Common Ingredients Research Articles

Integrated child mental health care provision in Pakistan: End-user and provider perspectives

PurposeChildren in majority world countries (MWC) have high rates of unmet mental health needs, with limited access to specialist resources. Integration of child mental health in existing psychosocial care can improve provision. Through a Train-the-Trainer (ToT) cascade approach, this study aimed to provide a framework for such integration in resource-constrained communities in Karachi, Pakistan and to establish hindering and enabling factors.Design/methodology/approachEight practitioners attended a child mental health ToT program, including training on a five-domain service transformation framework. Trainers co-designed and implemented interventions that integrated child mental health knowledge and skills on each domain. These were attended by 136 end-users (youth, parents, teachers, managers), of whom a sub-sample of 47 stakeholders, as well as the trainers, attended focus groups on their experiences. Data were analysed through a thematic codebook.FindingsEstablished themes reflected common ingredients across all domains/interventions that were deemed important for child mental health care integration. These included child-centric approaches, positive parenting, community mobilization and systemic changes.Originality/valueIntegrated child mental health care informed by the Train-of-Trainer approach can be a useful model for resource-constrained MWC contexts. Integrated interventions should be co-produced with communities.

Component composition and biological activity of essential oil of plant Zinnia elegans

By the method of steam distillation, samples of essential oil were obtained from a plant cultivated in the East Kazakhstan region. The essential oil was obtained with a yield in terms of air-dry raw materials. The method of gas-liquid chromatography carried out a quantitative analysis of the components of the essential oil. The quantitative content of essential oil components was calculated from the areas of gas chromatographic peaks without using correction factors. The main components of Zinnia elegans essential oil are α-terpineol, β-myrcene, myrtenal and camphene. Terpineol has a pleasant, lilac-like odor and is a common ingredient in perfumes, cosmetics, and fragrances. Pleasant smelling oily liquid. Myrcene has a large number of beneficial properties for the body, whether pure or in aromatherapy through the essential oils that contain it: Sedative and muscle relaxant, anti-inflammatory, interferon inhibition, gastric and duodenal ulcers, antalgic and antinociceptive, reduces sensitivity to pain by self-healing endogenous derivatives of morphine. Myrtenal - has an anti-inflammatory, resolving effect on acne, infiltrates. Increases the protective barrier of the epidermis. Antioxidant, rejuvenating. Camphene components are effective in the treatment of fungal, viral and bacterial infections that affect the respiratory system.

Efficacy of Common Ingredients in Over‐the‐Counter Memory Supplements

AbstractBackgroundThe Global Brain Health Supplement Industry Market size was valued at 7.6 billion U.S. dollars. It is predicted to increase to 15.59 billion U.S. dollars by 2030. Memory and enhancement is a segment of the market that comprised the highest global revenue share in 2021.MethodAn extensive review of current supplements on the market was performed by surveying products for sale at local and national pharmacies and grocery stores. A list of 103 supplements was compiled and the most common ingredients in these supplements were identified. Scientific data relative to these ingredients was searched using PubMed and Cochrane library databases.ResultThere is not currently strong evidence that supports the clinical use of apoaequorin, ashwagandha, carnitine, choline, coenzyme q10, coffee extract, ginger, ginkgo biloba, Huperzine A, lion’s mane, l‐theanine, omega‐3 fatty acids, phosphatidylserine, polyphenol, turmeric, vitamin B9, vitamin B12, vitamin D, or vitamin E supplementation for memory improvement.ConclusionDietary supplements geared toward improving cognition are a billion‐dollar industry that continues to grow despite lacking a solid scientific foundation for their marketing claims. More rigorous studies are needed relative to the long‐term use of these supplements in homogenous populations with standardized measurements of cognition.

News Brief: Common active ingredient in cold medicine deemed ineffective.

News Brief: Common active ingredient in cold medicine deemed ineffective.

Chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of essential oils from Ccyphostemma adenocaule and Ziziphus spinachristi

In the present work, the chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant potencies of essential oils (EOs) extracted from the leaves and roots of Cyphostemma adenocaule and Ziziphus spinachristi were evaluated. Hydrodistillation was used to extract the EOs and the chemical compositions were analyzed by GC-MS. The antibacterial activity of the EOs were evaluated against four bacterial strains by agar disc diffusion method. Moreover, the antioxidant properties were evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay method. Perillyl alcohol (13.08%) and phytone (12.64%) were the major compounds detected in the leaves and roots of Cyphostemma adenocaule respectively. Whereas, nootkatone was the principal compound detected in the leaves (30.12%) and roots (26.52%) of Ziziphus spinachristi. The antibacterial activity results showed that, the EOs of Cyphostemma adenocaule and Ziziphus spinachristi displayed the highest inhibition zones against Streptococcus pyogenes (13.67 ± 0.34 and 12.67 ± 0.10 mm respectively) at 10 mg/mL. The antioxidant activity of the EOs were also promising, and the strongest IC50 value (4.15 µg/mL) was calculated for Ziziphus spinachristi (leaves). Thus, the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of the EOs enlighten the use of these plants for the aforementioned activities and as a common ingredients in cosmetic applications.
 KEY WORDS: Essential oils, Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant activity, Cyphostemma adenocaule, Ziziphus
 Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(1), 167-186. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i1.13

Aerobic biotransformation of 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate in soils from two aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF)-impacted sites

Although 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS) is a common ingredient in aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) formulations, its environmental fate at AFFF-impacted sites remains poorly understood. This study investigated the biotransformation of 6:2 FTS in microcosms prepared with soils collected from two AFFF-impacted sites; the former Loring Air Force Base (AFB) and Robins AFB. The half-life of 6:2 FTS in Loring soil was 43.3 days; while >60 mol% of initially spiked 6:2 FTS remained in Robins soil microcosms after a 224-day incubation. Differences in initial sulfate concentrations and the depletion of sulfate over the incubation likely contributed to the different 6:2 FTS biotransformation rates between the two soils. At day 224, stable transformation products, i.e., C4C7 perfluoroalkyl carboxylates, were formed with combined molar yields of 13.8 mol% and 1.2 mol% in Loring and Robins soils, respectively. Based on all detected transformation products, the biotransformation pathways of 6:2 FTS in the two soils were proposed. Microbial community analysis suggests that Desulfobacterota microorganisms may promote 6:2 FTS biotransformation via more efficient desulfonation. In addition, species from the genus Sphingomonas, which exhibited higher tolerance to elevated concentrations of 6:2 FTS and its biotransformation products, are likely to have contributed to 6:2 FTS biotransformation. This study demonstrates the potential role of biotransformation processes on the fate of 6:2 FTS at AFFF-impacted sites and highlights the need to characterize site biogeochemical properties for improved assessment of 6:2 FTS biotransformation behavior.

Overview of the principle of detecting whitening components by high performance liquid chromatography

With the scientific development of chemical technology and life technology, more and more substances have been discovered and applied to current human production and life. In the process of substance analysis and identification, effective detection tools are needed to accurately identify substances. As a rapidly developing and efficient detection method, HPLC has been widely used in the detection of various cosmetic substances, including nicotinamide, firstly introduces the development background of HPLC, the importance of skin whitening in today's society, and some common whitening ingredients and principles. The application of HPLC in the determination of niacinamide, 3-o-ethyl ascorbic acid and α-arbutin is introduced in the following, and the detection principle and advantages and disadvantages of using HPLC for detection are analyzed. Finally, we analyze and summarize the factors that affect HPLC detection. This approach can be used for market research and quality control of functional cosmetics.

