Common Nomenclature Research Articles

HIV Beliefs Among African Americans with HIV/AIDS in the Deep South Can Time Heal Old Wounds?

This study explored rumors about HIV among HIV+ African Americans in Louisiana, comparing the results of surveys conducted in 2000/2001 and 2010/2011. This investigation sought to determine if the passage of time would diminish malicious intent and benign neglect beliefs. The study employed quantitative descriptive statistics to produce the comparison. This research should be considered exploratory only because of the stated limitations. The results indicated that the benign-neglect belief of government truthfulness about the disease had not diminished in the decade. In contrast, the strength of belief in the malicious-intent rumor of HIV/AIDS as genocide had declined. The study further examined relationships between the HIV beliefs and certain characteristics of the samples. Bivariate analyses revealed that education was not related to HIV beliefs in 2000/2001 but was related to the HIV/AIDS as genocide in 2010/2011. Further, emotional well-being was mildly related to HIV beliefs in both samples. Several recommendations are offered for future research. Although this study frequently used the term “conspiracy” – the common nomenclature for this type of research, the author joins with others to caution researchers to rethink labeling these beliefs among African Americans as conspiracies. That label too easily casts Black Americans in a light as being paranoid rather than understandably suspicious considering the lived experiences of that group in the Deep South.

The antinuclear antibody HEp-2 indirect immunofluorescence assay: a survey of laboratory performance, pattern recognition and interpretation

BackgroundTo evaluate the interpretation and reporting of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) using HEp-2 substrates based on common practice and guidance by the International Consensus on ANA patterns (ICAP).MethodParticipants included two groups [16 clinical laboratories (CL) and 8 in vitro diagnostic manufacturers (IVD)] recruited via an email sent to the Association of Medical Laboratory Immunologists (AMLI) membership. Twelve (n = 12) pre-qualified specimens were distributed to participants for testing, interpretation and reporting HEp-2 IFA. Results obtained were analyzed for accuracy with the intended and consensus response for three main categorical patterns (nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitotic), common patterns and ICAP report nomenclatures. The distributions of antibody titers of specimens were also compared.ResultsLaboratories differed in the categorical patterns reported; 8 reporting all patterns, 3 reporting only nuclear patterns and 5 reporting nuclear patterns with various combinations of other patterns. For all participants, accuracy with the intended response for the categorical nuclear pattern was excellent at 99% [95% confidence interval (CI): 97–100%] compared to 78% [95% CI 67–88%] for the cytoplasmic, and 93% [95% CI 86%–100%] for mitotic patterns. The accuracy was 13% greater for the common nomenclature [87%, 95% CI 82–90%] compared to the ICAP nomenclature [74%, 95% CI 68–79%] for all participants. Participants reporting all three main categories demonstrated better performances compared to those reporting 2 or less categorical patterns. The average accuracies varied between participant groups, however, with the lowest and most variable performances for cytoplasmic pattern specimens. The reported titers for all specimens varied, with the least variability for nuclear patterns and most titer variability associated with cytoplasmic patterns.ConclusionsOur study demonstrated significant accuracy for all participants in identifying the categorical nuclear staining as well as traditional pattern assignments for nuclear patterns. However, there was less consistency in reporting cytoplasmic and mitotic patterns, with implications for assigning competencies and training for clinical laboratory personnel.

Promoting Conceptual Understanding of Q Methodology using Insights from Science Education

Despite its 80-year history and association with mixed research, Q methodology [Q] has inconsistent terminology, especially as its use expands. Both critics of Q and Q-researchers offer inconsistent nomenclature, processes, and concepts. Furthermore, critics and some Q-researchers struggle with the idea of mixed research, especially integrated analyses and mistakenly draw on quantitative reasoning from their prior research experiences. Possibly, for these and other reasons, larger methodological considerations are often ignored in Q-publications. This situation complicates application of this unique methodology, especially for those new to Q. This article considers Q in the context of science education, and draws from scientific fields to make points about Q. In this spirit, in physics, the ability to perform the mechanics of analyses does not necessarily indicate understanding of concepts or terminology. Additionally, physics students also draw on prior experiences, which leads to misconceptions regarding the laws and concepts of physics. Similarly, I believe that those performing a Q study need to move beyond “doing Q” despite the fact that specialized software facilitates producing results without deeper understanding of the methodology. Therefore, in this article, the idea of conceptual understanding is introduced within the context of science education and then expanded into Q methodology. The importance of understanding the conceptual and philosophical framework of Q is stressed along with the importance of using a common nomenclature. Implications for other research methodologies are included.

