Common Items Research Articles

Observations of Gray Fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Schreber, 1775) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae) denning behavior in New Hampshire, USA

Dens are important for mammals because they provide protection for dependent young from weather and predators. Gray Foxes Urocyon cinereoargenteus are an understudied mesocarnivore that range across North and Central America, and have limited information available on demographics and denning behaviors. We monitored a Gray Fox den in New Hampshire over the course of three years (2017–2020) to quantify behaviors and document visitation and activity patterns of Gray Foxes and other mammal species. We observed Gray Fox pairs intensively using the den during parts of the first and second years of the study. Across the 949 trap nights over which we monitored the den, use by adult Gray Foxes peaked in spring – coinciding with the pup-rearing season. During this time, the adults were diurnal with peaks in the afternoon, opposed to being crepuscular at other times of the year. We did not observe any puppies during the first breeding season, but during the second year we documented a puppy emerging from the den on 24 May 2018. All excursions by the puppy outside the den for the first five days were restricted to the immediate area near the den entrance and the puppy was always with an adult when outside the den. During the puppy’s second solo excursion, however, we documented a Bobcat Lynx rufus pounce and kill the puppy, after which the adults abandoned the den. We also observed the common (squirrels and rabbits) and uncommon (a bat) prey items brought to the den, and the den being shared among multiple species. Our observations highlight the importance of dens for protecting young, and our observations of visitation and activity patterns, as well as common and uncommon prey, help inform our understanding of the denning behavior of Gray Foxes.

Resilience-happiness nexus in community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults: Results from Gan-Dau Healthy Longevity Plan

The core of healthy aging is intrinsic capacity (IC) that consists of major elements, i.e., cognition, locomotion, vitality, sensory capacity, and psychological aspect. This cross-sectional study analyzes data of the Gan-Dau Healthy Longevity Plan, targeting community-dwelling adults aged 50 years or older. The participants completed the assessment, in addition to WHO IC, including the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) for cognitive performance, 6 m walking speed (m/s),timed up-and-go test (s) and hand grip strength (Kg) for locomotor assessment, Cardiovascular health study (CHS) for frailty assessment, Mini Nutrition assessment short form (MNA-SF) for nutrition. Psychological aspect including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for sleep quality, the Geriatric Depression Scale-5 (GDS-5) for depressive symptoms, the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) for resilience, and the Chinese Happiness Inventory (CHI) for happiness levels. The study enrolled 810 participants (mean age of 68.45 ± 8.05 years, 32% male) and revealed that 94.7% of participants exhibited impairments in IC, with visual capacity and cognition being the most common deficit items of IC. Resilience levels varied, with 37.4% of men and 33.5% of women exhibiting moderate to low resilience. Only 23.4% of male participants and 21.1% female participants reported a high level of happiness. Resilience was found to partially mediate the relationship between intrinsic capacity and happiness, with approximately 6.6% of the variance in happiness being mediated by resilience. In conclusion, the study provides valuable insights into the connections between psychological aspect, IC, and healthy aging.

Parenthood in people with kidney failure: evolution and evaluation of completeness of ANZDATA registry parenthood data.

Parenthood data has been collected by the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry (ANZDATA) since its inception in 1968, with a specific parenthood survey since 2001 of core maternal and fetal outcomes, which was furtherexpanded in 2017 to collect additional obstetric and clinical data. We evaluated the parenthood dataset completeness over the evolution of the surveys. Descriptive statistics were used to quantify the completeness of data reported for male and female patients receiving KRT between 1963 and 2021 and compare parenthood surveys over time. Core data items consistently had more than 85% completeness rates for all survey iterations. Most data items introduced in 2018 had less than 85% completeness. Of these, drug therapy during pregnancy, common medical complications, and labour and delivery data items had the highest completeness (70-85%), whereas dialysis-related items had a wide range of completeness, ranging from 44 to 80%. Our findings underpin the robustness of the ANZDATA parenthood dataset but also highlight that more detailed clinical data can be difficult to capture, despite enabling better understanding of drivers of outcomes and risk stratification in this high-risk cohort. To overcome current limitations, strategies must be implemented to augment data completeness.

