safe alternative suitable for oromucosal applications.

Analysis of epigenetic knowledge in the management of periodontal diseases

The most common periodontal diseases worldwide are periodontitis and gingivitis. These are infections that affect the structures that support and protect the teeth, known as the supporting periodontium and the protective periodontium, respectively. Despite being so prevalent and having a considerable impact, there is a significant lack of clear and accessible information aimed at the general public about the processes that give rise to them, especially with regard to genetic and epigenetic aspects. This study investigated the relationship between epigenetic knowledge and periodontal health in the population of Los Ríos, examining how understanding epigenetic factors can influence the management of periodontitis and gingivitis, common periodontal diseases that affect the supporting structures and tooth protection. Despite the clinical importance of these disorders, there is a notable lack of accessible information on their underlying genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. The study used surveys and interviews to assess knowledge of epigenetics among residents, and descriptive and inferential statistical analyzes revealed a significant association between epigenetic knowledge and advanced oral health practices. The majority of respondents were found to have limited knowledge about epigenetics, highlighting the urgent need for focused educational programs. Those with a deeper understanding showed more proactive and personalized oral health practices. These findings underscore the importance of epigenetics education as a key strategy to improve periodontal health in the community

Hubungan Usia dan Jenis Kelamin Dengan Kejadian Penyakit Periodontal Pada Pasien Poli Gigi Puskesmas Arjasa Kabupaten Jember Tahun 2020

Periodontal disease according to the Ministry of Health in 2013 has a number of sufferers reaching 96.58% in Indonesia. This disease is also a disease that dominates in the Dental Polyclinic at the Arjasa Health Center, Jember Regency. Periodontal disease is a pathological process affecting the periodontium which is destructive progressively causing alveolar bone destruction and loss of the periodontal ligament. One of the factors that cause periodontal disease is age and gender. This study aims to determine the description of periodontal disease and the relationship between age and sex with periodontal disease at the Dental Polyclinic of Arjasa Public Health Center in 2020. This type of research is descriptive observational with a cross sectional approach. The research sample was the medical records of patients at the Dental Polyclinic of Arjasa Public Health Center with criteria aged 5-65 years diagnosed with periodontal disease. The data analyzed using the Chi Square test assisted by the SPSS 22.0 application. Chronic periodontitis is the most common periodontal disease suffered in the adolescent age group, namely 17-25 years and the female sex dominates. The results of the Chi Square test showed a value of (0.013,0,05) for the relationship between periodontal and gender and p value (0.001<0,05) for the relationship between periodontal and age. Females and late teens are the most common patients suffering from periodontal disease and there is a positive relationship between periodontal disease and age and gender groups.

Effect Of Avocado Seed (Persea Americana Mill.) On The Growth Of Bacteria Prevotella Intermedia (In Vitro)

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of the teeth caused by bacteria present in the dental plaque biofilm. Gingivitis and periodontitis are the most common periodontal diseases and are associated with bacteria Prevotella intermedia. Avocado seeds are one way to inhibit this bacteria. the aim of this study is to prove that avocado seed extract (Persea americana Mill.) has an antibacterial effect on bacterial growth Prevotella intermedia. This study was a pure laboratory experimental post-test only control group design. The research sample was divided into 10 groups, namely 8 groups of avocado seed extract with different concentrations, 1 positive control group (chlorhelxidinel glulconat 0,2%), and 1 negative control group (aquades). Avocado seed extract (Persea americana Mill.) has antibacterial power against bacteria Prevotella intermedia with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 3.125% and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of 6.25%. Avocado seed extract has antibacterial power against the bacteria Prevotella intermedia with MIC 3.125% and MBC 6.25%.

ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF WATER HYACINTH (Eichhornia crassipes) LEAF EXTRACT ON THE GROWTH OF Porphyromonas gingivalis

Background: The most common periodontal disease is periodontitis which is frequently found in the form of chronic periodontitis. Such disease is caused by the accumulation of the bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis where supporting therapy such as chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash 0.2% can be given. However, its use in the long term can have a negative effect on the oral cavity. There is a natural plant, namely water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) which contains compounds that can be used as antibacterial, such as: tannins, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, and steroids. As a result of this, the water hyacinth plant can be used as an alternative herbal medicine. Purpose: To analyze the antibacterial effectiveness of water hyacinth leaf extract (Eichhornia crassipes) against the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria. Methods: This study used True Experimental with posttest only with control group design. Antibacterial test was performed using liquid dilution method to determine MIC and solid dilution to determine MBC. Results: Based on the results and data analysis, it was found that the water hyacinth leaf extract had MIC at 1,56% and MBC at a concentration of 50%. Conclusion: Leaf extract of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) can inhibit and have antibacterial properties against the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria. Keywords: Chronic periodontitis, Leaf extract of Water Hyacinth, Porphyromonas gingivalis