Common cell type nomenclature for the mammalian brain.

The advancement of single-cell RNA-sequencing technologies has led to an explosion of cell type definitions across multiple organs and organisms. While standards for data and metadata intake are arising, organization of cell types has largely been left to individual investigators, resulting in widely varying nomenclature and limited alignment between taxonomies. To facilitate cross-dataset comparison, the Allen Institute created the common cell type nomenclature (CCN) for matching and tracking cell types across studies that is qualitatively similar to gene transcript management across different genome builds. The CCN can be readily applied to new or established taxonomies and was applied herein to diverse cell type datasets derived from multiple quantifiable modalities. The CCN facilitates assigning accurate yet flexible cell type names in the mammalian cortex as a step toward community-wide efforts to organize multi-source, data-driven information related to cell type taxonomies from any organism.

O USO DE SEQUÊNCIAS DIDÁTICAS NO ENSINO SOBRE MICRORGANISMOS: UMA REVISÃO DA LITERATURA EM PERIÓDICOS E EVENTOS NACIONAIS

As sequências, módulos ou unidades didáticas consistem em um importante instrumento no contexto do Ensino de Microbiologia, tendo em vista a sua potencialidade para a superação do modelo tradicional de ensino e a desconstrução de concepções equivocadas dos educandos em relação aos microrganismos. No entanto, ainda são pouco evidenciadas as escolhas teóricas e metodológicas que têm orientado a sua elaboração. Partindo destes pressupostos, o objetivo deste estudo é compreender quais escolhas teóricas e metodológicas têm orientado o desenvolvimento das Sequências Didáticas no Ensino de Microbiologia. Para entender esse cenário, revisamos trabalhos publicados nos periódicos e eventos nacionais mais relevantes para a área no período de 2009 a 2019, a fim de identificar as principais tendências relacionadas a este campo de estudo. Os estudos foram caracterizados e analisados com base na Análise Textual Discursiva (ATD), em que foi possível identificar: 1) duração da SD; 2) termo mais utilizado; 3) conteúdos contemplados; 4) referencial teórico-metodológico adotado; 5) relação das estratégias didáticas com os objetivos propostos; 6) relação do processo avaliativo com a aprendizagem a ser alcançada. Constatamos que os estudos sobre este campo são heterogêneos do ponto de vista teórico e metodológico, o que justifica a inexistência de uma nomenclatura em comum, e pesquisas sobre o uso de SD para o Ensino de Microbiologia apesar de crescente ainda são incipientes nos periódicos e eventos analisados. Quanto à duração, referencial teórico-metodológico, estratégias e processos avaliativos, ainda não estão explícitos os parâmetros utilizados para definir esses elementos, o que evidencia a necessidade de um maior rigor na elaboração e estruturação de planejamentos de ensino na forma de SD. Ressaltamos que as pesquisas envolvendo este tipo de planejamento devem evidenciar os seus elementos constituintes e as abordagens teórico-metodológicas utilizadas, bem como os parâmetros utilizados para definir o tipo de estratégia didática e avaliação de aprendizagem adotada e a duração da sequência. Diante dos resultados, entendemos que, será importante como próximo passo investigativo, a elaboração de planejamentos didático-pedagógicos, que incorporem e articulem todos os seus elementos, além de serem pautados em referenciais teórico-metodológicos consolidados e que considerem as teorias que envolvam sua construção, uma vez que, estudos com essas características no contexto do Ensino de Ciências ainda são incipientes.

A Systematic Review of Deep Brain Stimulation Targets for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder.

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a complex neuropsychiatric disease characterized by obsessions and compulsions. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has demonstrated efficacy in improving symptoms in medically refractory patients. Multiple targets have been investigated. To systematically review the current level and quality of evidence supporting OCD-DBS by target region with the goal of establishing a common nomenclature. A systematic literature review was performed using the PubMed database and a patient/problem, intervention, comparison, outcome search with the terms "DBS" and "OCD." Of 86 eligible articles that underwent full-text review, 28 were included for review. Articles were excluded if the target was not specified, the focus on nonclinical outcomes, the follow-up period shorter than 3 mo, or the sample size smaller than 3 subjects. Level of evidence was assigned according to the American Association of Neurological Surgeons/Congress of Neurological Surgeons joint guideline committee recommendations. Quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Selected publications included 9 randomized controlled trials, 1 cohort study, 1 case-control study, 1 cross-sectional study, and 16 case series. Striatal region targets such as the anterior limb of the internal capsule, ventral capsule/ventral striatum, and nucleus accumbens were identified, but stereotactic coordinates were similar despite differing structural names. Only 15 of 28 articles included coordinates. The striatal area is the most commonly targeted region for OCD-DBS. We recommend a common nomenclature based on this review. To move the field forward to individualized therapy, active contact location relative to stereotactic coordinates and patient specific anatomical and clinical variances need to be reported.

