Common Means Research Articles

The Meaning and Usage of laʿalla in the Qur’an

This study examines the use of laʿalla in the Qur’an, arguing that its most common meaning is ‘so that’ rather than ‘perhaps’, the common dictionary meaning. A few Western scholars have realised this, mainly on the basis of their independent inspection of the Qur’anic text, despite the fact that this meaning did not appear in any of the available dictionaries, grammars, and reference works in European languages until recent years. This interpretation of laʿalla is supported not only by the general sense indicated by contextual reading, but also by syntactic analysis of passages in which laʿalla appears. The present study corroborates and refines earlier analyses and shows that the interpretation of laʿalla as ‘so that’ is supported by several Arabic grammatical and lexical works. Furthermore, it finds that in the Qur’anic context, laʿalla is strongly connected with rhyme; it generally serves to introduce verse-final clausulae that rhyme, most often, but not always, in - ūn.

On the Divergence of the Slovak and Czech Literary Languages at the Word-formation Level

The object of the study is such lexemes of the Slovak literary language, which were originally similar to the corresponding Czech, but in the XX century they underwent changes, as their word-formation characteristics changed. At the same time, the corresponding Czech words remained unchanged. We call this phenomenon asymmetric divergence. Asymmetric divergence characterized many parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs. The source of the material was primarily the newspaper "Catholicke Noviny" for 1889-1890, as well as some publications of the early XX century. This article discusses cases of asymmetric divergence realized in small closed groups of vocabulary or even at the level of individual lexemes. The main conclusion of the author is that asymmetric divergence was an important factor in the formation of the lexical composition of the Slovak literary language and its acquisition of specific features that distanced it from the Czech. To the greatest extent, it affected nouns, and the most common means was suffixation, that is, replacing the original suffix that coincided with the corresponding Czech with another suffix. The divergence of the Slovak and Czech literary languages, as a rule, is beyond the field of view of researchers who consider primarily the influence of the Czech language on Slovak. At the same time, it was she who was the leading trend in the development of the Slovak literary language in the XX century.

THE CONCEPT OF ARCHETYPE IN LITERATURE AND JUNG'S THEORIES

Many thinkers of the twentieth century came to the conclusion that world culture does not have a common history, the content and meaning of each historical and cultural era cannot be borrowed from each other, nor can they be included. This conclusion opened an appeal to the study of traditional culture in the formation of a new culture of Kazakh literature. Along the way, the Masters of the word sought a new, global perception of the world through psychology, philosophy and mythology, and all directions became the prototype of the inner world. Any phenomenon in the universe, an emerging discovery, will also have an original origin. What we call the original is the origin of all creation on the planet, it is an archetype. In the article, the formation and entry of the concept of "archetype" into scientific circulation was associated with the name of the Swedish scientist Carl Gustav Jung and special attention was paid to the scientist's theory of archetypes. A brief description of the scientist's concepts of "personal unconscious", "collective unconscious" and archetypes "mother", "child", "shadow", "animus" and "Anima", "wise old man" was given. At the same time, attention is paid to the important opinions of both scientists before and after K. G. Jung about the origin of the term" archetype", and there is a desire to consider its use in literature from the point of view of various studies and concepts.

Aflatoksin: Aspek kesehatan, metode reduksi dan deteksinya

Food contaminant aflatoxin is a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. This article aims to discover the pathophysiological, immunological, pharmacological, toxicity, and reduction and detection methods of aflatoxin. Kinds of literature were obtained from Research Gate, Pubmed, and Science Direct with the primary keyword “aflatoxin”. Pathophysiologically, aflatoxin-contaminated food has been proven to cause necrosis in liver cells, developing into liver cancer. Immunologically, aflatoxin decreases monocyte and dendritic cell phagocytosis, neutrophil cell ATP production, and pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis. Aflatoxin toxicity is at the LD50 of 12-16 mg/kg b.w, causing death. Pharmacologically, 120-201 µg/kg b.w causes aflatoxicosis, in vivo studies indicated that NovaSil, Sulfarophan, and Monanthotaxis caffra leaf extract may reduce its toxicity. Aflatoxins are highly thermostable; hence, once food has been contaminated, they cannot be destroyed by normal cooking process. The control and reduction should be conducted in post-harvest handling, common physical means practiced are heating, drying, and smoking. Chemically using ozone, 0.5 sodium bisulfate, 1% sodium hydroxide, 5% acetic acid, and prochloraz. Biologically using Flavobacterium aurantiacum B-184, Bacillus velezensis DY3108, and, a consortium of Geobacillus and Tepidimicrobium bacteria. Aflatoxin can be detected using TLC, HPLC, MS, ELISA, and UHPLC-ESI MS/MS. The prevention of aflatoxin occurrence is done through good post-harvest handling, good manufacturing practices, and applying regulations accordingly to ensure food products and feed are at acceptable levels of aflatoxin.