DESCRIPTION OF SALIVA MELATONIN LEVELS IN GINGIVITIS PATIENTS AT RSGM UNJANI CIMAHI INDONESIA

Periodontal disease is a dental and oral disease that often occurs in Indonesian society. According to Riskesdas in 2018, the Prevalence of dental and oral diseases in Indonesia was 57.6%, with most cases being dental caries and periodontal disease, while according to Purwakarta Health Profile in 2017, the periodontal disease prevalence in West Java was 85.6%. One of the most common periodontal diseases in Indonesia is Gingivitis. According to Riskesdas, in 2018, the Prevalence of Gingivitis in Indonesia reaches 74%. Gingivitis is an inflammatory process in the gum tissue of the oral cavity. The body has a hormone that acts as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant in periodontal diseases, namely melatonin. melatonin hormoneill decrease if there is inflammation in the body, increased free radicals, bone damage, immune system disorders, oxidative stress, and circadian rhythm disorders. This study aimed to describe the melatonin level in gingivitis patients' saliva. This study used cross-sectional quantitative descriptive research as its methodology. The level of melatonin in the saliva is low if <2 pg/ml, normal: 2-4pg/ml, and high: >4pg/ml. The results showed that the mean melatonin level in the saliva of gingivitis patients at RSGM Unjani was 13.8 pg/ml, with a minimum melatonin level of 6.9 pg/ml and a maximum of 48.5 pg/ml. The results of the research and data analysis concluded that the level of melatonin in the saliva of patients with Gingivitis at RSGM Unjani is elevated, which is caused by various factors that affect melatonin levels.

EFFECT OF MANGOSTEEN PEEL EXTRACT (Garcinia mangosteen) TO FIBROBLAST NUMBER AS PERIODONTAL DISEASE THERAPY

Background: Periodontitis is one of the most common periodontal diseases in Indonesia. Inflammation and the bacteria that cause periodontitis can be treated by providing additional therapy in the form of a gel by the dentist. Mangosteen peel extract gel contains xanthones which function as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory so that it will accelerate the inflammatory phase. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of mangosteen peel extract gel in increasing the number of fibroblast cells in the healing process of periodontitis in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus).Material and Method: This research was an experimental laboratory design with a post-test-only design divided into 50% mangosteen peel extract gel group, 75% mangosteen peel extract gel group, 25% metronidazole gel group, and metronidazole plus gel group.Result: The research data were analyzed using the One Way ANOVA test and showed a significant value difference with a p=0.000 (p<0.05). However, in the inter-group test with Bonferroni post hoc, it was found that there was no significant difference between the 75% mangosteen peel extract gel group and 25% metronidazole gel group with a value of p = 0.709 (p>0.05).Conclusion: This study concludes that mangosteen peel extract gel effectively increases the number of fibroblast cells in the healing process of periodontitis.

EFFECTS OF MANGOSTEEN SKIN GEL EXTRACTS ON INCREASING THE NUMBER OF FIBROBLASTS IN THE HEALING PROCESS OF RATS PERIODONTITIS

Background: Periodontitis is one of the most common periodontal diseases in Indonesia. Inflammation and the bacteria that cause periodontitis can be treated by providing additional therapy in the form of a gel by the dentist. Mangosteen peel extract gel contains xanthones which function as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory that will accelerate the inflammatory phase. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of a gel made from mangosteen peel extract to increase the number of fibroblast cells on the healing process of periodontitis in Wistar rats. Methods: This is an experimental laboratory with post test only design. The treatment group composed of 50% mangosteen peel extract gel, 75% mangosteen peel extract gel, 25% metronidazole gel, and metronidazole plus mefenamic acid gel which were applied to Wistar rats after periodontitis induced. Results: The research data were analyzed by One Way ANOVA and exhibited a significance score of p = 0.000 (p<0.05) which indicated a significant difference. In the inter-group test with Bonferroni post hoc, it was found that there was no significant difference between the 75% mangosteen peel extract gel group and 25% metronidazole gel group with a score of p = 0.709 (p>0.05). Conclusion: The conclusion of this research showed that mangosteen peel extract gel was effective in increasing the number of fibroblast cells in the recupiration process of periodontitis