Commentary on “The Origin of the Field of Vascular Anomalies”

In the first place, it is necessary that all diseases be reduced to definite and certain species, with the same care which we see exhibited by botanists in their phytologies; since it happens, at present, that many diseases, although included in the same genus, mentioned with a common nomenclature, and resembling one another in several symptoms, are, notwithstanding, different in their natures, and require a different medical treatment. Thomas Sydenham—“Medical Observations Concerning the History and the Cure of Acute Diseases,” Preface to the Third Edition, 1676. It is nearly 40 years since John Mulliken and Julie Glowacki published their seminal article defining the difference between hemangiomas and vascular malformations.1 The journal, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, accompanied the article with a commentary by a leader in the field.2 The tone of this commentary reads today as condescending, and must surely have seemed so at the time. It mildly praised authors’ “honest attempt” to find a better way to classify vascular anomalies, and expressed hope that after this “preliminary, prospective investigation” future efforts might be more successful. Mulliken and Glowacki’s article has since been cited nearly 2000 times, and more tellingly, it continues to be cited over 50 times a year, the same rate on average today as for the whole period since its publication. Not bad for a “preliminary investigation.” In this historic first issue of the Journal of Vascular Anomalies, John Mulliken eloquently outlines the history of vascular anomalies as a specialty, and of the International Society which he helped found. To be asked to write a commentary on any work of another scientist or clinician is a weighty responsibility: as the quotation at the start of that article makes clear, to make a firm pronouncement on the past can be as risky as one on the future. But I venture nonetheless one criticism of an otherwise excellent review. In describing the history of vascular anomalies research, with characteristic modesty, John Mulliken has underplayed, or at best only alluded to his own substantial role in the development of the specialty. The contributions John Mulliken has made to the field of vascular anomalies are many and well-known. Take any seminal paper in the field, on a newly described entity or a novel genetic mutation, and it is more than likely that his name will appear in the list of authors. There are reasons why his contributions are so many and varied. One is his wide and well-documented clinical experience of vascular anomalies obtained over many years. Not only has he taken every opportunity to observe cases of vascular anomalies, like Sydenham he has meticulously recorded and analyzed at every turn. At the same time, under the influence of Judah Folkman and others, he has deeply engaged in laboratory research, taking problems from the clinic to the laboratory, and applying lessons from the laboratory in patient care. He is the consummate clinician scientist. But more than either, it has been John’s ability to engage others with the passion for the study of vascular anomalies and inspire them to devote their talents to exploring their many mysteries which has caused the field to grow and prosper. He, along with the other pioneers of the specialty who he has named in the article, established the modern field of vascular anomalies, of which this journal represents the future. It is entirely fitting that John Mulliken should open this first issue of the Journal of Vascular Anomalies.

Propagation of Acupuncture Research Findings: Creating Teams of Clinicians and Scientists to Achieve the Next Level.

Nascent research is beginning to link reduced opioid prescribing and increased well-being with acupuncture. While pain is the most common reason patients see physicians, acupuncture is often recommended to treat it. Due to lack of a common nomenclature around acupuncture treatment protocols, it can be difficult for clinicians to replicate research findings. This article discusses communication of ideas about how the National Institutes of Health (NIH) could help propagate meaningful research findings to practicing acupuncturists. While communication strategies can increase uptake of acupuncture in primary care and pain practices, the NIH could: (1) describe priorities in developing algorithmic acupuncture protocols; (2) require some grant applications to include both clinical and basic science outcomes; (3) develop a "dating service" to match clinical acupuncture researchers and those with the capability and interest to test mechanisms; and (4) initiating fellowships for young investigators that prioritize bringing together the art and science of acupuncture.

