Common Market Countries Research Articles

British Food Journal Volume 68 Issue 6 1966

Most countries seek to impose control on the chemical treatment of both human and animal food. Some, such as the U.S.A., attempt it by highly detailed regulations, in terms most orthodox and almost psychically specific, which seem most complicated compared with our own simplified food ordinances; other countries, such as many of the newer states, treading cautiously in their virgin fields of law‐making, pass broad, enabling laws, leaving details to be filled in later. Although the object is the same in all countries, it is nothing short of amazing how the pattern of legislation manages to be so divergent, and applied for reasons that are not always apparent. In published regulations and laws, there would seem to be less intent on making a country's food exports conform to the legislative requirements of importing countries than in prescribing standards for its home products; the end results have produced food law chaos, rarely seen in other branches of law. A notable exception, the only one, to these irregular developments, and with particular reference to food additive control, are the common decrees and directives of the European Economic Community, representing the six Common Market countries. Its Council prescribes quality standards for individual foods, specific purity standards for preservatives and other additives which may be used for human consumption, and although this standardisation is only beginning, it deserves study, especially the manner in which the community regulations are enforced.

Trade in the Common Market Countries

Journal Article Trade in the Common Market Countries Get access Trade in the Common Market Countries. By A. E. Walsh and John Paxton. London: A. E. Walsh, ‘Euromarket Surveys’ Division. 1965. 111 pp. 210s. International Affairs, Volume 42, Issue 2, April 1966, Page 306, https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/42.2.306a Published: 01 April 1966

One Common Market or Six Markets?

The U. S. advertiser in the Common-Market countries must beam his message through an unfamiliar and complex media structure in each of them. Even such familiar media as newspapers can fill widely divergent communication roles in the various countries. Here a publisher of media directories in several of the Common-Market countries discusses in broad outline the role, flavor, and kinds of media available to the American marketer.

Seminar on European Industrial Organisation in Relation to the Developing World

This seminar was sponsored by the European Centre for Overseas Development (C.E.D.I.M.O.M.), which has included since its foundation in 1957 about 40 public and private countries, established in the Common Market countries and in Africa, interested in the exploitation of mineral and power resources in the under-developed countries, particularly in French-speaking Africa. This conference, like others organised from time to time by the Centre, was attended by a large number of business executives and civil servants from Europe and Africa, as well as university representatives and economic journalists. The chairman was M Roland Prć, governor and president of C.E.D.I.M.O.M.; others included MM J. Alibert, a director of the Banque Internationale de l'Afrique de l'ouest (B.I.A.O.), P. A. Forthomme, Director- General of the Belgian Department of Foreign Trade and Co-operation, R. Sailer, Minister of Finance from the Ivory Coast, R. Triboulet, the French Minister of Co-operation, J. M. Jeanneney, a former Minister and Professor of the Faculty of Law and Economics at Paris, G. Panouillet, Director- General of the Banque centrale des états d'Afrique équatoriale et du Cameroun, and R. Rouques, Director-General of B.I.A.O. There were also several university professors: J. Devisse from Lille, Dupriez from Louvain, L. Hamon from Lyon, G. Leduc and M. Luchaire from Paris, besides the Ambassadors in Paris of Senegal, Congo (Brazzaville), Dahomey, Madagascar, and Niger.

Social Security in Britain and Certain Other Countries

The present paper assembles some basic facts for assessing the social security system of this country. There is no absolute criterion for judging the adequacy of the provision for relieving poverty and insuring against interruption of earnings. But comparison with arrangements in certain other countries may suggest fruitful ideas for improvement. The British system of social security is at present radically different from, and the benefits provided on the whole considerably less generous than in most West European countries. In the following section we describe first the origin and main features of the British system as it has developed since the last war and then compare it with arrangements in the Common Market and certain other countries.

Economic Growth in the West

The volumes under review are interesting and important in two respects. First, they are serious studies of the remarkable resurgence of the growth of productivity in the Common Market countries relative to the experience of the United States and the United Kingdom. Second, they provide the empirical phenomena against which to assess the value of the various growth theories in explaining economic growth in the West. Angus Maddison attempts to explain why and how the European economy accelerated its growth in the 1950s; why the U.S. has not shared in this acceleration; and why the performance of some European countries has been better than others . His study did not arise from any desire to theorize about growth, but out of a practical interest in forecasting what the future development of the Western industrial economies would be . His theoretical framework is extremely simple and does not utilise recent developments; it is based upon the HarrodDomar framework. A. Lamfalussy seeks to explain why, in every single year since the early 1950s, the Common Market countries as a group have been growing more rapidly thaii the British economy. Lamfalussy uses a modified Harrod-Domar idenitity to organize his explanation of these phenomena, and, like Maddison, does not employ the recent techniques of analysis.3 This article is divided into three parts. First, the authors' conclusions and theoretical approaches are summarised. Second, their work is evaluated critically. It is shown that the use of the Harrod-Domar framework is either powerless to explain empirical phenomena or yields highly misleading conclusions. Third, it is shown how the use of modern growth theory would provide a more efficient analytical tool than those used by the authors.

