Common Otolaryngology Procedures Research Articles

Cost transparency in otolaryngology: Outpatient procedures cost information at New England hospitals

PurposeHealthcare costs have dramatically increased, resulting in barriers to care for many Americans. To address this, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services implemented a price transparency mandate, requiring hospitals to provide cost-estimate tools. This study evaluates the accessibility and usability of these tools for common otolaryngology outpatient procedures. Materials and methodsCost transparency was investigated using cost-estimate tools from websites of the seven New England hospitals ranked on the US News top 50 list. Ten common current procedural terminology codes were used to collect data on availability of cost information, cost comparison, and ease-of-use by six investigators acting as “patients” for each hospital and procedure. ResultsAll investigated hospitals had cost-estimate tools, with a 35.7 % mean success rate of generating an estimate. The mean times to cost-estimate tools and generated estimates were 35.69 and 34.15 s, respectively. Pre-insurance costs varied by hospital and procedure; creation of eardrum had the largest range. Seven out of ten procedures resulted in lower post-insurance costs. The mean ease-of-use rating was 5.76 out of ten. ConclusionAll hospitals complied with the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services price transparency policy. The information available is sparse, difficult to access, and frequently lacks specific estimates for common otolaryngology procedures. Although hospitals are following new Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services mandates, the estimators currently in existence are ineffective tools for financial decision-making.

Diagnostic Approach and Treatment Options for Pediatric Cases of Grisel's Syndrome Post Otolaryngology Procedure: A Systematic Review.

Grisel's syndrome is an uncommon cervical spine condition marked by non-traumatic rotational subluxation of the atlantoaxial joint. This systematic review aims to collect potential evidence from relevant studies that reported symptoms, diagnostic methods, and management options among pediatric cases of Grisel's syndrome post otolaryngology procedures, which can aid and guide the diagnosis and management in clinical practice.We conducted both electronic and manual search strategies within the potential databases and included case reports, case series, and articles; however, review papers and correspondence papers were excluded. The post-otolaryngology procedures included adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, tympanoplasty, cochlear implantation, double opposing Z plasty and pharyngeal flap, and adenotonsillectomy. In this systematic review, we identified and analyzed 20 studies encompassing a total of 24 pediatric patients with Grisel's syndrome following otolaryngology procedures. The patient demographics revealed a fairly even distribution between females (45.83%) and males (50.00%), with ages ranging from 2.5 to 12 years. The most common otolaryngology procedures associated with Grisel's syndrome were adenoidectomy (29.17%) and adenotonsillectomy (33.33%). Clinical symptoms included neck pain (75.00%), torticollis (50.00%), and limited neck mobility (20.83%), while diagnostic confirmation primarily relied on CT scans (50.00%). Treatment strategies varied, with conservative measures being the most frequent choice, followed by surgical interventions in four cases (16.67%). Complications were reported in 20.83% of cases. Due to the rarity of this condition, our findings are limited to case reports only, which may limit the generalizability of results. Grisel syndrome can be effectively managed through conservative treatment, including antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugsif diagnosed timely. Early diagnosis and prompt management are essential to avoid neurological and fatal complications.This analysis would contribute to improving clinical knowledge and treatment strategies while providing additional insights into this rare condition.

COVID-19 in the Clinic: Trial of an Aerosol Containment Mask for Endoscopic Clinic Procedures.

Create an aerosol containment mask (ACM) for common otolaryngologic endoscopic procedures which also provides nanoparticle-level protection to patients. Prospective feasibility study. In-person testing with a novel ACM. The mask was designed in Solidworks and 3-dimensional printed. Measurements were made on 100 consecutive clinic patients who underwent medically necessarily endoscopy, 50 rigid nasal and 50 flexible, by 9 surgeons. Of the 50 patients who underwent rigid nasal endoscopy with the ACM, 0 of 25 patients with the suction off and 0 of 25 patients with the suction on had evidence of leakage of 0.3 μm particles. Of the 50 patients who underwent flexible endoscopy with the ACM, 0 of 25 patients with the suction off and 0 of 25 patients with the suction on had evidence of leakage of 0.3 μm particles. In terms of comfort, 73% of patients found the ACM somewhat or very comfortable without suction, compared to 86% with the suction on. Surgeons were able to visualize all necessary anatomic areas in 98% of procedures. In 97% of procedures, the masks were able to be placed easily. ACM can accommodate rigid nasal and flexible endoscopes and may prevent leakage of patient-generated aerosols, thus avoiding contamination of the room and protecting health care workers from airborne contagions. The level of evidence is 2.