Pragmatics of pronouns in Hawrami dialect

This research entitled (pragmatics of pronouns in Haw rami dialect), focuses on how to use pronouns pragmatically in haw rami dialect, in pragmatics, pronouns are usually classified as pragmatic signs, which include signs (personal, social) and signs (place, time). In contrast to this classification, this study attempts to examine pronouns in the context of cultural pragmatics, because the tool of cultural pragmatics research is (words), especially those words that have the ability to convey more than one meaning, they mean different things according to different usages in different environments. Therefore, part of the study is devoted to proving the verbal hypothesis of pronouns by presenting necessary and appropriate evidence, then a number of appropriate examples are presented, in which it is proved that pronouns as lexical words can convey a different meaning in different uses than their common and basic meaning.

DETERMINATION OF THE OPTIMAL CONTROLLABLE KEY INDICATOR OF CALL CENTER IN ORDER TO INCREASE EFFICIENCY FOR GENERATING INCOME

This paper focuses on call centers, which have become a common means of communication with potential customers in various companies. Specifically, this paper analyzes call center data and the importance of assessing key indicators for evaluating call center performance. The questions this paper addresses are the criteria for evaluating call center quality and the methods for analyzing call center data. Previous research has shown the significance of call centers as the "face of the company," with the quality of their work reflecting how efficiently a company will serve its customers ' requests in the future. The main goal of this paper is to fill a gap in previous research by identifying the main controlled key indicator for call center quality and to suggest ways to improve efficiency. By using analytical methods to examine call center data, this paper identifies the most important criteria for call center quality and provides recommendations for enhancing service quality. The main findings of this paper show the importance of call center operator performance in determining call center performance which affects company revenue. By evaluating key indicators such as the number of operators, this paper demonstrates how call centers can reduce service costs and improve efficiency. During the analysis using call center data for two years, it turned out that the company had expenses 1/3 of the total amount of maintenance compared to the previous year, which is not effective in terms of economy. Operational planning has a direct impact on operators’ costs and the main cost component is the hourly cost of operators. If optimal planning turns out to be at least 10% better than the arrangement set in the call center, company will save a good amount. The significance of this paper lies in its potential to improve the quality of service in call centers and its contribution to the field of customer service management. By providing insight into the importance of call center efficiency, this research offers recommendations for predicting the optimal number of operators to improve the customer experience with reducing service costs.

Rainwater management by “green” roofs on the example of trade-business centre “Perekhrestia”, Dnipro city

The densification of urban building causes the replacement of urban green areas with negative environmental impact. Therefore, it is necessary to move to the concept of combining living plants with building structures. The concept of green construction is a universal approach that allows not only to reduce the negative impact of construction on the environment but on the contrary, to ensure a positive impact on the environment. This concept can be applied at all levels – from a single building to neighborhoods or settlements. One of the serious problems of cities is the management of stormwater runoff. They carry trash, bacteria, heavy metals and other pollutants through storm drains into local waterways. The most common means of managing urban runoff are storm sewer systems, which have the conventional name of "grey infrastructure." These systems are ageing and require expensive repairs. Due to climate change, the amount of runoff is increasing, which leads to exceeding the carrying capacity of the systems. The development of territories significantly disrupts the water balance. The sponge city allows effective solving of these problems thanks to the maximum approach of the functioning of built-up areas to unbuilt ones. In this work, a "green" roof is being developed on the roof of the "Perekhrestia" shopping and business center in Dnipro city. To do this, the volume of precipitation in the city for 2022 was analyzed. The "Roof Garden" system from the Zinko-Ukraine company was adopted. This system currently has a margin of 50% retention of precipitation falling on green areas. To dispose of water from pedestrian areas, it is necessary to install water storage tank(s). It is advisable to use this water for watering green areas or for toilet needs. Two toilets in the public toilet ensure the emptying of the tank(s) in 15 days. Increasing the number of sanitary devices simplifies the water supply system and increases the resilience of objects to climate change.