Common Market Countries Form Dental Committee

Common Market Countries Form Dental Committee

Beekeeping in Western Australia

The average honey production per hive is higher in Western Australia than anywhere else in the world. Readers may be somewhat surprised to discover that this rich beekeeping country—over twice as big as the six Common Market countries together—is worked by less than a hundred full-time beekeepers, with another few hundred part-timers. The present article, No. V in the series Facts about beekeeping in Australia, is written by the Senior Apiculturist for the State. He emphasizes how unknown and untapped many of the honey resources of Western Australia are, even today, and how their study must take priority in the State's bee research programme.

Using the Free Market to Resolve the Balance of Payments Problem

ISCUSSIONS of U. S. policy with respect to international payments tend to be dominated by our immediate balance of payments difficulties. I should like today to approach the question from a different, and I hope more constructive, direction. Let us begin by asking ourselves not merely how we can get out of our present difficulties but instead how we can fashion our international payments system so that it will best serve our needs for the long pull; how we can solve not merely this balance of payments problem but the balance of payments problem. A shocking, and indeed, disgraceful feature of the present situation is the extent to which our frantic search for expedients to stave off balance of payments pressures has led us, on the one hand, to sacrifice major national objectives; and, on the other, to give enormous power to officials of foreign governments to affect what should be purely domestic matters. Foreign payments amount to only some 5 % of our total national income. Yet they have become a major factor in nearly every national policy. I believe that a system of floating exchange rates would solve the balance of payments problem for the United States far more effectively than our present arrangements. Such a system would use the flexibility and efficiency of the free market to harmonize our small foreign trade sector with both the rest of our massive economy and the rest of the world; it would reduce problems of foreign payments to their proper dimensions and remove them as a major consideration in governmental policy about domestic matters and as a major preoccupation in international political negotiations; it would foster our national objectives rather than be an obstacle to their attainment. To indicate the basis for this conclusion, let us consider the national objective with which our payments system is most directly connected: the promotion of a healthy and balanced growth of world trade, carried on, so far as possible, by private individuals and private enterprises with minimum intervention by governments. This has been a major objective of our whole postwar international economic policy, most recently expressed in the Trade Expansion Act of 1962. Success would knit the free world more closely together, and, by fostering the international division of labor, raise standards of living throughout the world, including the United States. Suppose that we succeed in negotiating far-reaching reciprocal reductions in tariffs and other trade barriers with the common market and other countries.' Such reductions will expand trade in general but clearly will have different effects on different industries. The demand for the products of some will expand, for others contract. This is a phenomenon we are familiar with from our internal development. The capacity of our free enterprise system to adapt quickly and efficiently to such shifts, whether produced by changes in technology or tastes, has been a major source of our economic growth. The only additional element introduced by international trade is the fact that different currencies are involved, and this is where the payment mechanism comes in; its function is to keep this fact from being an additional source of disturbance. An all around lowering of tariffs would tend to increase both our expenditures and our receipts in foreign currencies. There is no way of knowing in advance which increase would tend to be the greater and hence no way of knowing whether the initial effect would be toward a surplus or deficit in our balance of payments. What is clear is that we cannot hope to succeed in the objective of expanding world trade unless we can readily adjust to either outcome.2 Suppose then that the initial effect is to increase our expenditures on imports more than our receipts from exports. How could we adjust to this outcome? One method of adjustment is to draw on reserves or borrow from abroad to finance the excess increase in imports. The obvious objection to this method is that it is only a temporary device, and hence can be relied on only when the disturbance is temporary. But that is not the major objection. Even if we had very large reserves or could borrow large amounts from abroad, so that we could continue this expedient for many years, it is a most undesirable one. We can see why if we look at physical rather than financial magnitudes. The physical counterpart to the financial deficit is a reduction of employment in industries competing with imports that is larger than the concurrent expansion of employment in export industries. So long as the financial deficit continues, the assumed tariff reductions Milton Friedman, one of the country's foremost economists, is Professor of Economics at the University of Chicago. 1. Footnotes appear at end of article.