Opioid versus non-opioid postoperative pain management in otolaryngology.

The opioid epidemic in the United States has had devastating consequences, with many opioid-related deaths and a significant economic toll. Opioids have a significant role in postoperative pain management. Here we aim to analyze differences in postoperative opioid and non-opioid pain medications regimens following common otolaryngological surgeries between two large tertiary care medical centers: the Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, USA (HMC) and The Chaim Sheba Medical center, Israel (SMC). A retrospective chart review of patients undergoing common otolaryngological procedures during the years 2017-2019 was conducted at two tertiary care centers, one in the U.S. and the other in Israel. Types and doses of postoperative pain medications ordered and administered during admission were analyzed. Average doses ordered and administered in 24h were calculated. Opioid medications were converted to a standardized unit of morphine milliequivalents (MME). Chi-square test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used to compare the groups. The study included 204 patients (103 U.S., 101 Israel). Patient demographics were similar except for a longer length of stay in Israel (p < 0.01). In the U.S., 95% of patients were ordered opioids compared to 70% in Israel (P < 0.01). In the U.S., 68.9% of patients ordered opioids received the medications compared to 29.7% in Israel. The median opioid dose ordered in the U.S. was 45MME/24h compared to 30MME/24h in Israel (P < 0.01), while median dose received in the U.S. was 15MME/24h compared to 3.8MME/24h in Israel (P < 0.01). Opioid prescriptions at discharge were given to 92% of patients in the U.S. compared to 4% of patients in Israel (p < 0.01). A significantly higher number of patients in the U.S. were prescribed acetaminophen and ibuprofen (p < 0.0001). Dipyrone was prescribed to 78% of patients in Israel. HMC demonstrated a significantly more permissive approach to both prescribing and consuming opioid medications for postoperative pain management than SMC for similar, common otolaryngological surgeries. Non-opioid alternatives and examining the cultural and medical practice-based differences contributing to the opioid epidemic should be discussed and reevaluated.

Comparing Aerosol Generation in Human and Animal Tissues During Common Otolaryngology Procedures.

To determine whether hamster and human tissues generate similar amounts of aerosolized particles using common otolaryngology surgical techniques. Quantitative experimental research. University research laboratory. Drilling, electrocautery, and coblation were performed on human and hamster tissues. Particle size and concentration were measured during the surgical procedures using a scanning mobility particle sizer and an aerosol particle sizer (SMPS-APS) and GRIMM aerosol particle spectrometer. SMPS-APS and GRIMM measurements detected at least 2-fold increases in aerosol concentrations compared to baseline during all procedures. Procedures performed on human and hamster tissues produced similar trends and order of magnitude of aerosol concentrations. Generally, hamster tissues produced higher aerosol concentrations compared to human tissues, and some of these differences were statistically significant. Mean particle sizes for all procedures were small (<200 nm), although statistically significant differences in particle size were identified between human and hamster tissues during coblation and drilling. Aerosol-generating procedures performed on human and hamster tissue produce similar trends in aerosol particle concentrations and sizes, although we observed some differences between the 2 tissue types. Further studies should be performed to understand the clinical significance of these differences.

Association of Vibrotactile Biofeedback With Reduced Ergonomic Risk for Surgeons During Tonsillectomy