Continuous glucose monitoring-derived time in range and CV are associated with altered tissue characteristics of the carotid artery wall in people with type 2 diabetes

Aims/hypothesisPrevious studies have suggested that glucose variability may accelerate atherosclerosis progression in people with type 2 diabetes. Current guidelines recommend assessing glycaemic control using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), which provides a comprehensive glycaemic profile to supplement HbA1c measurement. However, the association between CGM-derived metrics and atherosclerosis progression is not entirely clear.MethodsThis exploratory study used baseline data and data obtained after 104 weeks from an ongoing prospective, multicentre, observational study. Six hundred study participants with type 2 diabetes and no apparent history of symptomatic cardiovascular disease underwent CGM and ultrasonographic atherosclerosis measurements of the carotid arteries, including the intima–media thickness (IMT) and grey-scale median (GSM), at baseline and 104 weeks. Non-invasive ultrasonic tissue characterisation of the carotid artery wall or plaque using the GSM reflects vascular composition. Multivariate regression models were used to analyse the association between CGM-derived indices, mainly time in range (TIR) and CV, and changes in carotid atherosclerosis index values.ResultsOver the 104-week study period, there were modest increases in mean IMT (from 0.759±0.153 to 0.773±0.152 mm, p<0.001) and thickened-lesion GSM (from 43.5±19.5 to 53.9±23.5 units, p<0.001), but no significant changes in common carotid artery maximum-IMT (from 1.109±0.442 to 1.116±0.469 mm, p=0.453) or mean GSM (from 48.7±19.3 to 49.8±20.8 units, p=0.092). In a linear regression model with adjustment for possible atherosclerotic risk factors, including HbA1c, TIR and CV at baseline were significantly associated with the annual change in mean GSM (regression coefficient per 10% increase in TIR 0.52; 95% CI 0.06, 0.98; Hochberg-adjusted p value 0.038; regression coefficient per 1% increase in CV −0.12; 95% CI −0.22, −0.02; Hochberg-adjusted p value 0.038). TIR and CV at baseline were also significantly associated with the annual change in thickened-lesion GSM (regression coefficient per 10% increase in TIR 0.95; 95% CI 0.12, 1.79; Hochberg-adjusted p value 0.038; regression coefficient per 1% increase in CV −0.19; 95% CI −0.36, −0.01; Hochberg-adjusted p value 0.038). Participants who achieved target CGM-derived metrics at baseline, as proposed by an international consensus, showed significant annual changes in mean GSM compared with those who did not (0.94±6.88 vs −0.21±6.19 units/year, p=0.007).Conclusions/interpretationTIR and CV were significantly associated with changes in the tissue characteristics of the carotid artery wall.Trial registrationUniversity Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry, number UMIN000032325Graphical

The Micromobility Tendencies of People and Their Transport Behavior

Addressing transport in cities requires a change in people’s behavior and a better distribution of different transport modes’ performances—a change in the modal split. This article focuses on detailed research on the transport behaviors of residents and their attitudes towards possible changes. We developed a questionnaire and distributed it online and physically. The data came from an anonymous survey, and basic statistical methods and a correlation analysis were applied to them. One of the research tasks was to find the correlations between individual characteristics. The analysis showed that the respondents’ education influenced their opinions about transport behavior. The results showed that the most common means of shared mobility was bicycles. The paper contains detailed results regarding the use of private cars and transport behavior in general. In addition, the study presents other significant findings regarding the average number of vehicles in households, the types of vehicles, and their usage patterns. The results of our study are useful for practical applications, because they describe traffic behavior patterns and can improve future decision making and transport planning.