Telescoping prey selection in invasive Burmese pythons spells trouble for endangered rodents

The allometric scaling of predators and their prey is well established within snakes (i.e., gape-width limits maximum prey sizes). However, while some species exhibit ontogenetic shifts to larger prey as they grow, others exhibit telescoping prey selection and continue to consume small prey in addition to larger prey. The Burmese python (Python bivittatus) is a large dietary generalist constrictor native to Southeast Asia that is established in South Florida (USA). As part of survey efforts at the southern invasion front in the Florida Keys, we used camera traps to document predation on endangered Key Largo cotton mice (Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola) by an adult female Burmese python. These images represent the first photo documentation of predation attempts upon a federally endangered species in the python's invasive range, but we note three additional instances of Key Largo cotton mice in the gut contents of euthanized pythons from Key Largo. These observations suggest Burmese pythons exhibit telescoping prey selection behavior where even small rodents (<30 g) are viable prey for adult snakes. However, based on the number of documented strikes with failed predation events and low frequency of occurrence in gut contents, we suspect mice may be less common prey items for adult (i.e., >185 cm SVL) pythons relative to cotton mouse abundance in the environment. However, we also documented endangered Key Largo woodrats (Neotoma floridana smalli) and Key Largo cotton mice collecting and consuming the shed skins of pythons, which suggests the two rodent species remain naïve to the threat of these invasive predators. Further understanding of the impact of Burmese pythons on native prey communities can help inform efforts to minimize biodiversity loss along their invasion fronts.

The Relationship between Bullying and Emotional State among Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Cross-Sectional Correlation Study.

Bullying behavior by nursing students is a serious problem that has contributed to the drop in numbers in the nursing profession. The study investigated the relationship between bullying and the emotional state of undergraduate nursing students. The study used a cross-sectional correlation design with a sample of 286 undergraduate nursing students from multiple nursing colleges located in the western region of Saudi Arabia. The 21-item depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-21) was used to measure the study outcomes. A revised version of the Bullying Assessment Questionnaire was used to assess bullying experiences. Statistical analyses, including a t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and a one-way between-subjects ANOVA, determined the significance of the relationship between study variables. There was a high prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among Saudi nursing students. Most of the respondents reported mild to extremely severe symptoms of depression (58.7%), anxiety (58%), and stress (44.8%). Around 90.1% of the nursing students reported exposure to a form of bullying over the previous 12 months. The most common items reported as part of this behavior included continually being assigned tasks beyond their capacity. Family members were the most frequently reported source of bullying (29.8%), followed by nursing faculties (20.9%). Bullying behavior was positively correlated with students' scores for depression, r (284) = 0.49, n = 286, p < 0.01; anxiety, r (284) = 0.54, p < 0.01; and stress, r (284) = 0.56, p < 0.01. The study's findings raise concerns and highlight the importance of decreasing the risk of depression, anxiety, and stress among undergraduate nursing students. Nurse educators must ensure that students receive psychological support to decrease these psychological outcomes. Regularly monitoring bullying behavior is essential to maintain students' psychological stability, which could eventually reduce professional dropout rates.

Texture term usage and hedonic ratings in two age-diverse cohorts of Americans.

This study explores the use of food texture terms by adults in the northeastern United States. The purpose of the study was to compare the effect of food texture on food liking and texture term usage among age groups via two complementary online surveys that differed in the specific task given to participants. Survey 1 gathered common food items associated with 25 texture terms using open-ended questions from 345 participants (45% men, 55% women; age range = 20-79 years); it also collected liking scores for foods with these textures. Next, a new group of participants (n = 349, 46% men, 54% women; age range = 20-79 years) completed Survey 2, which asked them to match up to three texture terms to 32 different foods drawn from Survey 1, using a provided list of 35 texture terms. "Tough," "Chalky," and "Rubbery" had a negative impact on food liking scores while "Tender," "Juicy," and "Crispy" were associated with higher mean food liking scores. "Soft," "Crunchy," "Crispy," "Juicy," and "Greasy" were commonly used texture terms regardless of age. Within those aged 50-79 years, "Smooth," "Tender," "Crunchy," "Soft," "Moist," "Crispy," and "Creamy" were used more often while "Chalky," "Rough," "Mealy," "Foamy/Airy," "Gritty" were used less often. Our results identified commonly used texture terms and revealed differential usage in older and younger adults. These data deepen our understanding of the texture of foods in the modern food environment, highlightinghow texture perception may vary with age.

Smart Polymers for Soft Materials: From Solution Processing to Organic Solids.