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are common among otolaryngologists and can be associated with decreased productivity, missed workdays, and reduced quality of life. Ergonomic risk for surgeons is elevated during common otolaryngology procedures; current ergonomic interventions lack the ability to provide real-time feedback. The ability to quantify and mitigate ergonomic risk during surgery may reduce work-related musculoskeletal disorders. To quantify the association of vibrotactile biofeedback with intraoperative ergonomic risk to surgeons during tonsillectomy. This cross-sectional study was conducted between June 2021 and October 2021 at a freestanding tertiary care children's hospital and included 11 attending pediatric otolaryngologists. Data analysis was conducted from August to October 2021. Real-time quantification of ergonomic risk during tonsillectomy and the use of a vibrotactile biofeedback posture monitor. Association of vibrotactile biofeedback with objective measures of ergonomic risk. Assessment tools included the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment, craniovertebral angle, and time spent in an at-risk posture. Eleven surgeons (mean [SD] age 42 [7] years; 2 women [18%]) performed 126 procedures with continuous posture monitoring in the presence (80 [63%]) and absence (46 [37%]) of vibrotactile biofeedback. No complications or delays associated with the device were reported. Intraoperative vibrotactile biofeedback was associated with improved Rapid Upper Limit Assessment neck, trunk, and leg scores by 0.15 (95% CI, 0.05-0.25), improved craniovertebral angle by 1.9 (95% CI, 0.32-3.40), and decreased overall time spent in an at-risk posture by 30% (95% CI, 22%-39%). The results of this cross-sectional study suggest that use of a vibrotactile biofeedback device to quantify and mitigate ergonomic risk for surgeons is feasible and safe while performing surgery. Vibrotactile biofeedback was associated with reduced ergonomic risk during tonsillectomy and may have a role in improving surgical ergonomics and preventing work-related musculoskeletal disorders.

Aerosol Concentrations During Otolaryngology Procedures in a Negative Pressure Isolation Room

To evaluate the role of a negative pressure room with a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration system on reducing aerosol exposure in common otolaryngology procedures. Prospective quantification of aerosol generation. Tertiary care. The particle concentrations were measured at various times during tracheostomy tube changes with tracheostomy suctioning, nasal endoscopy with suctioning, and fiberoptic laryngoscopy (FOL), which included 5 times per procedurein a negative pressure isolation room with a HEPA filter and additional 5 times in a nonpressure-controlled room without a HEPA filter. The particle concentrations were measured from the baseline, during the procedure, and continued until 30 minutes after the procedure ended. The particle concentrations were compared to the baseline concentrations. The particle concentration significantly increased from the baseline during tracheostomy tube changes (mean difference [MD] 0.80 × 106 p/m3 , p = .01), tracheostomy suctioning (MD 0.78 × 106 p/m3 , p = .004), at 2 minutes (MD 1.29 × 106 p/m3 , p = .01), and 3 minutes (MD 1.3 × 106 p/m3 , p = .004) after suctioning. There were no significant differences in the mean particle concentrations among various time points during nasal endoscopy with suctioning and FOL neither in isolation nor nonpressure-controlled rooms. A negative pressure isolation room with a HEPA filter was revealed to be safe for medical personnel inside and outside the room. Tracheostomy tube change with tracheostomy suctioning required an isolation room because this procedure generated aerosol, while nasal endoscopy with suctioning and FOL did not. Aerosol generated in an isolation room was diminished to the baseline after 4 minutes.

Postoperative opioid-prescribing practices in otolaryngology: Evidence-based guideline outcomes.

We previously reported that >50% of postoperative opioids prescribed at our institution went unused for common otolaryngologic procedures. Based on these findings, we instituted multimodal, evidence-based guidelines for postoperative pain management. In the second part of our multiphasic study, we evaluated the effects of these guidelines on (1) quantity of unused opioids, (2) patient satisfaction, and (3) institutional perceptions toward the opioid epidemic and prescribing guidelines. Standardized, procedure-specific opioid prescription guidelines were created using prospective data from the first phase of our study and evidence from current literature. Again, we examined sialendoscopy, parotidectomy, parathyroidectomy/thyroidectomy, and transoral robotic surgery (TORS). Patients were surveyed at their first postoperative appointment. Groups from Phases I and II were compared. Attending physicians were surveyed before the start of the multiphasic project and after prescribing guidelines were implemented. Prescribing guidelines led to an average reduction in prescribed morphine milligram equivalents (MME) per patient by: 48% (sialendoscopy), 63% (parotidectomy), 60% (para/thyroidectomy), and 42% (TORS). Average used MME per patient for parotidectomy was significantly reduced (64%). The proportion of unused MME per patient and patient satisfaction scores did not significantly change after guidelines were implemented. Implementation of opioid-prescribing guidelines and the use of multimodal analgesia substantially reduced the amount of opioids prescribed across all procedures without impacting patient satisfaction. 2.