Meaning beyond Accuracy: War Damage Map of Cottbus

(War) destruction of a city is not easily representable. Not only is the entirety of urban space hardly ever equally affected but also, within the damaged areas, there are different degrees of ruination. Along with photos and aerial photography, maps are one of the most common means of representing cities’ war destruction. Despite their appearance, however, they are not an objective and impartial representation, but rather a narrative that can be deconstructed and interpreted in various ways. This paper inquires to what extent the Cottbus war damage map is a reliable testimony of the urban disaster, what its limitations are, and what story it tells. For all its precision, it was not made to serve utilitarian purposes, but rather as a mean of commemoration. This draws our attention to the fact that maps should not be only measured by their accuracy, but rather recognized and assessed on their own terms.

Comparing Performance and Preference of Visually Impaired Individuals in Object Localization: Tactile, Verbal, and Sonification Cueing Modalities

Audio guidance is a common means of helping visually impaired individuals to navigate, thereby increasing their independence. However, the differences between different guidance modalities for locating objects in 3D space have yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to compare the time, the hand’s path length, and the satisfaction levels of visually impaired individuals using three automatic cueing modalities: pitch sonification, verbal, and vibration. We recruited 30 visually impaired individuals (11 women, average age 39.6 ± 15.0), who were asked to locate a small cube, guided by one of three cueing modalities: sonification (a continuous beep that increases in frequency as the hand approaches the cube), verbal prompting (“right”, “forward”, etc.), and vibration (via five motors, attached to different locations on the hand). The three cueing modalities were automatically activated by computerized motion capture systems. The subjects separately answered satisfaction questions for each cueing modality. The main finding was that the time to find the cube was longer using the sonification cueing (p = 0.016). There were no significant differences in the hand path length or the subjects’ satisfaction. It can be concluded that verbal guidance may be the most effective for guiding people with visual impairment to locate an object in a 3D space.

Constraints to maternal healthcare access among pastoral communities in the Darussalam area of Mudug region, Somalia "a qualitative study".

While countries embrace efforts to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) goal 3.1 (to reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030 and end preventable deaths of new-borns and children), an estimated 2.5 million pastoralists in Somalia are struggling to access maternal and child healthcare services. Institutional delivery and access to antenatal care remained to be a challenge in Somalia, where pastoralism is a common means of livelihood. The aim of this study is to explore the maternal health services available for settled pastoralists (transhumant) and their families who still practice nomadic pastoralism in the Mudug region of Somalia. A qualitative study, including 14 interviews and one FGD, was conducted in Darussalam village (a transhumant village along the border between Somalia and Ethiopia), Puntland State, from December 2022 to January 2023. The study participants were community members who support the maternal and child health clinic (MCH), village administration, and health providers. We found that the efficiency of the health facilities that serve for pastoralist women and children are hampered by staff-related, supply-related, patients-related and referral-related constraints. This study highlights that the absence of essential supplies, the unmet need for training among the staff as well as the absence of important facilities in the MCH such as ambulance and blood bags. Numerous strides could be made in the provision of affordable maternal healthcare to pastoralist communities in Darussalam areas of the Mudug region when organizations that support health care in Somalia and the Ministry of Health include pastoralists' healthcare in their priorities.

Effectiveness and Consequences of Direct Access in Physiotherapy: A Systematic Review.

Background. Direct access in physiotherapy (DAPT) occurs when a patient has the ability to self-refer to physical therapy without physician referral. This model of care in musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) has shown better outcomes than the traditional-based medical model of care that requires physician referral to access physiotherapist services. This traditional physician referral often results in a delay in care. Unfortunately, DAPT is still not permitted in many countries. Objectives. The primary objective of this systematic review was to compare the effectiveness, safety, and the accuracy of DAPT compared to the physician-led model of care for the management of patients with musculoskeletal disorders. The secondary objective of the present study is to define the physiotherapists' characteristics or qualifications involved in DAPT. Materials and methods. Databases searched included: Medline, Scopus and Web of Science. Databases were searched from their inception to July 2022. Research strings were developed according to the PICO model of clinical questions (patient, intervention, comparison, and outcome). Free terms or synonyms (e.g., physical therapy; primary health care; direct access; musculoskeletal disease; cost-effectiveness) and when possible MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms were used and combined with Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT). Risk of bias assessment was carried out through Version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (ROB-2) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) for observational studies. Authors conducted a qualitative analysis of the results through narrative analysis and narrative synthesis. The narrative analysis was provided for an extraction of the key concepts and common meanings of the different studies, while the summary narrative provided a textual combination of data. In addition, a quantitative analysis was conducted comparing the analysis of the mean and differences between the means. Results. Twenty-eight articles met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Results show that DAPT had a high referral accuracy and a reduction in the rate of return visits. The medical model had a higher use of imaging, drugs, and referral to another specialist. DAPT was found to be more cost-effective than the medical model. DAPT resulted in better work-related outcomes and was superior when considering patient satisfaction. There were no adverse events noted in any of the studies. In regard to health outcomes, there was no difference between models. ROB-2 shows an intermediate risk of bias risk for the RCTs with an average of 6/9 points for the NOS scale for observational studies. Conclusion. DAPT is a safe, less expensive, reliable triage and management model of care that results in higher levels of satisfaction for patients compared to the traditional medical model. Prospero Registration Number: CRD42022349261.