Polymeric materials are ubiquitous in our everyday life, where they find a broad range of uses-spanning across common household items to advanced materials for modern technologies. In the context of the latter, so called "smart polymers" have received a lot of attention. These systems are soluble in water below their lower critical solution temperature Tℓ and often exhibit counterintuitive solvation behavior in mixed solvents. A polymer is known as smart-responsive when a slight change in external stimuli can significantly change its structure, functionm and stability. The interplay of different interactions, especially hydrogen bonds, can also be used for the design of lightweight high-performance organic solids with tunable properties. Here, a general scheme for establishing a structure-property relationship is a challenge using the conventional simulation techniques and also in standard experiments. From the theoretical side, a broad range of all-atom, multiscale, generic, and analytical techniques have been developed linking monomer level interaction details with macroscopic material properties. In this review, we briefly summarize the recent developments in the field of smart polymers, together with complementary experiments. For this purpose, we will specifically discuss the following: (1) the solution processing of responsive polymers and (2) their use in organic solids, with a goal to provide a microscopic understanding that may be used as a guiding tool for future experiments and/or simulations regarding designing advanced functional materials.

Spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy from multi-port to reduced-port surgery approach.

Minimally invasive pancreatic surgery via the multi-port approach has become a primary surgical method for distal pancreatectomy (DP) due to its advantages of lower wound pain and superior cosmetic results. Some studies have applied reduced-port techniques for DP in an attempt to enhance cosmetic outcomes due to the minimally invasive effects. Numerous recent review studies have compared multi-port laparoscopic DP (LDP) and multi-port robotic DP (RDP); most of these studies concluded multi-port RDP is more beneficial than multi-port LDP for spleen preservation. However, there have been no comprehensive reviews of the value of reduced-port LDP and reduced-port RDP. To search for and review the studies on spleen preservation and the clinical outcomes of minimally invasive DP that compared reduced-port DP surgery with multi-port DP surgery. The PubMed medical database was searched for articles published between 2013 and 2022. The search terms were implemented using the following Boolean search algorithm: ("distal pancreatectomy" OR "left pancreatectomy" OR "peripheral pancreatic resection") AND ("reduced-port" OR "single-site" OR "single-port" OR "dual-incision" OR "single-incision") AND ("spleen-preserving" OR "spleen preservation" OR "splenic preservation"). A literature review was conducted to identify studies that compared the perioperative outcomes of reduced-port LDP and reduced-port RDP. Fifteen articles published in the period from 2013 to 2022 were retrieved using three groups of search terms. Two studies were added after manually searching the related papers. Finally, 10 papers were selected after removing case reports (n = 3), non-English language papers (n = 1), technique papers (n = 1), reviews (n = 1), and animal studies (n = 1). The common items were defined as items reported in more than five papers, and data on these common items were extracted from all papers. The ten studies included a total of 337 patients (females/males: 231/106) who underwent DP. In total, 166 patients (females/males, 106/60) received multi-port LDP, 126 (females/males, 90/36) received reduced-port LDP, and 45 (females/males, 35/10) received reduced-port RDP. Reduced-port RDP leads to a lower intraoperative blood loss, a lower postoperative pancreatic fistula rate, and shorter hospital stay and follow-up duration, but has a lower spleen preservation rate.

Retrospective analyses of routine preoperative blood testing in a tertiary eye hospital: could Choosing Wisely work in China?

AimsTo explore the possibility of implementing Choosing Wisely on ocular patients in China by investigating the prevalence of abnormalities in routine preoperative blood tests (RPBTs) and its turnaround time (TAT).MethodsData...

Comparing different trend estimation approaches in country means and standard deviations in international large-scale assessment studies

One major aim of international large-scale assessments (ILSA) like PISA is to monitor changes in student performance over time. To accomplish this task, a set of common items (i.e., link items) is repeatedly administered in each assessment. Linking methods based on item response theory (IRT) models are used to align the results from the different assessments on a common scale. This work employs the one-parameter logistic (1PL) and the two-parameter logistic (2PL) IRT models as scaling models for dichotomous item response data. The present article discusses different types of trend estimates in country means and standard deviations for countries in ILSA. These types differ in three aspects. First, the trend can be assessed by an indirect or direct linking approach for linking a country’s performance at an international metric. Second, the linking for the trend estimation can rely on either all items or only the link items. Third, item parameters can be assumed to be invariant or noninvariant across countries. It is shown that the most often employed trend estimation methods of original trends and marginal trends can be conceived as particular cases of indirect and direct linking approaches, respectively. Through a simulation study and analytical derivations, it is demonstrated that trend estimates using a direct linking approach and those that rely on only link items outperformed alternatives for the 1PL model with uniform country differential item functioning (DIF) and the 2PL model with uniform and nonuniform country DIF. We also illustrated the performance of the different scaling models for assessing the PISA trend from PISA 2006 to PISA 2009 in the cognitive domains of reading, mathematics, and science. In this empirical application, linking errors based on jackknifing testlets were utilized that adequately quantify DIF effects in the uncertainty of trend estimates.