Causes and management of persistent septal deviation after septoplasty

Septoplasty is one of the most common otolaryngological surgical procedures. The causes of persistent septal deviation after primary septoplasty vary. The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with failure of primary septoplasty, operative techniques that correct residual septal deviation, and surgical outcomes. Seventy-four adults who underwent revision septoplasty to treat persistent septal deviations were enrolled. The level of hospital in which primary septoplasty was performed, type of septal deviation, septal portion exhibiting persistent deviation, and techniques used to correct the deviation were evaluated. Outcomes were measured subjectively using a visual analog scale (VAS), and objectively using acoustic rhinometry. The first septoplasties were usually performed in primary and secondary hospitals. C-shaped deviations were more common than S-shaped ones in both the anteroposterior and cephalocaudal dimensions. The most common region of persistent septal deviation was the caudal septum (44.6%), followed by multiple sites (20.3%). The corrective techniques included excision of the remnant deviated portion (70.3%), septal cartilage traction suturing (27.0%), spreader grafting (13.5%), and cross-suturing (6.8%). The VAS score improved significantly 6 months after surgery. The minimal cross-sectional area and nasal cavity volume of the convex side increased significantly after revision septoplasty. Patients who underwent septoplasty in primary and secondary hospitals were more likely to require revision septoplasty. The caudal septum was the most common site of persistent septal deviation. Careful preoperative evaluation of the caudal septal deviation and selection of an appropriate surgical technique may reduce the need for revision septoplasty.

Comparative Study between Endoscopic Assisted Microdebrider Adenoidectomy (EAMA) and Endoscopic Assisted Coblation Adenoidectomy (EACA): Analyzing the Intraoperative Parameters &amp; Post-Operative Recovery

Background: Adenoid hypertrophy is one of the most common causes of nasal blockage in children to seek an otorhinolaryngologist, which is often presented as recurrent acute otitis media, sleep disordered breathing including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), hypo apnea syndrome and chronic rhinosinusitis. Surgical adenoidectomy is a common Otolaryngology procedure recommended in children with adenoid hypertrophy not responding to medical line of management. Conventional adenoidectomy is performed blindly without visualizing the nasopharynx; which leads to complications like inadequate adenoid tissue removal, eustachian tube scarring, bleeding. This has led to development of alternate surgical methods with visualization of nasopharynx via nasal endoscopes. With the recent introduction of microdebrider and coblation in rhino surgery many surgeons prefer endoscopic guided microdebrider adenoidectomy and endoscopic guided coblation adenoidectomy.

Developing a Social Media Ontology Across Otolaryngology and its Subspecialties.

To determine how social media is used in the dissemination of new information within otolaryngology, and to emphasize the importance of standardizing Twitter hashtag use. Based on the 2019 SCImago journal rankings, the Twitter posts from the accounts of the top three journals covering each otolaryngology subspecialty were reviewed from August 1, 2020 to May 1, 2021. Twitter posts from the primary otolaryngology-related academic societies were also reviewed during this timeframe. A list of hashtags was generated based on a combination of the most common otolaryngologic procedures and most commonly used hashtags in the social media space. This list was then crowd-sourced with 10 fellowship-trained otolaryngologists for each subspecialty. Hashtag use among key stakeholders in the otolaryngology social media space varies considerably. For instance, #HNSCC, #HeadAndNeckSquamousCellCarcinoma, #HeadAndNeckCancer, #HeadAndNeckCancers, #OropharyngealCancer, #OropharynxCancer, #OralCancer, and #OPSCC were all commonly used hashtags to identify posts discussing oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. #HeadAndNeckCancer and #HNSCC were most popular and used in a total of 85 and 65 tweets, respectively. #HeadAndNeckCancer was found alone in 32 out of 85 tweets (38%), whereas #HNSCC was found alone in 27 out of 65 tweets (42%). A standardized hashtag ontology covering all subspecialties within otolaryngology is proposed herein. Adoption of a standardized social media ontology within otolaryngology will improve information dissemination across all key stakeholders. Laryngoscope, 133:1595-1599, 2023.