A common format for representing spatial location in visual and motor working memory.

Does the mind rely on similar systems of spatial representation for both perception and action? Here, we assessed the format of location representations in two simple spatial localization tasks. In one task, participants simply remembered the location of an item based solely on visual input. In another, participants remembered the location of a point in space based solely on kinesthetic input. Participants' recall errors were more consistent with the use of polar coordinates than Cartesian coordinates in both tasks. Moreover, measures of spatial bias and performance were correlated across modalities. In a subsequent study, we tested the flexibility with which people use polar coordinates to represent space; we show that the format in which the information is presented to participants influences how that information is encoded and the errors that are made as a result. We suggest that polar coordinates may be a common means of representing location information across visual and motor modalities, but that these representations are also flexible in form.

Production and Reconfiguration of Double Emulsions by Temperature Control.

Double emulsions are of great importance for both science and engineering. However, the production of multicore double-emulsion droplets is challenging and normally requires sophisticated microfluidic devices, which limits their availability to broader communities. Here, we propose a simple, precise, and scalable batch method for producing double emulsions with monodispersed multicores at milliliter per minute rates, using the most common means in laboratory, temperature. By rapidly cooling liquid crystal emulsions, the introduced temperature gradient around the emulsion droplets leads to the injection of monodispersed guest droplets to form double-emulsion droplets. The number of injected water droplets can be precisely controlled by adjusting the thermally induced mechanical force through the temperature difference and the cooling rate. In contrast to conventional microfluidic fabrication, this method processes all emulsion droplets simultaneously in a noncontact and in situ manner. Therefore, it has great flexibility, allows multiple processing of double emulsions of arbitrary shape, has good capacity for mass production, and offers excellent compatibility with technologies such as microfluidics. Finally, we demonstrate that temperature changes can also be used to release the inner droplets from the double emulsion. The proposed method offers a reversible tool for processing double emulsions with minimal cost and expertise and is applicable to droplet-based microsystems in materials science, photonics, sensors, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology.

The common operating picture as a collaborative governance tool for urban resilience

AbstractThrough analysis of the narratives of participants to the London Common Operating Picture (COP), this study discusses the “information warehouse” and the “trading zone” theoretical perspectives on the COP that consider it, respectively, as an information system to share common information on a crisis or as a relational space of learning in which common meanings enable decision‐making and coordination. The trading zone approach has started to examine its role as a coordination tool, but there is little empirical research on how it can foster network's collaboration. Through an exploration of the COP participants' positions as boundary spanners, this study puts forward the trading zone perspective, showing that in London it has become a regular mechanism of collaboration and coordination. It argues that boundary spanners operate at multiple boundaries that enable network's collaboration and coordination, and the relational character of the COP create bonds of trust that foster collaboration and common understandings on the role of communication, collaboration, information sharing, and coordination for the security of all. We show that the COP is a relational space that creates a sense of belonging to a common community of security that believes in the role of networks' information sharing and collaboration for urban resilience.