Evaluation of the Correlation between Systemic Osteoporosis and Periodontal Status in Menopausal Women

Introduction: Periodontitis is one of the most common periodontal diseases, characterized by destruction of connective tissue and supporting structure of the tooth. Osteoporosis is a systemic disease of skeletal tissue characterized by a decrease in bone mass and leads to the destruction of bone structure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between systemic osteoporosis and periodontal status in menopausal women referred to the bone density measurement center in Gorgan.
 Materials & Methods: In this case-control study, 56 menopausal women aged 45-65 years participated. Among the participants, 28 individuals had osteoporosis and 28 women were healthy. Periodontal pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI) and gingivitis index (GI) were measured for each patient. Finally, the data were analyzed using 95% confidence level.
 Results: A total of 56 menopausal women were included in the study. The mean GI in the osteoporotic group was 0.74 ± 1.43 and in the non-osteoporotic group was 0.77 ± 1.32 (p value = 0.280). The mean periodontal pocket depth in the osteoporotic group (0.63 ± 3.73) was more than the non- osteoporotic group 0.57 ± 3.66 (p value = 0.363). PI mean in the osteoporotic and non-osteoporotic groups were 37.11 ± 15 and 37.39 ± 15, respectively (p value = 0.363).
 Conclusion: The mean clinical attachment level in menopausal women with osteoporosis was significantly higher than normal menopausal women. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in other indices of periodontal disease such as PPD, PI, GI.

Continuous Oral Administration of Sonicated P. gingivalis Delays Rat Skeletal Muscle Healing Post-Treadmill Training.

Background: A delay in muscle repair interferes with the effect of training or exercise; therefore, it is important to identify the factors that delay muscle repair. P. gingivalis, one of the most common periodontal disease pathogens, has the potential to inhibit muscle repair after training, as inferred from a previous study. To assess the expression of satellite cells in this in vivo study, we evaluated the relationship between P. gingivalis and muscle regeneration after training. Methods: A total of 20 male Wistar rats (eight weeks in age) were randomly divided into two groups: one orally administered sonicated P. gingivalis four times per week for six weeks (PG group) and one given no treatment (NT group). After four weeks of training using a treadmill, the gastrocnemius was evaluated using histology of the cross-sectional area (CSA) of myotubes and immunohistochemistry of the expression of skeletal muscle satellite cells. In addition, an endurance test was performed a day before euthanization. Results: The CSA and expression of Pax7+/MyoD− and Pax7+/MyoD+ cells were not significantly different between the groups. However, the expression of Pax7−/MyoD+ cells and running time until exhaustion were significantly lower in the PG group. Conclusions: Infection with P. gingivalis likely interferes with muscle repair after training.

Thermographic Examination of the Gingiva of 16 Dogs.

Gingivitis is a common periodontal disease in dogs and refers to inflammation of the gingiva. Gingival Index (GI), Papillary Bleeding Index (PBI) and Plaque Index (PI) are oral indices that describe the health status of the gingiva and which are based on human observation. Thermal changes due to inflammation are expected in gingivitis. Thermographic imaging, a wide-spread diagnostic tool in veterinary science, can be used for identification when there is abnormal body surface temperature in an area of the animal body. In this study, oral examination results and thermographic images obtained from 458 teeth from 16 dogs were used. Firstly, a thermal imaging procedure for diagnosis of gingival diseases of dogs was defined. Secondly, reference surface temperatures of tissues for each oral indices were determined. And thirdly, statistically significant thermal differences between the levels of each index was compared. The statistical analysis showed that there are significant thermal differences in some index levels and that presence or absence of plaque is an important etiologic factor in thermal examination of gingivitis. The study showed that thermographic images can be used to determine thermal changes in oral tissues of dogs with gingivitis.