Comparison of cervical neck strain in common otolaryngology surgeries

BackgroundCervical neck strain and surgical ergonomics is an increasingly important topic being addressed in this time and age. With new technologies, visualizations, and approaches to surgeries, there are now different strains and duration of strains to the cervical neck. Recently the effect of chronic cell phone use has been described as “text neck.” In a similar fashion we understand that certain otolaryngology surgeries can also impart chronic strain to the cervical neck. We aim to quantitatively describe strain for different types of surgeries by looking at posture, duration of surgery, and anatomic ergonomics of specific surgeries. MethodsLateral photo documentation of posture during 6 common otolaryngology procedures, used to estimate cervical neck angle and calculate force and impulse to cervical neck. ResultsSix common otolaryngology procedures show various cervical neck angles ranging from around 0° to 60° of neck flexion, with subsequent forces ranging from 16 lb to 60 lb of force. When accounting for surgical time, bigger differences arose with impulses ranging from 270,000 N∗s to 3,300,000 N∗s. Noticeably, thyroidectomy and cleft palate showed much higher impulses than the other four types of surgeries. ConclusionBoth cervical neck flexion and duration of surgery play important roles in total neck theoretical strain. Variance exists between neck strains of common otolaryngology surgeries. There is a necessity for continued study and improvement in surgical ergonomics.

Pediatric otolaryngology: influence of ambulatorial surgical procedures on postoperative pain

&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;In Pediatric Otolaryngology surgery associating procedures is a common finding. Each surgical act elicits different degrees of pain, with implications on recovery. The aim of this work was to evaluate the severity of children's pain after outpatient surgery, considering combinations of common Otolaryngologic procedures.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Data from children submitted to surgery in the Pediatric ambulatory Unit of Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto was reviewed. Children with history of previous interventions or any associated comorbidity were excluded. Postoperative pain at hospital discharge using the Universal Pain assessment tool (0-10) was assessed and compared concerning the various procedures.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;A total of 954 operated children were included. Adenoidectomy was performed in 783 patients (82.1%), tonsillectomy in 714 (74.8%), myringotomy in 432 (45.3%) and radiofrequency inferior turbinoplasty in 98 (10.3%). Patients undergoing tonsillectomy showed significantly higher pain scores (1.48±1.02 in tonsillectomy versus 0.89±0.75 in no tonsillectomy, p=0.001). Importantly, adenoid curettage, radiofrequency inferior turbinoplasty and myringotomy did not associate with increased post-operative pain (p&amp;gt;0.05). Number of procedures within the same intervention and surgical indication (recurrent infections, obstructive sleep disordered breathing and otitis media with effusion) did not influence post-operative pain scores (p&amp;gt;0.05).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;Performing total tonsillectomy was the most important influencer of post-operative pain in Pediatric ambulatory surgery in this cohort. Performing concomitant adenoidectomy, turbinoplasty or miringotomy do not seem to influence post-operative pain significantly. A higher number of procedures within the same intervention does not associate directly with postoperative pain scores.&lt;/p&gt;

COVID-19 in the Clinic: Human Testing of an Aerosol Containment Mask for Endoscopic Clinic Procedures.

ObjectiveTo create an aerosol containment mask (ACM) for common otolaryngologic endoscopic procedures that also provides nanoparticle-level protection to patients.Study DesignProspective feasibility study .SettingIn-person testing with a novel ACM.MethodsThe mask was designed in Solidworks and 3D printed. Measurements were made on 10 healthy volunteers who wore the ACM while reading the Rainbow Passage repeatedly and performing a forced cough or sneeze at 5-second intervals over 1 minute with an endoscope in place.ResultsThere was a large variation in the number of aerosol particles generated among the volunteers. Only the sneeze task showed a significant increase compared with normal breathing in the 0.3-µm particle size when compared with a 1-tailed t test (P = .013). Both the 0.5-µm and 2.5-µm particle sizes showed significant increases for all tasks, while the 2 largest particle sizes, 5 and 10 µm, showed no significant increase (both P < .01). With the suction off, 3 of 30 events (2 sneeze events and 1 cough event) had increases in particle counts, both inside and outside the mask. With the suction on, 2 of 30 events had an increase in particle counts outside the mask without a corresponding increase in particle counts inside the mask. Therefore, these fluctuations in particle counts were determined to be due to random fluctuation in room particle levels.ConclusionACM will accommodate rigid and flexible endoscopes plus instruments and may prevent the leakage of patient-generated aerosols, thus avoiding contamination of the room and protecting health care workers from airborne contagions.Level of evidence2

Surgical Tray Optimization: a Quality Improvement Initiative that Reduces Operating Room Costs.

