Common Labor Market Research Articles

On Legal Possibilities of Limiting Labor Migration within the Eurasian Economic Union: from Theory to Practice in Conditions of the COVID-19 Pandemic

The article is focused on the study of the legal possibilities of restricting labor migration flows within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union (hereinafter – the EAEU, the Union). Taking into account the fact that the deepening of the economic integration between the EAEU’s member states (Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Russia) also largely depends on the efficient operation of the common labor market, it is especially relevant to ensure that legislative measures aimed at overcoming the negative consequences of the spread of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) fully correspond to the legal conditions for its development. The analysis carried out by the authors is based on a two-level system of studying the relevant legal norms – the level of international treaties and acts that constitute the law of the EAEU, and the level of national legislation of the Union member states. Although Section XXVI of the Treaty on the EAEU secures the freedom of movement of labor in the Eurasian space, the norms of this agreement, however, provide for the possibility of introducing certain restrictions on admission to the common labor market of citizens of the Union member states. In view of the fact that the relevant provisions of the EAEU law were widely tested in practice in 2020, the authors consider them through the prism of those anti-crisis and stabilization measures that have been taken by the states in connection with the threat of further spread of the new infection. At the same time, the imposed restrictions are to be examined in this work with the use of a comparative method of analysis: to what extent the regulation of the legal status of citizens of the Union member states in the territories of the host state has been changed in the national legislation of the Union countries. In the final part of the present article, the authors assess the legal compliance of the taken measures with the statutory goals of the EAEU, as well as review the current problems in the further development of an agreed and effective system for regulating migration processes, given the actions of states to prevent the spread of coronavirus infection.

Сотрудничество государств Северной Европы в сфере культуры и образования

This paper is aimed at studying the interaction of the states of Northern Europe in the field of culture and education — one of the fundamentally important areas of northern European integration. Cooperation in these areas is actively developing not only due to common cultural and historical values and roots of the northern countries, but also has clear pragmatic goals. So, it carries out an important utilitarian function — the development of a common labor market in the Northern Europe region, which is largely possible thanks to the joint actions of the integration member countries aimed at the evolution of a common space in the field of culture, language and education. The effectiveness of the existing forms and mechanisms of interaction in the above areas depends on the effectiveness of training highly skilled labor and facilitating the adaptation of migrants from one state to another, both of which are part of the region. The tools include: interstate, state, regional programs, projects and forums aimed at the development of cooperation and mobility, etc. English version of the article is available on pp. 88-93 at URL: https://panor.ru/articles/cooperation-of-the-nordic-countries-in-culture-and-education/66416.html

Shaping the Common Labor Market between Denmark and Sweden: Lessons for Sustainable Development

Though Denmark and Sweden have had a similar historical development over the years, the differences in their labor markets have become more visible than ever. While the labor shortage is increasing in Copenhagen, there is a high number of unemployed individuals with a more substantial proportion of vulnerable groups among them in Sweden. Despite some appealing factors (such as less governed labor law, the simplicity of employing and the high wages), the interest of Swedes to work in Copenhagen area has decreased, and as a result, the number of commuters has fallen. Could it then be employers’ attitudes towards foreign-born individuals that differ? Through interviewing Swedish and Danish employers and foreign-born population, Fördomsfönster Öresund project investigates if the attitudes differ and how social sustainability and utilizing the existent competence frame a common regional labor market. Interviews show that some concepts might be crucial in addressing the issue: language, prejudice, leadership and the difference in perceptions. By informing and responding to these problem areas, there is a strong possibility of greater integration, competence-based employment and higher revenues in commuting within the region. Keywords: Diversity, competence, social sustainability, labor market, green commuting

Delineation of the boundary of an urban agglomeration: evidence from Riga, Latvia

AbstractStatistical, morphological and functional approaches have long been used to delineate spatial boundaries of urban agglomerations. This research uses data from the Central Statistical Bureau and the State Revenue Service. The results indicate that morphological and functional approaches are essential when defining the agglomeration, however the outcomes are different. The most relevant consistency was observed in the territorial units adjoining the city of Riga due to the fact that they have a common labour market with Riga and share a strong functional linkage. However, the spatial extent based on the morphological approach confirms and highlights the effects of urban sprawl.