Leveraging a Cloud-Based Critical Care Registry for COVID-19 Pandemic Surveillance and Research in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed limitations in real-time surveillance needed for responsive health care action in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The Pakistan Registry for Intensive CarE (PRICE) was adapted to enable International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infections Consortium (ISARIC)–compliant real-time reporting of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI). The cloud-based common data model and standardized nomenclature of the registry platform ensure interoperability of data and reporting between regional and global stakeholders. Inbuilt analytics enable stakeholders to visualize individual and aggregate epidemiological, clinical, and operational data in real time. The PRICE system operates in 5 of 7 administrative regions of Pakistan. The same platform supports acute and critical care registries in eleven countries in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. ISARIC-compliant SARI reporting was successfully implemented by leveraging the existing PRICE infrastructure in all 49 member intensive care units (ICUs), enabling clinicians, operational leads, and established stakeholders with responsibilities for coordinating the pandemic response to access real-time information on suspected and confirmed COVID-19 cases (N=592 as of May 2020) via secure registry portals. ICU occupancy rates, use of ICU resources, mechanical ventilation, renal replacement therapy, and ICU outcomes were reported through registry dashboards. This information has facilitated coordination of critical care resources, health care worker training, and discussions on treatment strategies. The PRICE network is now being recruited to international multicenter clinical trials regarding COVID-19 management, leveraging the registry platform. Systematic and standardized reporting of SARI is feasible in LMICs. Existing registry platforms can be adapted for pandemic research, surveillance, and resource planning.

Chewie Nomenclature Server (chewie-NS): a deployable nomenclature server for easy sharing of core and whole genome MLST schemas.

Chewie Nomenclature Server (chewie-NS, https://chewbbaca.online/) allows users to share genome-based gene-by-gene typing schemas and to maintain a common nomenclature, simplifying the comparison of results. The combination between local analyses and a public repository of allelic data strikes a balance between potential confidentiality issues and the need to compare results. The possibility of deploying private instances of chewie-NS facilitates the creation of nomenclature servers with a restricted user base to allow compliance with the strictest data policies. Chewie-NS allows users to easily share their own schemas and to explore publicly available schemas, including informative statistics on schemas and loci presented in interactive charts and tables. Users can retrieve all the information necessary to run a schema locally or all the alleles identified at a particular locus. The integration with the chewBBACA suite enables users to directly upload new schemas to chewie-NS, download existing schemas and synchronize local and remote schemas from chewBBACA command line version, allowing an easier integration into high-throughput analysis pipelines. The same REST API linking chewie-NS and the chewBBACA suite supports the interaction of other interfaces or pipelines with the databases available at chewie-NS, facilitating the reusability of the stored data.

Challenges of Allied Healthcare Professionals in India–Establishing the Council is Need of the Hour

There is a supply-demand gap of about 65 lakh allied health professionals in India. With India facing aheavy burden of disease with many challenges as achieving millennium development goals, shortage ofskilled manpower will be a great hurdle for the health care delivery system. In such a situation, AlliedHealth workers can play a major role in providing holistic health services to the community. Though manyinstitutions or Universities in India are generating allied healthcare professionals, there is no uniformityin the outcome of such professionals. There is no standardization of this professional till date. Hence, toestablish a Centralized council is a need of an hour so that all such programs will come under a commonplatform and generated manpower will be able to provide the necessary services to the community. Inthis article, some suggestions are provided to improve the quality of AHPs, like estimation of workforceaccording to WHO requirement, uniformity in curricula, common nomenclature for all programs, creatingjob opportunities in private and public sectors etc.

Alzheimer disease biomarker profiles in dementia with Lewy bodies

The advent of biofluid and molecular imaging biomarkers to reliably detect Alzheimer disease (AD) neuropathology in vivo has led to the increasing recognition of the complexity of clinicopathologic associations in neurodegenerative disease. For example, the clinical syndrome of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)1 is relatively specific to identify individuals with dementia due to underlying neocortical α-synuclein “Lewy” pathology; however, the majority of patients with DLB have sufficient additional plaque and tangle pathology at autopsy for a secondary diagnosis of AD neuropathologic change associated with poor clinical outcomes.2 Moreover, at least 50% of patients with clinical AD have additional α-synuclein pathology at autopsy.2 Thus, there is a current paradigm shift to define AD and related neurodegenerative disorders in living patients on a biological basis, rather than on a syndromic one alone. This is exemplified by the recent National Institute on Aging/Alzheimer’s Association (NIA/AA) research framework3 for biomarker classification of patients based on categorical biomarker evidence for β-amyloid plaque (A), tau neurofibrillary tangles (T), and resultant neurodegeneration (N); i.e., A/T(N) classification scheme. The purpose of this approach is to provide a common nomenclature to test hypotheses on the biological underpinnings of neurodegenerative disorders and to improve therapeutic trials by creating more biologically homogenous cohorts.3 In this issue of Neurology ®, Ferreira et al.4 apply and test clinical associations of A/T biomarker profiles in a large international cohort of 417 patients with DLB from 10 centers in the European DLB Consortium and from the Mayo Clinic.