Surgical trays contain unused instruments which generate wasted resources from unnecessary reprocessing/replacement costs. We implemented a quality improvement initiative to optimize surgical trays for common otolaryngology procedures, and examined the impact on costs, operating room (OR) efficiency, and patient safety.We studied five common otolaryngology procedures over a 10-month period at a single community hospital. We compared pre- and post-intervention outcome measures including instrument utilization, tray set up time, tray rebuilding time, and balancing measures (operative time, instrument recall, patient safety). We estimated cost-savings from an institutional perspective over 1- and 10-year time horizons. Costs were expressed in 2017 Canadian dollars and modeled as a function of surgical volume, labor costs, instrument depreciation, and indirect costs.A total of 238 procedures by six surgeons were observed. At baseline, only 35% of instruments were utilized. We achieved an average instrument reduction of 26%, yielding 1-year cost savings of $9,010 CDN and 10-year cost savings of $69,576 CDN. Tray optimization reduced average OR tray setup time by 2.5 ± 0.4min (p = 0.03) and average tray rebuilding time by 1.4 ± 0.2min (p = 0.06). There was minimal impact on balancing measures such as OR time, stakeholder perception of patient safety and trainee education, and only a single case of instrument recall.Surgical tray optimization is a simple, effective, and scalable strategy for reducing costs and improving OR efficiency without compromising patient safety.

COVID-19 in the Clinic: Aerosol Containment Mask for Endoscopic Otolaryngologic Clinic Procedures.

ObjectiveTo create an aerosol containment mask (ACM) that contains aerosols during common otolaryngologic endoscopic procedures while protecting patients from environmental aerosols.Study DesignBench testing.SettingMannequin testing.MethodsThe mask was designed in SolidWorks and 3-dimensional printed. Mannequins were fitted with a nebulizer to generate aerosols. Commercial particle counters were used to measure mask performance.ResultsThe ACM has 2 ports on either side for instruments and endoscopes, a port for a filter, and a port that can evacuate aerosols contained within the mask via a standard suction pump. The mask contained aerosols on a mannequin with and without facial hair when the suction was set to 18.5 L/min. Other types of masks demonstrated substantial aerosol leakage under similar conditions. In a subsequent experiment, the ACM contained aerosols generated by a nebulizer up to the saturation of the particle detector without measurable leakage with or without suction.ConclusionThe ACM will accommodate rigid and flexible endoscopes plus instruments and prevent leakage of patient-generated aerosols, thus avoiding contamination of the room and protecting health care workers from airborne contagions.Level of evidence2.

The Patient Perspective: Evaluating the Accessibility of Transoral Robotic Surgery Online Resources.

The varied treatment options available to patients with HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) can cause significant patient confusion. In particular, transoral robotic surgery (TORS) has become widely used for treatment of HPV-positive OPSCC. As patients commonly refer to the internet for additional information, we aim to evaluate the quality of online patient educational materials for TORS in comparison to other otolaryngology surgical procedures. The terms "transoral robotic surgery," "glossectomy," "thyroidectomy," and "neck dissection" were searched on Google. Flesch reading ease, Flesh-Kincaid Grade Level, MD review rates, and PEMAT understandability and actionability were assessed for each search term. Google trends was used to determine search interest for each term between May 2015 and May 2020. Of the 30 TORS websites that met inclusion criteria, the average FRE and FKGL scores were 40.74 and 11.60 (that of an average high school senior). The FRE and FKGL scores for TORS were all statistically significantly lower than those of all comparator search terms (P < .05). Only 1 out of 30 TORS sites were MD reviewed, representing the lowest MD review rate across all search terms. Understandability and actionability scores for TORS were also the lowest across all search terms at 77.71% and 2.66%, respectively. TORS had the lowest search interest. In comparison to other common otolaryngology procedures, TORS websites are the least patient friendly. As TORS becomes a more widely used procedure, it is critical that TORS websites become higher quality resources that patients can reliably reference.

Clinical Practice Guideline: Opioid Prescribing for Analgesia After Common Otolaryngology Operations Executive Summary.