Stranded and floating marine debris detected along the coastline of Cabrera National Park (Balearic Islands)

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are managed to conserve ecosystems however increased reporting highlights the observations of marine debris within these areas. The coastline of Cabrera Natural Park (Cabrera MPA) was surveyed in February, March, May, and July of 2021 to evaluate the seasonal trend of marine debris between winter and summer months. A general value of 6.94 items/km, ranging from 4.38 ± 4.55 items/km in July to 12.57 ± 17.56 items/km in March, was detected with no statistical differences between areas or surveyed months. Abundance of stranded debris (77 %) was statistically higher than floating debris (23 %). Prevailed floating plastic pieces 2.5 >< 50 cm and stranded nets and pieces of nets >50 cm. Artificial polymer materials, non-sourced debris, and non-Single Use Plastics were the most common items identified. This study highlights the importance of applying mitigation measures to avoid the presence of marine debris in areas of ecological interest.

Habitat Use, Terrestriality and Feeding Behaviour of Javan Slow Lorises in Urban Areas of a Multi-Use Landscape in Indonesia

Urban areas are rapidly expanding into natural habitats worldwide. When species are threatened with habitat loss, it is vital to understand how they will respond or adapt to the change in their environment. One primate species threatened by habitat loss is the fully arboreal Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus). This non-leaping species not only relies on canopy continuity but is also subject to capture for illegal wildlife trade, especially in anthropogenic landscapes where they are easier to catch. We examine the use of urban areas by Javan slow lorises in terms of habitat use as well as feeding and terrestriality behaviours in the municipality of Cipaganti in West Java, Indonesia. For this study, we observed Javan slow lorises from May 2018 to April 2020 for two dry periods and two wet periods. We combined home ranges and core areas with a land cover classification of the area to understand the composition of the loris habitat. We also included feeding and terrestriality data to determine the ratio of these activities within each land cover class. We found that approximately half of their territory falls into natural areas (bamboo patches: 45–60%), and the other half is in human land use areas (agriculture, shade gardens, urban areas, and fallow land). Urban areas ranged from 0 to 54% of an individual loris’s habitat, with the proportion of urban land cover being higher in some individuals’ core areas than in their home ranges. Only urban areas showed a variation between periods, with p-values of 0.06 and 0.002 for home ranges and core areas, respectively, showing a significant increase usage during dry periods. Of all feeding observations, 4% occurred in urban areas with nectar being the most common feeding item. We recorded thirteen different food species in urban areas with Calliandra calothrysus being the most frequent. We found that 7% of terrestriality events occurred in urban areas. The findings from this study show that human land use areas cover a significant portion of the Javan slow lorises habitat in this region, further emphasising the need to consider the needs of these Critically Endangered primates when developing natural habitats into those of human managed landscapes. The same principles are true for the large number of species that are able to persist in urban areas in a world increasingly dominated by humans.

Integration of Historical Data for the Analysis of Multiple Assessment Studies

ABSTRACT Integrative data analyses have recently been shown to be an effective tool for researchers interested in synthesizing datasets from multiple studies in order to draw statistical or substantive conclusions. The actual process of integrating the different datasets depends on the availability of some common measures or items reflecting the same studied constructs. However, exactly how many common items are needed to effectively integrate multiple datasets has to date not been determined. This study evaluated the effect of using different numbers of common items in integrative data analysis applications. The study used simulations based on realistic data integration settings in which the number of common item sets was varied. The results provided insight concerning the optimal numbers of common items sets to safeguard estimation precision. The practical implications of these findings in view of past research in the psychometric literature concerning the necessary number of common item sets are also discussed.