Dynamics in the Bioeconomy: Markets for Amino Acids and Insect Biomass

SummaryWhile the bioeconomy permeates all sectors, respective markets are subject to different dynamics. Markets for bio‐based amino acids and insect biomass illustrate this. The global and EU markets for bio‐based amino acids are well‐established and growing. However, the increase in production in the EU of some ‘new’ amino acids is much smaller than the decrease in production of well‐established lysine and threonine that has resulted from the relocation of the production of these amino acids from the EU to Asia (an effect of higher production costs and stricter environmental standards in the EU). The result is that overall production of amino acids has decreased significantly.The market for insect biomass is just emerging in the EU. Production is low, but companies are starting to upscale. The animal feed market is a major target market for free amino acids and insect biomass. Free amino acids are classified as feed additives and placing them on the feed market is costly. Insect meal is a feed material and placing it on the market is quite straightforward, although its use in feed for poultry and pigs was approved only in September 2021. Free amino acids are common ingredients of animal feed, but their use is prohibited in organic farming. The use of insect meal in organic farming is not prohibited, but a corresponding certification is not yet developed in the EU.

The effect of curcumin supplementation on circulating adiponectin and leptin concentration in adults: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

Curcumin is a phytocompound found in the root of turmeric, a common herbal ingredient in many Asian cuisines. The compound contains anti-inflammatory activity, which is mediated through an upregulation of adiponectin and reduction of leptin. Results of randomised controlled trials (RCT) have shown that the effects of curcumin on adipokines are conflicting. Therefore, the current systematic review and meta-analysis of RCT were conducted with the aim of elucidating the role of curcumin supplementation on serum adiponectin and leptin. The search included PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar from inception to August 2023. For net changes in adipokines, standardised mean differences (SMD) were calculated using random effects models. Thirteen RCT with fourteen treatment arms were eligible for inclusion in this meta-analysis. Curcumin supplementation was effective in increasing serum adiponectin (SMD = 0·86, 95 % CI (0·33, 1·39), P < 0·001; I2 = 93·1 %, P < 0·001) and reducing serum leptin (SMD = -1·42, 95 % CI (-2·29, -0·54), P < 0·001; I2 = 94·7 %, P < 0·001). In conclusion, curcumin supplementation significantly increased circulating adiponectin and decreased leptin levels in adults.

Hair Growth Promotion and Anti-Hair Loss Effects of By-Products Arabica Coffee Pulp Extracts Using Supercritical Fluid Extraction.

Coffee has been a common ingredient in many traditional hair loss remedies, but limited scientific evidence supports its use, particularly in coffee pulp. Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is caused by androgens, inflammation, and oxidative stress. In the present study, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was used under various conditions to obtain six coffee pulp extracts. The SFE-4 extract, using 50% (v/v) ethanol as a co-solvent at conditions of 100 °C and 500 bars for 30 min, exhibited the highest phenolic, flavonoid, and caffeine contents. Additionally, the SFE-4 extract increased the migration and cell proliferation of HFDPCs (human hair follicle dermal papilla cells), which control hair cycle regulation, and had scavenging effects on ABTS and DPPH radicals. Additionally, the SFE-4 extract showed potassium ion channel opener activity in HFDPCs, as well as a stimulation effect on the enzyme matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) (28.53 ± 1.08% of control), which may be related to the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene upregulation. In human prostate cancer cells (DU-145) and HFDPC cells, the SFE-4 extract significantly decreased the expression of SRD5A1, SRD5A2, and SRD5A3, an essential pathway involved in AGA. Hair growth factor genes in the Wnt/-catenin (CTNNB1) and Sonic Hedgehog (SHH, SMO, and GLI1) pathways could be significantly activated by the SFE-4 extract. These results imply that employing SFE in coffee pulp extraction could help AGA treatment by preventing hair loss and promoting hair growth pathways. This would help small coffee producers gain economic empowerment and ensure the long-term sustainability of agricultural waste utilization.