Opioid use disorder (OUD), which includes the morbidity of dependence and mortality of overdose, has reached epidemic proportions in the United States. Overprescription of opioids can lead to chronic use and misuse, and unused narcotics after surgery can lead to their diversion. Research supports that most patients do not take all the prescribed opioids after surgery and that surgeons are the second largest prescribers of opioids in the United States. The introduction of opioids in those with OUD often begins with prescription opioids. Reducing the number of extra opioids available after surgery through smaller prescriptions, safe storage, and disposal should reduce the risk of opioid use disorder in otolaryngology patients and their families. The purpose of this specialty-specific guideline is to identify quality improvement opportunities in postoperative pain management of common otolaryngologic surgical procedures. These opportunities are communicated through clear actionable statements with explanation of the support in the literature, evaluation of the quality of the evidence, and recommendations on implementation. Employing these action statements should reduce the variation in care across the specialty and improve postoperative pain control while reducing risk of OUD. The target patients for the guideline are any patients treated for anticipated or reported pain within the first 30 days after undergoing common otolaryngologic procedures. The target audience of the guideline is otolaryngologists who perform surgery and clinicians who manage pain after surgical procedures. Outcomes to be considered include whether the patient has stopped using opioids, has disposed of unused opioids, and was satisfied with the pain management plan.The guideline addresses assessment of the patient for OUD risk factors, counseling on pain expectations, and identifying factors that can affect pain duration and/or severity. It also discusses the use of multimodal analgesia as first-line treatment and the responsible use of opioids. Last, safe disposal of unused opioids is discussed.This guideline is intended to focus on evidence-based quality improvement opportunities judged most important by the guideline development group. It is not a comprehensive guide on pain management in otolaryngologic procedures. The statements in this guideline are not intended to limit or restrict care provided by clinicians based on their experiences and assessments of individual patients. The guideline development group made strong recommendations for the following key action statements: (3A) prior to surgery, clinicians should identify risk factors for opioid use disorder when analgesia using opioids is anticipated; (6) clinicians should advocate for nonopioid medications as first-line management of pain after otolaryngologic surgery; (9) clinicians should recommend that patients (or their caregivers) store prescribed opioids securely and dispose of unused opioids through take-back programs or another accepted method.The guideline development group made recommendations for the following key action statements: (1) prior to surgery, clinicians should advise patients and others involved in the postoperative care about the expected duration and severity of pain; (2) prior to surgery, clinicians should gather information specific to the patient that modifies severity and/or duration of pain; (3B) in patients at risk for OUD, clinicians should evaluate the need to modify the analgesia plan; (4) clinicians should promote shared decision making by informing patients of the benefits and risks of postoperative pain treatments that include nonopioid analgesics, opioid analgesics, and nonpharmacologic interventions; (5) clinicians should develop a multimodal treatment plan for managing postoperative pain; (7) when treating postoperative pain with opioids, clinicians should limit therapy to the lowest effective dose and the shortest duration; (8A) clinicians should instruct patients and caregivers how to communicate if pain is not controlled or if medication side effects occur; (8B) clinicians should educate patients to stop opioids when pain is controlled with nonopioids and stop all analgesics when pain has resolved; (10) clinicians should inquire, within 30 days of surgery, whether the patient has stopped using opioids, has disposed of unused opioids, and was satisfied with the pain management plan.

Clinical Practice Guideline: Opioid Prescribing for Analgesia After Common Otolaryngology Operations.