Technology, Labor and Globalization: Contemporary Challenges

From 2008, the world economy has been hit by a series of negative shocks and seems to be suffering from one of the most long-drawn recessions in history. It is argued that one underlying factor driving this festering crisis is the rise of digital technology which is reducing the demand for labor and creating an increasingly common labor market for the world. The paper elaborates on this hypothesis and goes on to discuss how this is impacting India and presents ideas on how India should respond to it in the future.

Importance of Foreign Languages in Education Process at Universities

Foreign languages and their usage is a part of common labour market requirements when applying for job after the university study. Language knowledge is a part of valid European documents in the field of education and the work policy reflecting the needs of recent multidimensional European labour market. Preparing, education process and further training must be necessarily performed in compliance with recent requirements where the continuous language learning should be an inseparable part of university study, oriented at the area of study, and aimed at future professional and job requirements. Based on the studied international documents, reports and recommendations as well as based on valid accreditation processes in the Slovak and Czech Republics was verified the implementation of foreign language education on the sample of future graduates and graduates of deliberately chosen study programs in social area and helping professions in the Slovak and Czech Republics. In the Slovak Republic was chosen a newly implemented study program in the higher educational territory where was expected the implementation of international documents. The respondents in both samples confirmed the importance for comprehensive language learning that should be a part of lifelong learning process, and inseparable part of education and training of social work professionals and professionals in helping professions included.

Agrarian labour market in EAEU: prerequisites for formation, development trends

Conducting a scientifically based social-and-economic and migration policy aimed at the efficient use of the labour potential of countries, primarily partners in the EAEU, which is dictated by a common labour market, is currently important for the Republic of Belarus. The study of the prerequisites, trends and patterns of formation and forecasting of the agrarian labour market development in the context of Eurasian integration is of paramount importance. The results of the author's research aimed at identification of features of the agrarian labour market condition formation from the standpoint of the supply and demand, territorial size and structure of the population, the needs of business entities in the labour force are stated; directions of rural migration flows within the EAEU are estimated; the problems that lie in the lack of coordinated activities on the uniform rules of legal employment, recognition of diplomas in the creation of a coherent social and labour policy of the integration association are established; approaches to the formation of a common agrarian labour market and the social and labour policy of the agro-industrial complex in the EAEU have been proposed in the paper. Suggestions and recommendations can be used to substantiate the main directions of the formation of a coherent social and labour policy of the agro-industrial complex of the EAEU member states, harmonization of interests regarding labour migration and pensions system. The scientific significance of the results is in understanding the prerequisites, the essence and objectives of the integration processes, the assessment of the economic and social effect in the labour sphere of the integrating countries. The practical significance lies in assessing the positive aspects of labour integration as a more complete use of the advantages of the international division of labour in the context of globalization by present and potential participants in an integration association.

Labor market position after a rejection of a disability pension application: a register-based cohort study

Purpose: To study labor market positions of rejected disability pension applicants and to examine which characteristics predict ending up in these positions after the rejection.Methods: Nationwide Finnish register data was used to describe employment, unemployment and disability pension trajectories of rejected applicants (n = 5740) from four years before to four years after the rejection. Demographic, occupational and health-related determinants of labor market position after the rejection were examined among those employed and not employed at the time of the rejection.Results: The proportion of the employed steeply decreased and that of unemployed increased before the rejection of a disability pension application. Four years after the rejection, 30% of the rejected applicants were employed, 24% were unemployed and 30% received disability pension. Employment at the time of the rejection, younger age, shorter unemployment history, public sector employment and milder work disability increased future employment. Manual work, public sector employment and previous long-term unemployment predicted future unemployment. Apart from higher age, associations with receiving disability pension were relatively weak.Conclusions: For many rejected disability pension applicants return to work is challenging. Special efforts should be targeted to support the remaining work ability and to promote employment opportunities of the rejected applicants.Implications for RehabilitationEmployment, unemployment and receiving disability pension were equally common labor market positions four years after the rejection.Rejected DP applicants with unemployment history need special efforts to increase their employability.As a disability pension application, even if rejected, clearly indicates some degree of work ability problems, rehabilitation should be targeted at this time point to support employment.

Artificial islands as a manifestation of glocalisation

The article is devoted to economic reasons for creation of artificial lands, including artificial islands, and problems related to their functioning. The scientific achievements of economic geography constitute a theoretical basis of the analysis. Economic reasons for constructing artificial islands in particular may, to a large extent, be explained by reference to a new economic geography of Paul Krugman. Therefore, the Authors associate the dynamically developing phenomenon of building artificial islands with the process of glocalisation. On the other hand, functioning of artificial islands – in their opinion – may basically be reduced to a concept of the balance of a company, as an artificial island may be treated as its counterpart.