93 Animal Based Ingredients in Diets for Captive Exotic Animals

Abstract Animal managers in zoological facilities are faced with unique challenges when feeding large collections of species. Few nutrient requirements of exotic species are known or established; therefore, diet formulation is a series of scientific extrapolations, mingled with an understanding of natural history of individual species. Goals of nutrition programs in zoos also include supporting behavioral diversity. This leads to the use of a wide variety of animal-based ingredients within zoo nutrition programs to support species across multiple taxa inclusive of amphibians, reptiles, avians, mammals and fish. Commonly used rendered protein ingredients such as fish meal and other meat meals are commonly used in extruded and processed diets developed for exotic species. For example, a commercially marketed extruded diet designed for cranes includes fish meal, porcine meat and bone meal and dried whey. An extruded diet for small exotic felids includes chicken meal, poultry by-product meal and fish meal. While these are commonly accepted animal-based ingredients across different animal industries, other animal protein ingredients are well-accepted in zoos and yet fail to reach general acceptance in other industries including pet food. Some of these common animal-based ingredients used in various zoo diets include insects, whole prey (rodents), raw meat (inclusive of horse and pork) and raw organ meats. These ingredients are often met with reluctance, misunderstanding, or dated information when applied to other animal industries. One example of dated information is the fear of using raw pork in relation to the risk of trichinella. The zoo nutrition industry may provide benefit to other animal industries when exploring opportunities to safely utilize and include novel animal-based ingredients in diet formulations.

94 Sustainable Feeding Solutions Across the Animal Kingdom: Identifying and Implementing

Abstract To meet planetary limits, proactive sustainable solutions must be rapidly elevated across various sectors of the feed industry, with attention from production/selection of raw ingredients through diet manufacturing and formulation processes to precision nutrition programs targeting all animal species including livestock and poultry, pets, and managed wildlife. Responsible sourcing encompasses commitments for tracking environmental impact metrics of feeding systems, with various public calculation tools available. Sustainability data are starting to be incorporated into ingredient descriptions and formulation software for more widespread and standard use as marketing, economic and/or important conservation messaging. Ingredient strategies for sustainable food systems include regenerative agriculture practices, which are typically more holistic and address local needs, with resultant environmental benefits such as decreased water use or increased soil health, biodiversity, and resilience. Substitution of pulses (peas, beans) or other proteins for soybeans, multiple layers/species incorporated into cropping systems, low water use ingredients (i.e., hempseed or sorghum) can result in more intact ecosystems, better water balance, reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and increased carbon sequestration, with measurable impacts. Such options will become even more critical for global health with continuing climate change. Bio-circularity, which increases the use of residues, by- and co-products, or incorporates excess food streams to provide value-added sustainable feedstuffs serves to decrease GHG emissions from landfills/compost and can reduce the risk of commodity crop land conversion. Such ingredients, often niche or opportunistic, represent nearly 30% of global feed intake and may decrease food-feed competition as well as free up global arable land. Byproduct portions often contain quite suitable nutritional as well as sustainable feed ingredient profiles, and can be further enhanced through dehydration, fermentation, or upcycling as dietary substrates for insects, which are then incorporated into diets as alternative protein sources. Examples of common circular ingredients include processed and spent fermented grains, as well as bakery, fruit/vegetable, and retail excesses. Feeding Innovations that improve the carbon footprint through increased efficiency, productivity and/or health can reduce pressure on production (both animal and feed manufacturing) landscapes. Enzymes, pro- and pre-biotics, and additives fit under this broad category, as do the use of single cell proteins and fermentation products. While specific ingredients may directly or indirectly reduce GHG emissions (seaweeds, tannins, fats) through impacts on the rumen or hindgut microbiota, innovations are not limited to diets per se but rather encompass technologies, tools and entire feeding systems. The use of harvested natural plant sources (e.g., Miscanthus spp. grass, wood sawdust, local browses) as low-starch fiber ingredients in addition to (or in lieu of) cultivated forages represents sustainable value-add products, contributing to improved animal health with a focus on local producers/communities; environmental impacts should be monitored. Similarly, harvest and processing of edible invasive species for consumption as part of sustainable management/eradication programs must be considered. Logistically, policy barriers and scaling such efforts may prove the biggest challenges both regionally and globally; nonetheless, sustainability efforts are essential.