Opioid use disorder (OUD), which includes the morbidity of dependence and mortality of overdose, has reached epidemic proportions in the United States. Overprescription of opioids can lead to chronic use and misuse, and unused narcotics after surgery can lead to their diversion. Research supports that most patients do not take all the prescribed opioids after surgery and that surgeons are the second largest prescribers of opioids in the United States. The introduction of opioids in those with OUD often begins with prescription opioids. Reducing the number of extra opioids available after surgery through smaller prescriptions, safe storage, and disposal should reduce the risk of opioid use disorder in otolaryngology patients and their families. The purpose of this specialty-specific guideline is to identify quality improvement opportunities in postoperative pain management of common otolaryngologic surgical procedures. These opportunities are communicated through clear actionable statements with explanation of the support in the literature, evaluation of the quality of the evidence, and recommendations on implementation. Employing these action statements should reduce the variation in care across the specialty and improve postoperative pain control while reducing risk of OUD. The target patients for the guideline are any patients treated for anticipated or reported pain within the first 30 days after undergoing common otolaryngologic procedures. The target audience of the guideline is otolaryngologists who perform surgery and clinicians who manage pain after surgical procedures. Outcomes to be considered include whether the patient has stopped using opioids, has disposed of unused opioids, and was satisfied with the pain management plan.The guideline addresses assessment of the patient for OUD risk factors, counseling on pain expectations, and identifying factors that can affect pain duration and/or severity. It also discusses the use of multimodal analgesia as first-line treatment and the responsible use of opioids. Last, safe disposal of unused opioids is discussed.This guideline is intended to focus on evidence-based quality improvement opportunities judged most important by the guideline development group. It is not a comprehensive guide on pain management in otolaryngologic procedures. The statements in this guideline are not intended to limit or restrict care provided by clinicians based on their experiences and assessments of individual patients. The guideline development group made strong recommendations for the following key action statements: (3A) prior to surgery, clinicians should identify risk factors for opioid use disorder when analgesia using opioids is anticipated; (6) clinicians should advocate for nonopioid medications as first-line management of pain after otolaryngologic surgery; (9) clinicians should recommend that patients (or their caregivers) store prescribed opioids securely and dispose of unused opioids through take-back programs or another accepted method.The guideline development group made recommendations for the following key action statements: (1) prior to surgery, clinicians should advise patients and others involved in the postoperative care about the expected duration and severity of pain; (2) prior to surgery, clinicians should gather information specific to the patient that modifies severity and/or duration of pain; (3B) in patients at risk for OUD, clinicians should evaluate the need to modify the analgesia plan; (4) clinicians should promote shared decision making by informing patients of the benefits and risks of postoperative pain treatments that include nonopioid analgesics, opioid analgesics, and nonpharmacologic interventions; (5) clinicians should develop a multimodal treatment plan for managing postoperative pain; (7) when treating postoperative pain with opioids, clinicians should limit therapy to the lowest effective dose and the shortest duration; (8A) clinicians should instruct patients and caregivers how to communicate if pain is not controlled or if medication side effects occur; (8B) clinicians should educate patients to stop opioids when pain is controlled with nonopioids and stop all analgesics when pain has resolved; (10) clinicians should inquire, within 30 days of surgery, whether the patient has stopped using opioids, has disposed of unused opioids, and was satisfied with the pain management plan.

Post-Tonsillectomy Bleeding: A National Perspective.

Tonsillectomy is one of the most common otolaryngologic procedures. Hemorrhage after tonsillectomy is one of the most feared complications by surgeons and patients alike. The objective of this study was to analyze the risk factors associated with an increase in post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage in the pediatric population using a large national database. The Kids' Inpatient Database (KID) from 2000 to 2012 was queried for patients between the ages of 1 to 17 years with post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to obtain trends in patient demographics, comorbidities, and hospital information. Overall 45 940 pediatric cases of tonsillectomy were identified of which 5470 (11.9%) resulted in postoperative hemorrhage. Patients with postoperative hemorrhage were significantly older with mean age of 8.62 (±4.75) compared to all patients. Females were found to have higher rates of hemorrhage when compared to males 14.6% versus 11.5% (P < .001). The rate of white patients who had hemorrhage was 16.3% (P < .001). The most common comorbidities significantly associated with hemorrhage were fluid and electrolyte disorders (6.6% P < .001), deficiency anemia (3.8%; P < .001), and coagulopathy (2.7%; P < .001). Urban nonteaching hospitals had higher rates of hemorrhage (19.6%; P < .001) and the Northeast was the most common region (15.2%; P < .001). On multivariate analysis, older patients and white ethnicity showed a significantly increased risk of hemorrhage. Patients with pre-existing comorbidities such as coagulopathy, deficiency anemia, and fluid and electrolyte disorders circulation were also found to have higher odds ratios of bleeding. Postoperative hemorrhage is a common complication following tonsillectomy with a rate of 11.9% in this study. A higher rate of hemorrhage was seen with increasing age, white race, and males overall, as well as patients with fluid and electrolyte disorders. Urban non-teaching hospitals and the Northeast region also saw increased rates of hemorrhage.