The Effectiveness of Use of Herbal Dental Paste on Gingivitis Marginalis in Peukan Bada District, Aceh Besar Regency

BACKGROUND: The most common periodontal disease in developing countries is gingivitis. Gingivitis is a dental and oral health problem with a reasonably high prevalence in society at all age groups. Gingivitis is characterized by inflammation and bleeding of the gums. One way to prevent bleeding gums is to use herbal toothpaste. AIM: The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of using betel leaf herbal toothpaste against gingivitis marginalis in Rima Jeuneu Village, Peukan Bada District, Aceh Besar District. METHODS: This study used analytical survey research with a cross-sectional design. The location for this research is Rima Jeuneu Village, District. This research was conducted from September to October 2021. Bivariate data analysis to determine the relationship between the independent variable (brushing teeth using betel herbal toothpaste) and the dependent variable (gingivitis marginalis) in this study used the Chi-square test. RESULTS: The results of statistical analysis using the Chi-square test found that there was a significant relationship between brushing teeth using herbal betel toothpaste and gingivitis marginalized in the community ((p) = 0.000 <0.05). A survey reinforces that brushing teeth using herbal betel toothpaste has healthy gingival conditions (71.9%). The use of herbal betel toothpaste is effective in preventing gingivitis marginalis. Betel leaf toothpaste has an antibacterial effect against several types of bacteria, one of which is Streptococcus mutans. CONCLUSION: There is a relationship between brushing teeth using herbal betel toothpaste with gingivitis marginalis in the people of Peukan Bada District, Aceh Besar District. Brushing teeth using betel herbal toothpaste is effective in reducing the level of gingivitis

An SCPPPQ1/LAM332 protein complex enhances the adhesion and migration of oral epithelial cells: Implications for dentogingival regeneration

Common periodontal disease treatment procedures often fail to restore the structural integrity of the junctional epithelium (JE), the epithelial attachment of the gum to the tooth, leaving the tooth-gum interface prone to bacterial colonization. To address this issue, we introduced a novel bio-inspired protein complex comprised of a proline-rich enamel protein, SCPPPQ1, and laminin 332 (LAM332) to enhance the JE attachment. Using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), we showed that SCPPPQ1 and LAM332 interacted and assembled into a protein complex with high-affinity adsorption of 5.9e−8 [M] for hydroxyapatite (HA), the main component of the mineralized tooth surfaces. We then designed a unique shear device to study the adhesion strength of the oral epithelial cells to HA. The SCPPPQ1/LAM332 complex resulted in a twofold enhancement in adhesion strength of the cells to HA compared to LAM332 (from 31 dyn/cm2 to 63 dyn/cm2). In addition, using a modified wound-healing assay, we showed that gingival epithelial cells demonstrated a significantly high migration rate of 2.7 ± 0.24 µm/min over SCPPPQ1/LAM332-coated surfaces. Our collective data show that this protein complex has the potential to be further developed in designing a bioadhesive to enhance the JE attachment and protect the underlying connective tissue from bacterial invasion. However, its efficacy for wound healing requires further testing in vivo. Statement of significanceThis work is the first functional study towards understanding the combined role of the enamel protein SCPPPQ1 and laminin 332 (LAM332) in the epithelial attachment of the gum, the junctional epithelium (JE), to the tooth hydroxyapatite surfaces. Such studies are essential for developing therapeutic approaches to restore the integrity of the JE in the destructive form of gum infection. We have developed a model system that provided the first evidence of the strong interaction between SCPPPQ1 and LAM332 on hydroxyapatite surfaces that favored protein adsorption and subsequently oral epithelial cell attachment and migration. Our collective data strongly suggested using the SCPPPQ1/LAM332 complex to accelerate the reestablishment of the JE after surgical gum removal to facilitate gum regeneration.

The role of Enterococcus faecalis in apical periodontitis

Relevance. Apical periodontitis is one of the most common periodontal diseases. Enterococcus faecalis, which naturally inhabits the intestine, relatively rarely colonizes the oral mucosa of healthy individuals – in 1-20% of cases. However, 68% of patients with oral infectious diseases (caries, pulpitis, periodontitis, etc.) demonstrate it, especially patients with comorbidity, e.g., diabetes mellitus (60% of cases). It may change the risk profile of the inflammatory periodontal disease progression caused by the appearance of unusual pathogens in the oral cavity. In the primary apical periodontitis, microorganisms usually spread into the periodontium from necrotized tissues of the tooth pulp, in secondary periodontitis – from the endodontically treated root canals. E faecalis has unique properties, i.e. resistance to physical and chemical factors, nutrient deficiency, which leads to the selection of this microorganism during the development of secondary apical periodontitis. 30-90% of root canals demonstrate this microorganism in this pathology. 33% of secondary apical periodontitis treatment fail due to this microorganism infection. E. faecalis exhibits natural and often acquired resistance to local and systemic antimicrobial drugs.Thus, successful treatment of apical periodontitis requires identifying the microorganism and/or determining the composition of the microbial community that caused its development and determination of sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs due to the high frequency of association of this disease with i nfection of the affected area of E. faecalis.