Eurasian Economic Union: Current state and preliminary results

This paper assesses the current results of the establishment of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). On the one hand, the EAEU has not been an impeccable “success story”. The EAEU's progress has slowed after initial rapid progress. On the other hand, it has achieved much. The EAEU is best viewed not as an exception to general rules of regional economic integration, but rather as a functioning customs union with its own successes and stumbling blocks, enriched by several additional quite developed areas of economic integration. This paper reviews the state of Eurasian institutions, the single market for goods and services, the state of mutual trade and investment flows among member states, ongoing work to eliminate non-tariff barriers, problems pertaining to the efficient coordination of macroeconomic policies, progress toward establishing an EAEU network of free trade areas, the state of the common labor market, and the dynamics of public opinion relative to Eurasian integration in the five member states.

Eurasian Economic Union: A sober look

The paper appraises current progress in establishing the Customs Union and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). Although the progress has slowed down after the initial rapid advancement, the Union is better viewed not as an exception from the general rules of regional economic integration but rather as one of the functioning customs unions with its successes and stumbling blocs. The paper reviews the state of Eurasian institutions, the establishment of the single market of goods and services, the situation with mutual trade and investment flows among the member states, the ongoing work on the liquidation/unification of non-tariff barriers, the problems of the efficient coordination of macroeconomic policies, progress towards establishing an EAEU network of free trade areas with partners around the world, the state of the common labor market, and the dynamics of public opinion on Eurasian integration in the five member states.

Common labor market, attachment and spillovers in a large metropolis

In this paper, we extend the home-attachment model to a setting with multiple (more than two) jurisdictions and consider non-cooperative policy making for provision of different types of metropolitan public goods in the presence of a common labor market. Migration and working place choices are independent. We show that the optimal redistributive policy implemented by a central authority always yields equalization of private consumption levels across jurisdictions. This result holds whether or not policy makers are able to anticipate migration responses to their policy choices. In the decentralized leadership games, jurisdictions make choices that fully internalize externalities.

Differentiation, labor market and globalization

We consider two countries with initially one firm in each country and the possibility for each firm to invest in the other country or commercialize its products, and for workers to immigrate (Common Labor Market; CLM). Interestingly, when firms compete on the product market with no competition on the labor market (Goods’ Mobility; GM), they do not differentiate their qualities. However, when competition is introduced in both markets (Foreign Investment; FI) firms differentiate their products. We compare the globalization scenarii and prove that they improve the global social welfare relative to autarky and that a cooperative choice by countries of a globalization scenario would lead to GM.

The Eurasian Model of International Labour Legislation in the Context of Globalization

The current article seeks to provide a comparative legal analysis of the Eurasian model of international labor legislation. It explores the multi-layered nature of contemporary international labor law in the context of globalization and regionalization, emphasizing the growing importance of cross-border legal labor standards in regional structures in the early 21st century and defines how global and regional cross-border legislation is incorporated on the basis of in favorem. The authors propose their own original concept of international labor legislation, based on the four characteristics: 1) The overall aim of legal regulation; 2) The extent of integration within those regulations; 3) Sources of labor law and their characteristics; 4) Systems of international control over labor rights. To define an original model for the legal regulation of labor, the authors investigate case studies of labour legal regulation in inter-state regional organizations including the European Union, the Council of Europe and ASEAN. The authors’ theoretical model identifies the defining features of Eurasia’s model of labor regulation. The research also follows the establishment and development of Eurasian labor law and attempts to give an informed judgment about its future path. In their conclusions, the authors assert that modern Eurasian labor law is a ‘live law’, still under development as it incorporates the non-uniform integration between the former Soviet Republics. Two primary trends leading regional co-operation in the labor market are identified: 1) A social model, implementing international labor rights across Eurasia; 2) An economic model, built on the free movement of labor in a common market. In today’s environment, the Commonwealth of Independent States goes some way toward representing the first trend through its attempts to serve as an international coordinating organization. The second trend is supported by supranational organizations promoting international integration, emphasizing the economic priorities of a common labor market (in this case, the EAEC) above social policy. The authors believe that, in the long term, Eurasian labor law at a supranational level should be developed via the EAEC to ensure a good balance between these social and economic models. This would include integration standards adopted in accordance with international labor rights, and the best practices of national labor legislation of its member states.