Childhood wheeze trajectory-specific risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

There is growing interest in the use of latent trajectory methodology to identify wheeze patterns in heterogeneous populations of children. This study systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed childhood wheeze trajectory studies to identify childhood wheeze trajectory group-specific risk factors among children from birth through to adolescence. We included studies that used latent trajectory methodology to identify wheeze trajectories and associated risk factors. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar from 2000 through September 30, 2019, for relevant studies. The study was conducted according to the PRISMA recommendations. Thirteen cohort studies conducted in eleven high-income countries were included in our meta-analysis with the length of follow-up ranging from 3 to 18 years. Five distinct latent wheeze trajectory groups were identified: Never/Infrequent, Early-Transient, Early-Persistent, Intermediate-Onset, and Late-Onset. We found moderate-to-strong evidence that family history of asthma predicted persistent childhood wheezing among male children but with lower risk among first-born children. There was weak-to-moderate evidence for childhood atopy, male sex, short duration of breastfeeding, tobacco exposure, daycare attendance, and having siblings as risk factors for Early-Transient wheezing; except for breastfeeding, these factors were also associated with intermediate and Late-Onset wheezing with varying effect sizes in high-risk vs general population cohorts. Our findings confirm the consistency of wheeze trajectory groups defined by onset, peak prevalence, and duration; we also suggest a common nomenclature for future trajectory studies. With the exception of the relationship between a family history of asthma and persistent childhood wheezing, commonly suspected wheeze risk factors (childhood atopy, male sex, short duration of breastfeeding, tobacco exposure, daycare attendance, and having siblings) are not trajectory-specific and have varying effects in high-risk vs general population cohorts. Delineation of time-varying risk factor effects may be critical to the specificity of wheeze trajectory group prediction to better inform prognosis and targeted early preventive intervention among at-risk children.

The Canadian Bikeway Comfort and Safety (Can-BICS) Classification System: A common naming convention for cycling infrastructure.

There is no standard naming convention for cycling infrastructure across cities. Our aim was to develop a common nomenclature for cycling infrastructure in Canada, relevant to the context of public health practice. We drew on transportation engineering design guides and public health guidance to develop a bicycle facility classification system: the Canadian Bikeway Comfort and Safety (Can-BICS) classification system, a three-tiered classification scheme that groups five bicycle facilities based on safety performance and user comfort. Adopting consistent nomenclature as per the Can-BICS system will support regional and national surveillance efforts in public health, planning and sustainability.

Cancer in the Time of Coronavirus: A Call for Crisis Oncology Standards of Care.

Since the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was identified as a global pandemic, health systems have been severely strained, particularly affecting vulnerable populations such as patients with cancer. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, a variety of oncology specialty societies are making recommendations for standards of care. These diverse standards and gaps in standards can lead to inconsistent and heterogeneous care among governments, cancer centers, and even among oncologists within the same practice. These challenges highlight the need for a common nomenclature and crisis guidelines. For times of increased scarcity of resources, the National Academy of Medicine developed Crisis Standards of Care, defined as fairness, duty to care, duty to steward resources, transparency, consistency, proportionality, and accountability. However, we believe there is an urgent need to develop cancer-specific guidelines by convening a panel of experts from multiple specialties. These would be Crisis Oncology Standards of Care (COSCs) that are sensitive to both the individual cancer patient and to the broader health system in times of scarce resources, such as pandemic, natural disaster, or supply chain disruptions.

How the lack of consensus among stone researchers influences current guidelines.

Technology for the treatment of stone disease has rapidly advanced, but a common nomenclature to communicate research and high-quality studies to assess treatment outcomes are lacking. Thus, guidelines are based on low-grade evidence and cannot make definitive recommendations in many scenarios. To improve clinical practice and patient outcomes, the endourology community must unite to address these inadequacies.

Collagen biology and non-invasive biomarkers of liver fibrosis.