Comprehensive review of nickel biogeochemistry, bioavailability, and health risks in the environment

AbstractElevated nickel (Ni) content in soils and water cause a potential threat to food safety and human health. Owing to its numerous uses from common domestic items to industrial usage, it is vital to assess its bioavailability and speciation in the natural environment. In this review, the biogeochemical cycling of Ni in the natural environment and numerous aspects like dissolution, reducing‐oxidizing condition, pH, precipitation, and biological transformations have been briefly discussed. Moreover, health risks associated with Ni have been assessed based on the datasets (soil samples from diverse countries) collected from the literature, and it exerts various health perils in humans for example punctures of the nasal septum, prolonged rhinitis, and contact dermatitis instigated by the absorption of Ni‐metal dust, Ni alloys, and Ni salts on injured skin etc. The carcinogenic and non‐carcinogenic risks inferences showed that dermal interaction is the foremost method of revelation, and children are more susceptible than adults. The findings of this study will be significant for scientists, environmentalists, and policymakers in making strategic strategies for environmental protection and strategic human health management to reduce Ni pollution in the natural environment.

Regional assessment of trash in Southern California coastal watersheds, United States

Trash impairment of watersheds has been recognized as a worldwide environmental problem. Trash monitoring in streams and rivers is necessary to enhance our understanding of its effects on freshwater habitats and the role of streams as a conduit for transport to marine environments. Southern California, with a population of over 22 million, is home to nearly 7,400 km of wadeable streams in watersheds spanning a variety of land uses, making it an ideal region to study the extent and magnitude of trash and trash types (plastic, metal, glass, etc.) and identify relationships between land use and the amount of trash. These data can be used to develop mitigation strategies and evaluate management successes. We found that 77% of Southern California’s coastal stream kilometers contained trash, with an estimated stock of 7 million pieces of trash. Of the types enumerated, plastic trash was the most ubiquitous, present in 69% of stream kilometers, and the most abundant, with an estimated stock of over 4.3 million pieces of plastic. The most common items were single-use plastic containers, wrappers, and plastic bags. Urban land use was associated with the greatest extent and magnitude of trash, with levels nearly double those found in open land uses. Trash was strongly associated with indicators of human activity and development in watersheds. Road density and proximity to roads and parking lots were strongly associated with increased trash in watersheds. This survey also suggested that management actions had a positive effect on trash count. After the previous trash survey in Southern California streams in 2011–2013, a statewide ban on plastic bags was implemented in 2016. We found a significant decrease in the number of plastic bags within streams in the present survey compared to the previous survey.

Investigation of Multidimensional Scale Transformation Methods Applied to Multidimensional Tests According to Various Conditions

The purpose of this study was to compare the equating errors of item and ability parameters obtained by performing scale transformation methods to two multidimensional test forms under various conditions. Sample size (1000-2000), common item ratio (20% and 40%), correlation between dimensions (0.1-0.5-0.9) and parameter estimation model (2PLM-3PLM) were taken as research conditions. Equating error (RMSE) was used to examine the accuracy of the scale transformation results. It was observed that the RMSE value generally decreased as the sample size and common item ratio increased and the correlation between dimensions decreased. Higher equating errors were obtained when the mean-sigma method was used. In the estimation of the discrimination parameter, lower RMSE values were obtained in 2PLM for all methods. In the estimation of difficulty and ability parameters, lower RMSE values were obtained in 2PLM for Stocking-Lord method and in 3PLM for mean-mean and mean-sigma methods.

Journey to the deep: plastic pollution in the hadal of deep-sea trenches.

The global increase of plastic production, linked with an overall plastic misuse and waste mismanagement, leads to an inevitable increase of plastic debris that ends up in our oceans. One of the major sinks of this pollution is the deep-sea floor, which is hypothesized to accumulate in its deepest points, the hadal trenches. Little is known about the magnitude of pollution in these trenches, given the remoteness of these environments, numerous factors influencing the input and sinking behavior of plastic debris from shallower environments. This study represents to the best of our knowledge the largest survey of (macro)plastic debris sampled at hadal depths, down to 9600 m. Industrial packaging and material assignable to fishing activities were the most common debris items in the Kuril Kamchatka trench, most likely deriving from long-distance transport by the Kuroshio extension current (KE) or from regional marine traffic and fishing activities. The chemical analysis by (Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy revealed that the main polymers detected were polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and nylon. Plastic waste is reaching the depths of the trench, although some of the items were only partially broken down. This finding suggests that complete breakdown into secondary microplastics (MP) may not always occur at the sea surface or though the water column. Due to increased brittleness, plastic debris may break apart upon reaching the hadal trench floor where plastic degrading factors were thought to be, coming off. The KKT's remote location and high sedimentation rates make it a potential site for high levels of plastic pollution, potentially making it one of the world's most heavily contaminated marine areas and an oceanic plastic deposition zone.