Il costo del lavoro in Italia e nei paesi della CEE. (Labour cost in Italy and the E.E.C. countries)

The European Community Statistical Institute (ECSI) began conducting annual surveys of labour costs in 14 industrial sectors of the Community countries in 1959. The present article illustrates the principal results of the fourth survey that relates to 1962 and is now in course of publication. The analysis is confined to data regarding to labour cost shown as borne by the enterprises, and does not take account of studies made by ECSI of workers’ incomes in various countries. In particular, the author considers the data on the cost of labour in Italy. The data is brought up to date for 1963 and 1964 to show the changes that have taken place in Italy’s position with respect to previous years. While in the surveys tom 1959 and 1960 Italy was shown to have the lowest labour cost among Common Market countries, it now comes in first in the classification and has in almost every case registered a labour cost very near to the highest figure. JEL: E24, J30

Considerations on the management of banks with numerous branches in the common market countries. Variations on the theme of productivity

The work is concerned with developing a general concept of productivity in banking. The study finds its origin in the simple observation that if the number of staff in large banks of different countries is divided by total balances or deposits, the quotient will vary from one bank to another, and even more, from the banks in one country to those in others. This criterion implies that the volume of balances or deposits equates banking operations. Thus, for the sake of simplicity, the author takes the ratio of staff/deposits to indicate the productivity of labour. The study is based on the data for the financial year 1959 for the major banks with large numbers of branches in Federal Germany, Belgium, France, Italy and the Netherlands. The methodology used is that of counting the operations characteristic of the main traditional departments of a bank and the number of employees by department, before relating these numbers to the deposits of all maturities of the clientele.

House Journals in the Common Market Countries

House Journals in the Common Market Countries

The Common Market: Production and Trade

This article examines trade and production figures for the Common Market countries before and after 1958. The Common Market can be said to have come into effect on 1 January 1959, when the first reductions were made in the internal tariff. But there was not in fact a great deal of discrimination against outsiders before the second set of reductions, on 1 July 1960. So far, these tariff changes do not seem to have had any great effect; other factors must have overborne them.

STATISTICAL AND OTHER INFORMATION SOURCES

As part of this one‐day conference we have prepared an exhibition of some of the more important sources giving statistical and other data on the Common Market. A Guide to sources of statistics in Common Market countries has been prepared by the Economics Library of British Nylon Spinners Ltd in collaboration with members of the Aslib Economics Group.

The Anti-Trust Laws of the Common Market Countries

The Anti-Trust Laws of the Common Market Countries

French Retailing and the Common Market

Will the European Common Market be a success or a failure? Will the European Common Market countries really become one market by 1970, as planned? This article examines the key role played by the retailer, a figure generally overlooked by the experts. The focus is on one important ECM country, France.

French Retailing and the Common Market

Will the European Common Market be a success or a failure? Will the European Common Market countries really become one market by 1970, as planned? This article examines the key role played by the retailer, a figure generally overlooked by the experts. The focus is on one important ECM country, France.

Bases of Judicial Jurisdiction in the Common Market Countries

Journal Article Bases of Judicial Jurisdiction in the Common Market Countries Get access Martha Weser Martha Weser 1MARTHA WESER is Docteur en Droit, University of Paris; Member of the Benelux Commission for the Unification of Private Law Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Journal of Comparative Law, Volume 10, Issue 4, Autumn 1961, Pages 323–344, https://doi.org/10.2307/838473 Published: 01 October 1961

Tax burdens in common market countries

The International ExecutiveVolume 2, Issue 1 p. 17-18 Spotlight On Global Operating Policies Tax burdens in common market countries John Moss, John Moss Harvard Law School. Summarized by permission from National Tax Journal, Sept., 1959.Search for more papers by this author John Moss, John Moss Harvard Law School. Summarized by permission from National Tax Journal, Sept., 1959.Search for more papers by this author First published: Winter 1960 https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.5070020109 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume2, Issue1Winter 1960Pages 17-18 RelatedInformation

An Emergent Legal Community : The Common Market Countries' Plans for Harmonization of Law

Journal Article An Emergent Legal Community : The Common Market Countries' Plans for Harmonization of Law Get access Eric Stein Eric Stein Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Journal of Comparative Law, Volume 9, Issue 2, Spring 1960, Pages 351–358, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcl/9.2.351 Published: 01 April 1960