There is an unmet need for high-quality liquid biomarkers that can safely and reproducibly predict the stage of fibrosis and the outcomes of chronic liver disease (CLD). The requirement for such markers has intensified because of the high global prevalence of diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In particular, there is a need for diagnostic and prognostic tools, as well as predictive biomarkers that reflect the efficacy of interventions, as described by the BEST criteria (Biomarkers, EndpointS, and other Tools Resource). This review covers the various liver collagens, their functional role in tissue homeostasis and delineates the common nomenclature for biomarkers based on BEST criteria. It addresses the common confounders affecting serological biomarkers, and describes defined collagen epitope biomarkers that originate from the dynamic processes of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling during liver injury.

Association of CYP2C19*2 polymorphism with clopidogrel resistance among patients with high cardiovascular risk in Northeastern Mexico.

Oral antiplatelet drugs are a key to modern pharmacotherapy in cardiovascular atherothrombotic diseases. Clopidogrel (CLO) constitutes the main preventive treatment of atherothrombosis. However, a considerable inter-individual variation in CLO response has been documented, resulting in suboptimal therapy and an increased risk of recurrent adverse effects in some patients. The enzyme CYP2C19 has been reported to be the CYP isoform that activates CLO to its active metabolite. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CYP2C19 gene have been identified as strong predictors of CLO-impaired pharmacological response. At least 16 variants have been associated with changes in CYP2C19 activity. The following research was composed of a total of 102 subjects with high cardiovascular risk in the northeast of Mexico, with a maintenance dose of 75 mg of CLO per day. The platelet reactivity was measured with VerifyNow P2Y12 assay, while the presence of CYP2C19*2 was identified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Patients were categorized by CYP2C19 metabolizer status based on *2 genotypes using the common consensus star allele nomenclature as normal metabolizer (G/G), intermediate metabolizer (G/A), and poor metabolizer (A/A), respectively. The phenotype frequency for CYP2C19*2 was 74.5% (G/G), 21.6% (G/A), and 3.9% (A/A). The subjects with the A allele presented ≥235 P2Y12 reaction unit levels, classifying them how poor metabolizer. The prevalence of reduced CLO effectiveness was associated with the presence of CYP2C19*2 polymorphism among Mexican patients. The presence of the CYP2C19*2 allele is related to resistance to the antiplatelet effect of CLO (p = 0.003).

T A D S: A Nomenclature Coding System for Mini-Implants

Advances in the field of mini-implants lead to their availability in various head forms, materials, and in different sizes, which widened their scope in orthodontics. With the increased usage of mini-implants, a common nomenclature coding system providing the details of mini-implants for better communication and data storage is essential. Hence, in this article, an easy and clear-cut nomenclature coding system “T A D S” has been described.

Aeolian Remobilisation of the 2011-Cordón Caulle Tephra-Fallout Deposit: Example of an Important Process in the Life Cycle of Volcanic Ash

Although volcanic eruptions represent short periods in the whole history of a volcano, the large amount of loose pyroclastic material produced, combined with aeolian processes, can lead to continuous, long-lasting reworking of volcanic products. Driven by wind, these processes significantly influence the geomorphology and prolong the impacts of eruptions on exposed communities and ecosystems. Since such phenomena are of interest to scientists from a range of disciplines (e.g. volcanology, atmospheric and soil sciences), a well-defined, common nomenclature is necessary to optimize the multidisciplinary characterisation of both processes and deposits. We, therefore, first describe ash wind-remobilisation processes and provide definitions for appropriate terms consistent with the World Meteorological Organization’s classification of lithometeors. Secondly, we investigate the aeolian transport and deposition of ash from the 2011 Cordόn Caulle (Chile) tephra-fallout through field observations and on a physical characterisation of systematically collected ground and airborne material. In the arid regions of the Argentinian Patagonia steppe, two main types of secondary deposits have been identified associated with: i) non-erodible surface roughness elements (e.g. vegetation and rocks), and ii) pre-existing mounds or similar erodible bedforms. Grainsize analysis shows that wind-remobilised particles have a specific size range, from <0.4 to 500 m, with a 95% of the material between 1 and 255 m, median values of 25-135 m and modes of 30-95 m. We find that 15-40% of the remobilised material ranges from 63-125 m, coinciding with the size range which minimises the wind threshold friction velocity. Interestingly, particle shape analysis shows that for this size fraction, remobilised particles display the largest differences in shape descriptors (convexity, solidity and circularity) with respect to the primary ash, indicating abrasion and rounding due to saltation. Although particle (size and shape) and deposit features (morphology and structures) alone are insufficient to interpret transport mechanisms, their combination suggests that whilst saltation is the most common particle transport mechanism, suspension and creep also play an important role. In fact, our results suggest that saltation induces short-term suspension of fine particles (20-63 m).