Common Inductor Research Articles

Ladder-type bulk acoustic wave filter with common ground inductor

The present invention relates to a ladder-type bulk acoustic wave filter with a common ground inductor, which obtains high attenuation in a high frequency stop band adjacent to a pass band without the insertion loss degradation of the pass band, so that the ladder-type bulk acoustic wave filter is useful as a transmit filter. According to the present invention, the plurality of shunt resonators are commonly grounded through the inductor, so that zeros are generated due to the interaction between the stray capacitance of shunt resonators and the common ground inductor, thus improving attenuation characteristics in a high frequency stop band.

Fabrication of interface elements for oxide RSFQ circuits

RSFQ circuit elements were fabricated based on the YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ ramp-edge junctions and their characteristics were investigated. In particular, two types of interface circuits were designed, fabricated and their amplification functions were evaluated. The interface circuits comprised series array of SQUID's that shared a common inductor each other. Each SQUID was switched between zero voltage state and voltage state by current injection. Input signal was AC Josephson current for the type-one interface circuit. The input signal was an SFQ for the type-two interface circuit. Both interface circuits could successfully be operated. In particular, an output voltage more than 1 mV was obtained for the type-one interface circuit that comprised the stack of five SQUID's.

Electron microscopical analysis of Drosophila polytene chromosomes. II. Development of complex puffs.

Data are presented of electron microscopic (EM) analysis of consecutive developmental stages of Drosophila melanogaster complex puffs, formed as a result of simultaneous decondensation of several bands. EM mapping principles proposed by us permitted more exact determination of the banding patterns of 19 regions in which 31 puffs develop. It is shown that 20 of them develop as a result of synchronous decondensation of two bands, 7 of three and 4 of one band. Three cases of two-band puff formation when one or both bands undergo partial decondensation are described. In the 50CF, 62CE, 63F and 71CF regions puffing zones are located closely adjacent to each other but the decondensation of separate band groups occurs at different puff stages (PS). These data are interpreted as activation of independently regulated DNA sequences. The decondensation of two or three adjacent bands during formation of the majority of the puffs occurs simultaneously in the very first stages of their development. It demonstrates synchronous activation of the material of several bands presumably affected by a common inductor. Bands adjacent to puffing centres also lose their clarity as the puff develops, probably due to "passive" decondensation connected with puff growth. The morphological data obtained suggest a complex genetic organisation of many puffs.

Adaptive changes in gluconeogenic enzymes in rat liver and kidney during long-term ethanol ingestion

Activities of three hepatic and renal gluconeogenic enzymes, phosphoenol-pyruvate carboxykinase (PEP carboxykinase), fructose-1, 6-diphosphatase (FD-Pase), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), together with plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and glucagon (IRG) concentrations and the main parameters of carbohydrate metabolism, were measured in rats fed on liquid diets in which 36% of the total energy intake was derived from ethanol. Experiments were conducted both on medium fat and high fat (10% and 40% of total energy from fat respectively) diets. Two types of control diet were used, one in which ethanol was replaced by glucose (type I) and one (type II) in which it was replaced by glucose and fat in the same ratio as in the corresponding ethanol diet. PEP carboxykinase and FDPase showed statistically significant ethanol-induced increases (16%–40%) in both the medium fat and high fat diet groups, but the increases in hepatic G6Pase, although qualitatively similar, were not statistically significant. The renal enzyme activities increased to approximately the same extent, the increases varying from 3% to 40% in different groups. No statistically significant differences were found between the animals fed on the two types of control diet. No marked ethanol-induced changes were shown in plasma IRG concentrations, but plasma IRI concentrations tended to be lower in the groups receiving ethanol than in the control groups in both sets of experiments. The results show that the ethanol-induced inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis initiates compensatory mechanisms which, in long-term experiments, result in an increase in the maximum activity of the adaptive enzymes of gluconeogenesis both in liver and kidney, probably indicating regulation at the level of the tissue concentration of the enzyme protein. The similarity of the changes in the kidney and liver is suggestive of a common inductor for the gluconeogenic enzymes in both organs. The possible mediators of enzymic adaptation are discussed.