Omnichannel expansion for traditional retailers: Considering consumers' privacy concerns

AbstractDigital economy development is driving the profound revolution in omnichannel retail, yet digital technology inevitably raises privacy concerns. This paper examines the optimal pricing and service strategies for a traditional single‐channel retailer transitioning to omnichannel sales when the market has privacy issues. We construct a nonlinear constrained optimization model to discuss the retailer's optimal gains and pricing when faced with profit‐seeking and privacy‐sensitive consumers during the discount and full‐price periods. Besides, we analyze the influence of item privacy attributes and clients' profit‐seeking or strategic behavior. Several valuable findings are as follows. First, the product's privacy attributes significantly influence retailer's pricing decisions. High‐privacy value goods benefit them in the full‐price period, while common items with low‐privacy attributes are profitable in all sales periods. Second, profit‐seeking (myopic) consumers are the mainstay of the discount period, whereas privacy‐sensitive (strategic) consumers prefer to act in the full‐price period. Lastly, when supported by appropriate privacy services, the strategic actions of privacy consumers also help retailers to optimize profits.

Best practices on adopting open-source and commercial low-cost devices in small satellites missions

The NewSpace approach of utilizing CubeSats and smaller satellites for complex LEO missions that once were reserved only for bigger platform, paired with the requirement of enduring reliability and quality assurance on batches of tens of satellites, is paving the way for the use of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components in micro-satellite missions. The recent global supply chain issues and extended lead times in the procurement of micro-controllers, memories and passive electronic components, caused by the pandemic and factories shutdowns, have resulted in a forced procurement diversification of several key elements, even in partially assembled products.GAUSS has been designing, manufacturing, and launching Small Satellites since early 2000.Its tenth satellite, UNISAT-7, was launched by a Soyuz-Fregat LV on March 22nd, 2021. Thanks to the vast experience gained on the application of commercial components in all the subsystems developed by the company, the typical overall costs for a complete platform are substantially lower compared to competitors, while retaining similar reliability.UNISAT-7, developed using lean-satellite methodologies, included more than 28 independent subsystems with their own telemetry, and most of them were developed in-house using ground COTS components; no space-grade products were employed, to save on overall mission costs. Some systems were devised from the start using open-source hardware, to expedite the prototyping process, while having the benefit of using readily available software, generally included with these platforms. Raspberry embedded devices were employed on the flight model for two remote sensing systems, to test how such systems, duly adapted to sustain space conditions, may perform and show reliability similar to commercial space systems worth thousand times the value.All systems have been activated and successfully verified for an entire year in LEO. They were hardened for vacuum, extreme temperatures, radiation, and launch stresses using common items found in general hardware stores.This work will delve into the open-source/COTS components used, the process employed to strengthen them, and the programmed flight firmware routines for maximizing embedded devices’ reliability in space.

An analysis of the effectiveness of self-regulated learning program in the area of science and technology learning area for sixth-graders primary school students

&lt;p&gt;自主學習是可以被教導與學習的關鍵技能。本研究旨在採取「不等組前後測設計」的準實驗研究法及深度訪談，來評析國小六年級學生自然與生活科技領域自主學習方案。實驗結果、師生家長訪談均顯示：學生接受自主學習的方案實驗後，學習動機、自主共好等自主領域具顯著成長，學習策略則無顯著差異；實驗結果、師生家長的共同發現為自我效能、學習價值感、共好改善等三項自主行為具顯著成長，其餘六項自主行為的發現則有所差異。實驗組學生經方案實驗處理後，其在自然與生活科技領域的期末評量成績未顯著優於對照組，然師生家長均反應其能實踐自主學習。&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Self-regulated learning is a key skill that can be taught and learned. This paper mainly uses the nonequivalent pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design, and in-depth interviews to evaluate the self-regulated learning program in the area of science and technology for sixth-grade students of primary school. The results of the experiment, as well as the results of interviews with teachers, students, and parents, show that: after students have undergone the experiment of self-regulated learning programs, there has been significant growth in self-regulated learning fields such as learning motivation and the autonomous common good, while there are no significant differences in learning strategies; moreover, it is also found that the autonomous behavior of self-efficacy, learning value and common good improvement items has significant growth, and the other six items are different. There are some differences in the discovery of autonomous behavior. After the experimental process of this program, the final evaluation scores of students in the experimental group are not significantly better than those in the control group in the area of science and technology. However, the parents of the students and teachers all reflect that students can practice self-regulated learning.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;