PSVIII-11 Antinutritional Factors Are Largely Mitigated By Extrusion and Did Not Negatively Impact Digestibility of Canine Grain-Free and Grain-Inclusive Foods

Abstract Ingredients commonly used in companion animal foods, such as whole grains and legumes, naturally contain antinutritional factors (ANF). Some ANF are known contributors to reduced nutrient digestibility and bioavailability, potentially resulting in defective protein synthesis, which is one hypothesis of potential root cause(s) for dilated cardiomyopathy. Yet some ANF, such as trypsin inhibitor (TI) and isoflavones, may act as beneficial bioactives at lower inclusion levels. While various processing methods can impact the presence or activity of ANF, the purpose of this investigation was to assess the presence of ANF in ingredients commonly used in canine foods, the effect of extrusion on ANF, and the subsequent digestibility of foods formulated using different ingredient strategies. Four test foods were formulated to meet requirements for adult dogs at maintenance: 1) grain-inclusive without peas or potatoes, 2) grain-inclusive with peas and pea fiber, 3) grain-free with peas and potatoes, and 4) grain-free with potatoes (Table 1). Grains, legumes, plant proteins, and finished test foods were analyzed for 41 ANF. Percent destruction of ANF was calculated from the inclusion levels of ingredients in the formulations and the tested levels in finished foods. Digestibility studies were then conducted to assess macronutrient digestibility of the test foods. Cereal grains and soybean meal were the primary sources of ANF in raw ingredients. Phytic acid, TI, and isoflavones (daidzin and genistin) were the most common ANF measured in ingredients. Lectin was not detectable in any ingredients or test foods; tannins were detected only in soybean meal. Except for phytic acid and TI, ANF were effectively (&amp;gt;99%) destroyed by this extrusion process. Trypsin inhibitor was detectable at levels slightly above the detection limit (1000 TIU/g) in all finished test foods (Table 2; 1,200 to 1,700 TIU/g). Phytic acid was detectable (0.49 to 0.76%) in all finished test foods except for the grain-free with potatoes formulation. This was unsurprising as both are known to be resistant to inactivation by heat, pressure and steam. Despite their presence in finished test foods, apparent DM, carbohydrate (NFE), and energy digestibility were high (&amp;gt;80%) for all foods; apparent fat and true protein digestibility were &amp;gt;90% (Figure 1). These data demonstrate the effectiveness of this specific extrusion process to minimize or mitigate the majority of ANF in canine foods when formulated with a variety of common ingredients. Despite the presence of these ANF, test foods remained highly digestible, demonstrating the importance and effectiveness of balanced nutritional formulation in mitigating their effects. We assert that the presence or absence of ANF in ingredients should not, by itself, be the reason for use or avoidance of an ingredient. Additional factors such as the quality of the raw ingredient, processing methods, and overall nutritional design must be considered.

Investigation of optimum formulation for rice noodles fortified from marjoram, basil, spearmint, and skim milk powder

This study aimed to create an optimal formulation of fortified rice noodles (FRNs), incorporating spearmint, marjoram, and basil powders in varying proportions, along with skim milk powder (SMP) as a common ingredient. The objective was to make iron, folate, and vitamin B12 FRN with acceptable sensory quality. A panel of 28 experts evaluated the sensory quality of differently formulated noodles using fuzzy analysis and 9-point hedonic scale testing. Both sensory results rated the unfortified rice noodles highest and basil FRN lowest. The fuzzy analysis found spearmint FRN superior than marjoram FRN based on similarity value, but this finding was contradicted by the individual triplet values, overall sensory scores triplets, and overall membership function values. Instead, the 9-point hedonic test clearly indicated a preference for marjoram FRN, rating it between ‘liked slightly’ and ‘liked very much’. Overall, the results highlighted the superior sensory appeal of the marjoram FRN over the spearmint FRN, making it the recommended choice for FRN development. The optimal formulation consisted of 93.764 g of rice flour, 2.893 g of marjoram powder, and 3.434 g of SMP. The correlation analysis of sensory results showed meaningful correlations between color-appearance, stickiness-breakability, and taste-texture attributes of the noodles. The study's outcomes contribute to the development of nutritious fortified noodles using optimum formulation and utilization of marjoram powder, a rich source of iron and folate, thereby benefiting both consumers and the food industry.