A Comparative Clinical Study of Er:YAG Laser and Hand Instruments in the Treatment of Moderate Chronic Periodontitis.

Moderate chronic periodontitis is the most common periodontal disease. The treatment of this condition should aim at achieving a biocompatible root surface and decontamination of the pocket, thereby restoring the health status. In the present study, the aim was to examine the clinical effectiveness of fibreless Er:YAG laser used for scaling and root planing and to compare it with a conventional treatment with Gracey curettes. The study included 909 periodontal pockets which were treated in a split-mouth design with either Gracey curettes or with Er:YAG laser (1.5 W). Probing pocket depth (PPD), gingival recession (GR), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BoP), and plaque index were recorded. There was a considerable decrease of PPD, CAL, BoP, and plaque presence values at 1 and 3 months after therapy in both treatment groups. Sites treated with Er:YAG laser demonstrated mean CAL gain of about 1.00 mm and 0.44 mm at the first and third month, respectively. In the control group, there was also significant gain of CAL of about 1.33 mm at the first and 0.30 mm at the third month. Significant difference was observed in all parameters between both groups in favour of the laser treatment. The results of the present study suggest that the Er:YAG laser shows clinical effectiveness in the treatment of moderate chronic periodontitis. It can be used as a single treatment modality for subgingival scaling and root planing resulting in greater improvements in all recorded data in contrast to conventional treatment.

Effectiveness of Pisang Raja Peel Extract (Musa Paradisiaca L) on Bacterial Growth of Porphyromonas Gingivalis as the Cause of Periodontitis

Background. Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory infection that causes damage to thetissue supporting the teeth. The most common periodontal diseases are gingivitis and periodontitis.Periodontitis is a complex, localized chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the destruction ofconnective tissue, periodontal ligaments, and bone supporting teeth. This periodontal disease is causedby plaque bacteria on the surface of the teeth, where the plaque is a thin layer of biofilm containinga collection of pathogenic microorganisms such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillusactinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia and Fusobacterium nucleatumwhich are soft deposits. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a gram-negative, black pigmented, rod-shapedanaerobic bacteria. Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the dominant bacteria in chronic periodontitiswhich is found in subgingival plaques. Indonesia is a country with a tropical climate which makesit rich in biodiversity, which can be used as antibacterial agents. Plantain (Musa Paradisiaca L) isa fruit that is easy to get, but the skin is rarely used. The Pisang Raja peel (Musa Paradisaca L)contains chemical compounds saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids which have antimicrobialproperties. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of Pisang Raja peel (Musa Paradisiaca L) extractagainst the inhibition of Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria as a cause of periodontitis. Methods: Usinglaboratory experimental methods, the test was carried out in the laboratory with the form of researchin the form of Posttest Only Control Design and sampling by random sampling through 4 treatmentsand 6 repetitions. Statistical test was One Way Anova. Results: Based on the oneway Anova test, theconcentration group of 16%, 32%, and 64% and the control group obtained a p-value of (p <0.01)which means that there is a significant difference. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it isshown that the effectiveness of Pisang Raja peel extracts concentrations with concentration 16%, 32%,and 64% in inhibiting Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria and control group obtained p-value (p<0,01)means there was significant correlation. Conclusion: Based on this research that there is effectivecorrelation Pisang Raja peel extract with concentration 16%, 32%, dan 64% can inhibit the growthPorphyromonas gingivalis.