Международно-правовое сотрудничество в области трудовой миграции: от ЕврАзЭС к Евразийскому экономическому союзу

This article is devoted to the analysis of international and legal cooperation in the area of labor migration in the Eurasian Economic Community and the Eurasian Economic Union. The authors study background for the creation and history of the Common Economic Space and the Customs Union, one of the main purposes of which is the creation and operation of a common labour market. The authors perform the analysis taking into account similarities and differences of legal regulation of the issue under consideration in the European Union, and make comparison. The authors point out to the continuity problems of labour migration legal regulation within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union, including harmonization of legislation on labour migration of the Union’s member countries. The authors study the institutional system of the Eurasian Economic Community (Eurasian Economic Union) and powers of institutions in the field of labour migration, indicate the presence of special migration authorities in the EurAsEC and in the Eurasian Economic Union. Provisions of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union devoted to labour migration are analyzed. The authors note the probability that the law harmonization function will be implemented in the Eurasian Economic Union not through model laws but through international treaties and decisions of the Union’s institutions. The authors assume that the Eurasian Economic Union will work out the desired integration model, based not only on political and economic interests, but which will take into account civilizational peculiarities of the Eurasian region.

Life-Cycle Human Capital Accumulation Across Countries: Lessons from U.S. Immigrants

How much does life-cycle human capital accumulation vary across countries? This paper seeks to answer this question by studying U.S. immigrants, who come from a wide variety of countries but work in a common labor market. We document that returns to potential experience among U.S. immigrants are higher on average for workers coming from rich countries than for those coming from poor countries. To understand this fact we build a model of life-cycle human capital accumulation that features three potential theories, working respectively through cross-country differences in: selection, skill loss, and human capital accumulation. To distinguish between theories, we use new data on the characteristics of immigrants and non-migrants from a large set of countries. We conclude that the most likely theory is that immigrants from poor countries accumulate relatively less human capital in their birth countries before migrating. Our findings imply that life cycle human capital stocks are on average much larger in rich countries than poor countries.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.

Migrační politika jako předpoklad společného trhu práce v evropské unii

Beside the free movement of capital, goods and services, the right to free movement is an essential part of the single European market. A genuine European labour market implies the free movement of all workers, including those who are not EU citizens. The paper explores the background and the current state of the EU common migration policy towards non-EU citizens. The paper deals with two dimensions of migration policies - admission and mobility within the EU area. The aim of the paper is to answer the question whether a common labour market can be considered accomplished while the conditions of entry and mobility for third-country nationals substantially lack convergence. The analysis of the legislation and statistical data shows that third-country nationals are not part of the European labour market as such

Currency Wars

Currency Wars

Receiving Countries' Perspectives: The Case of Sweden

Sweden has made its labour market more open for labour immigration since the mid1990s: becoming member of the common labour market of EES/EU in 1994, no transitional rules introduced at the enlargement of European Union in 2004 and 2007, and opening up for labour migration from non-EES/EU countries in December 2008. The changes have led to increased labour immigration. The labour immigration expanded for example after the enlargement in 2004 but not so much as in for example the United Kingdom and Ireland. Other forms of immigration have been more important. On the other hand, the migration has been rather stable in the years after the crisis in 2008. The main explanation is most likely that the recession in Sweden was only for one year, 2009, and that it was concentrated to some parts of the manufacturing industry where few migrant workers were employed. If the present EMU crisis is spreading to Sweden the result may of course be different.

NORDIC COOPERATION IN CULTURE AND EDUCATION

The article is dedicated to the Nordic cooperation in culture and education as a basis of the subregional integration. Nordic countries actively develop interaction in these spheres today both because of the common historical and cultural roots and values and due to pragmatic reasons. Thus, it performs an important utilitarian function by serving the needs of the common labour market in the Nordic region, which faces challenging problems, such as low birth rates and aging of the population. It is formation and development of the common cultural, linguistic, educational, and social space that increase the effectiveness of the Nordic labour market. Special attention in the article is paid to specific tools and forms of cooperation in culture and education aimed at expert personnel training and easy enculturation of Nordic citizens in any country of the region. Wide range of instruments includes co-funded specialized organizations, committees, inter-state cultural funds, theme-based cultural programmes, regional projects and mobility projects, Northern cultural forums, the Nordic Council Prize, etc.