Green and sustainable synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles for synergetic removal of melanoidin from ethanol distillery simulated model wastewater

This study investigates a novel approach for removal of melanoidin using Fenton oxidation process. Melanoidins are the biproducts of Maillard’s reaction involving polysaccharides and amino acids. Wastewater generated by ethanol distilleries utilize molasses, a common ingredient containing melanoidin, which is also toxic and imparts a dark color. Various wastewater treatments techniques are present, among which advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), particularly Fenton oxidation, have proven effective in eliminating melanoidins from wastewater. The novelty in this study is that green synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (FeO NPs) are used in replacement of ferric salts to enhance the Fenton oxidation process for efficient melanoidin removal. The green synthesis provides stability to FeO NPs. FeO NPs were extensively characterized using techniques like FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and EDX analyses. The analyses confirmed that the FeO NPs exhibited a crystalline structure, with an average size of 21.5 nm. The crucial element of this study is to deploy the FeO NPs to power the Fenton oxidation reaction for melanoidin removal.

The Effect of Various Insecticide Active Ingredients on the Intensity of Pest Attacks on Red Pepper Plants (Capsicum annuum L.)

Red Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) is an annuals of the eggplant family (Solanaceae). This plant comes from the American continent, precisely in the Peruvian area, and extends to other areas on the continent. The average consumption of red chili per capita of Indonesian people is 500 grams/year, 118,800 tons per year. Chili production in Indonesia has increased from year to year, in 2021 chili production reached 2,747,108 tons. Fruit caterpillars (helicoverpa armigera) are pests that often attack important plants in Indonesia. This pest usually attacks young fruits by making holes and eating them. An effort that farmers often make to control this pest is to use insecticides. Insecticides are chemicals that function to eradicate annoying insects. Common active ingredients applied for fruit caterpillar control are Chlorpyrifos, Chlorantraniliprol, Cipermethrin, Deltamethrin. This research was conducted in Ambit Village, Waled District, Cirebon Regency, West Java Province. The implementation time lasts for 3 months (July to September 2023). The method used in this study was Randomized Group Design (RGD) consisting of 5 treatments of various insecticide active ingredients and control (without treatment) repeated 5 times so that there were 25 experimental plots with treatment A (Chlorpyrifos), B (Chlorantraniliprol), C (Cipermethrin), D (Deltamethrin), and E (Control). The concentration of insecticide used is 2 ml / liter. The experimental results showed that the treatment of insecticide active ingredients had a real influence on the intensity of fruit caterpillar pest attacks (Helicoverpa amigera) and on other pests such as whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). Insecticides have no real effect on the intensity of chili plant disease attacks such as anthracnose disease (Colletotrichum gleosporioides). The insecticide applied also does not cause phytotoxicity to the growth of chili plants. The active ingredients of insecticides Chlorpyrifos, Chlorantraniliprol and Sipermethrin gave better results when compared to Deltrametrin and control insecticides. Thehighest harvest result was obtained from the treatment of the insecticide Chlorantraniliprol, as much as 10.31 kg/plot, or equivalent to 10.31 tons/ hectare.

PSVI-11 Evaluation of the Acid Binding Capacity of Ingredients and Complete Diets Commonly Used for Weanling Pigs