Periodontal Disease Status in a Population at Najran Province of Saudi Arabia

Background: The common periodontal diseases are of public health concern, with 20-50 percent of the global population affected by gingivitis and or periodontitis.
 Aim: The aim of this study was to explore the common periodontal diseases occurring among the patients who attended the College of Dentistry hospital of Najran University. And also, to determine the correlation among the age groups, nationalities and risk factors related to periodontal diseases.
 Methods: A retrospective hospital-based descriptive type study was performed, providing 352 records of male patients suffering from various types of periodontal diseases. The Centers for Disease Control and the American Academy of Periodontology (CDC-AAP) classification was used for periodontal diagnosis. Patients were grouped by age as group A (6-20 years), group B (21-40 years), group C (41-60 years) and group D (above 60 years). Chi-square test and multinomial logistic regression model were adapted for data analyses.
 Results: Out of 352 patients, 217 (61%) and 135 (39%) patients suffered from gingivitis and periodontitis, respectively. Mean age of the patients was 32.81 ± 15.96 (range 6-97) years. Sixty-nine (19.6%), 200 (56.8%), 60 (17.0%) and 23 (6.5%) patients of Group A, B, C and D suffered from different forms of periodontal diseases, respectively. Eighty three percent patients were of Saudis and Yemenis and the rest were of Egyptian, Bangladeshi, Pakistani, Indian, Sudanese, Jordanian, Syrian, Chadian, Ghanaian and Tunisian nationalities. Highest number of patients suffered from moderate generalized gingivitis 142 (40.3%) and moderate localized periodontitis 57 (16.2%). Majority had plaque & calculus 290 (82.4%) and the rests had diabetes mellitus, smoking and tobacco chewing habit, asthma, hypertension and heart disease. Correlations among periodontal disease, age group and risk factor were found significant (p <0.05) though between the nationality and risk factor was found not significant (p 0.999).
 Conclusions: Significant relationships were observed among periodontal diseases and age, nationality and risk factors. This small study of Najran may reflect the periodontal status in a population of Saudi Arabia. Further broad scale study would be conclusive establishing such relationship in Saudi Arabian population.

ANALYSIS OF HYGIENE AND PERIODONTAL INDEXES OF CHILDREN WITH I TYPE DIABETES MELLITUS

Gingivitis and periodontitis are two forms of periodontal disease that are well known as oral complications in diabetic patients. Particular attention should be paid to the diagnosis of periodontal disease at an early age among patients with this endocrinological pathology. The aim of this scientific work was to assess the gum bleeding and the state of the periodontium in children with type I diabetes mellitus during the periods of milk bite and period of mixed dentition.
 Scientific studies of gingivitis during milk and variable occlusion in children with diabetes are quite rare. In addition, the period limited by the age ranges is transitional for the dental-maxillary system. This fact will allow us to have a great opportunity to study the differences from deciduous and permanent teeth.
 258 children aged from six to fourteen were examined for this scientific work, namely 129 children with type I diabetes mellitus and 129 children without somatic diseases. All patients were divided into appropriate subgroups: somatically healthy children without signs of gingivitis, somatically healthy children with signs of gingivitis, children with type I diabetes mellitus without signs of gingivitis, children with type I diabetes mellitus with signs of gingivitis.
 The hygiene index was determined according to Fedorov - Volodkina (1968) and OHI-S (Green, Vermillion, 1964). The periodontal condition was assessed by the PMA index (papillary-marginal-alveolar index) modified with Parma (1960). Bleeding index was determined according to Loe, Silness (1967), that is, the so-called gingival index (GI). We also calculated the bleeding index according to Muhleman H.R. (1971).
 There was no statistically significant difference in the values of the intensity of caries, its prevalence and hygiene indexes in the group with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus compared with healthy children.
 Our studies showed a statistically significant difference between the control group and patients with type I diabetes mellitus regarding periodontal indexes and gingival bleeding, consistent with existing data in the literature. Inflammatory processes in the periodontium of children and adults with diabetes mellitus have been increased. It is also very important to recognize this process as soon as possible.
 The results of this research work determine that children with diabetes have a great risk of bleeding gums compared to children without diabetes.
 We cannot say that gingivitis in children always lead to destructive periodontal disease in adulthood, a number of Ukrainian and foreign authors point out that children with insulin-dependent diabetes are more prone to periodontal destruction, than healthy ones. This is important because the most common periodontal diseases can be prevented even in people with an increased susceptibility to them and the development of destruction can be stopped by early detection of the disease in the early stages. Moreover, there is evidence that the treatment of periodontal disease in adults with diabetes has a positive effect on the level of metabolic control of these individuals.
 Thus, in light of the current results, oral screening and preventive programs should emphasize the importance of timely diagnosis of periodontal disease even during the milk occlusion and period of mixed dentition, especially in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.