The ‘iron donkey’: the social lives of bicycles in northern Uganda, 1903–2015

This article investigates the history of bicycles – one of the most common technologies – in Acholiland, northern Uganda. Bicycles are among the most common means of transportation in this region, where people are recovering from a brutal armed conflict between the Ugandan government and the rebels of the Lord’s Resistance Army (1987–2006). People who own bicycles in Acholiland often speak of them as local objects. Some owners have even given their bicycles indigenous names. Others have modified their bicycles to fit their worldviews, radically changing the appearance of the bicycles. Examining the history of this ubiquitous technology in northern Uganda unlocks stories of everyday peoples previously unknown to scholars. This article recounts stories of the diffusion of technology in the region, the spread of Christianity and colonial rule, and, most importantly, the domestication of foreign technologies – making them uniquely African.

Особенности объективации категорий социальной эксклюзии – социальной инклюзии в русском языке (на примере понятий «глубинка» и «глушь»)

The article is devoted to the consideration of the objectification peculiarities of the social exclusion and social inclusion categories in the territorial aspect in the Russian language on the case of the "glubinka" ("hinterland") and "glush" ("wilderness") concepts. As a result of the definitional analysis of the eponymous lexemes denoting these concepts, nuclear semantic features are identified – large distance from an object with different social conditions (hinterland) and a large distance from the center and sparse population (wilderness). The concepts are characterized from the standpoint of the semantic field. It is established that the core of the semantic fields of the "glubinka" ("hinterland") and "glush" ("wilderness") concepts are linguistic units that directly indicate nuclear semantic features. The periphery is comprised of the units that actualize the processes of social exclusion and in some cases social inclusion. Verbs with negation and predicative No are noted to be the common prevalent linguistic means that express the category of social exclusion, while the units of the thematic group "social difficulties"; quantitative qualifiers which indicate a low (up to a minimum) degree of something (semantic field "hinterland"); verbs of socially conditioned displacement, and deictic units (semantic field "wilderness") are viewed as distinctive ones. It is concluded that the "glush" ("wilderness") lexeme objectifies the processes of territorial social exclusion in the context to a greater extent than the "glubinka" ("hinterland") lexeme.

Political toxicity in the contrastive perspective (Based on American, British and Ukrainian media discourse)

This research focuses on the issue of political toxicity in the media discourse of the United States of America, Great Britain and Ukraine. It defines common and distinctive features of semiotization of political toxicity in the media discourse. In political communication, toxicity is understood as a type of interaction between various participants in political discourse, which is characterized by a high degree of aggressive verbal, para- and/or non-verbal behavior and discriminates against the opponent based on race, ethnicity, gender, etc. resulting in such a politician (politicians) being perceived and then defined as toxic. Its purpose is to identify common and different ways and means of semiotization of political toxicity. It is based on methods of associative and identification experiments, computer multimodal analysis, as well as statistical processing of the information received. The study reveals the modes of the toxic effect deployment and the dictums of the politician’s toxic image formation in the their collective, associative-individual, symbolic, and media discourse-portrait. Complex analysis of a politician’s toxic image in different linguistic cultures takes into account the politicians’ behavior as opinion leaders and the coverage of the target audience, to which the effect of their toxic rhetoric extends: one person, a group of people, or the wider community. At the same time, the types of harm resulting from the visualization of the media toxic effect can be aimed at both the psychological states of the addressee and their gender, age, and professional characteristics. The paper determines means of verbal expression of toxicity both by the aggressive-emotional type of the politician and by the socio-cultural features of political struggle in the United States of America, Great Britain, and Ukraine.

A hypergraph model of product function recombination based on online reviews

ABSTRACT Functional module recombination is a common means for manufacturers to upgrade and launch new product quickly. However, this method may bring with significant risks and it requires accurate identification on market trends in the uncertain environments, and cannot be achieved depend on expert experience. Therefore, a data-driven approach is proposed for product function recombination based on online reviews. Firstly, the information collection for e-commerce data is carried out to obtain product functional description, and the incidence matrix (IM) is formed by combining the corresponding relationship between function and product, so as to construct the hypergraph model. After that, for calculating the hyperedge weight and hyperedge degree as well as the hypernode weight and hypernode degree, random walk algorithm is introduced to obtain the transition probability between the function nodes. Moreover, three innovation strategies of product function recombination are proposed, including function expand, function trim and function replace respectively. Meanwhile, through the results of transition probability calculation, quantitative analysis is utilised for the implementation of different strategies. Finally, the headphone is taken as a case to verify the method, which is indicated as an effective functional optimisation tool and can provide a new research basis for product design.