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to measure acid-binding capacity at a pH of 4 (ABC-4) of common feed ingredients and determine additivity in diets. Ingredient categories included: cereal grains, vegetable proteins, animal proteins and milk, vitamin premixes and minerals, amino acids, and fiber sources. A 0.5 g sample of each ingredient was suspended in 50 mL of distilled deionized water and titrated with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid. Sample ABC-4 was calculated as the amount of acid in milliequivalents (meq) required to reduce and maintain 1 kg of ingredient to a pH of 4 with a smaller number believed to be more advantageous. Cereal grains were found to have decreased ABC-4 compared with other ingredients (Table 1). Vegetable proteins had greater ABC-4 with more variation than cereal grains. Soybean meal (SBM) had an ABC-4 of 602 ± 28.2 meq/kg. Soy protein concentrate (737 ± 165.0 meq/kg) and enzymatically treated soybean meal (ESBM; 753 meq/kg) had greater ABC-4 compared with SBM while fermented soybean meal (FSBM; 207 ± 100.0 meq/kg) was less. Fish meal (1,380 ± 150.9 meq/kg) had greater ABC-4 compared with all analyzed vegetable proteins. Spray dried whey powder and whey permeate had slightly less ABC-4 than that of soybean meal with values of 440 and 520 meq/kg, respectively. Zinc oxide (ZnO) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) had the greatestt ABC-4 among all ingredients with values of 21,863 ± 598.7 and 18,384 ± 769.7 meq/kg, respectively. Following ingredient analysis, a series of diets were created and analyzed to determine additivity by comparing the differences between calculated and analyzed ABC-4. All analyzed diets had less ABC-4 than calculated values; however, analyzed ABC-4 increased in the same magnitude as the calculated values across diets. The first series of diets were arranged in a 2 × 5 factorial consisting of increasing CaCO3 with or without ZnO. There was a ZnO × CaCO3 interaction (P = 0.020) for difference between calculated and analyzed ABC-4 where differences between calculated and analyzed ABC-4 increased (linear, P &amp;lt; 0.001) as CaCO3 increased in diets without ZnO, but not in diets with ZnO. The second series of diets consisted of different levels of SBM with either FSBM or ESBM included at 5% of the diet. Differences between calculated and analyzed values were not different between treatments (P = 0.640). In conclusion, perfect ABC-4 additivity in complete diets was not realized due to lower analyzed than calculated values; however, analyzed ABC-4 still increased as calculated values increased. These data suggest that diet ABC-4 can be adjusted through selection of ingredients but feeding trials are needed to determine its impact on pig performance.

The Potential of Whole Soya Bean Meal in Raising Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus, L.) Fingerlings

An eight-week experimental study was undertaken to determine the effect of whole soya bean meal (SBM) with reference to common fish feed ingredients, consisting of Omena (Rastineobola argentea) meal (RAM), Freshwater shrimp (Caridina niloticus) meal (CNM) and commercial fish meal (CFM, control diet) on water quality, growth performance and survival of O. niloticus fingerlings.

Presence of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and other (meth)acrylates in nail cosmetics, and compliance with EU legislation: An online market survey.

During the last 15-20 years, allergic contact dermatitis from acrylates-containing nail cosmetics (acrylic nails, gel nails, gel nail polish) has been increasingly reported. 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) is considered to be the major allergenic culprit; few data on its presence in nail cosmetics are available. To investigate (1) the frequency in which HEMA and di-HEMA trimethylhexyl dicarbamate are present in nail cosmetics; (2) whether nail cosmetics comply with EU regulations; (3) which other (meth)acrylates are present in nail cosmetics and how often. One-line market survey. HEMA was present in nearly 60% of 394 cosmetic nail products and di-HEMA trimethylhexyl dicarbamate in 34%. Mandatory warnings on the packages of products containing HEMA were absent in 35% ('For professional use only') resp. 55% ('Can cause an allergic reaction'). Forty-five other (meth)acrylates were identified, of which the most frequent were hydroxypropyl methacrylate (25%), isobornyl methacrylate (16%) and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (12%). Some ingredient lists mentioned non-INCI names or non-specific names. HEMA was by far the most common ingredient of nail cosmetics, being present in nearly 60% of the products. Violations of EU legislation occurred in >30% (mandatory warnings missing) resp. 10% (mislabelling) of nail cosmetics.

Quantitative Textural and Rheological Data on Different Levels of Texture-Modified Food and Thickened Liquids Classified Using the International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI) Guideline.

Diet modification is a common compensation strategy to promote swallowing safety in patients with swallowing difficulties. The International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI) guideline provides qualitative descriptions on texture-modified food and thickened liquid. This study aimed to establish quantitative textural and rheological data on different IDDSI levels based on common Chinese ingredients and dishes. Textural and rheological properties of 226 samples of various food textures and 93 samples of various liquid consistencies were obtained using a texture profile analysis (TPA) and viscometer, respectively. The establishment of such quantitative data can be used for future texture-modified food product development and research purposes.