Common Indices Research Articles

Species and structural diversity of trees at the structural type level

BackgroundSpecies and structural diversity are important for understanding the formation of forest communities, key ecological processes, and improving forest ecological functions and services, but their spatial characteristics have received little attention. Based on the spatial relationships among neighbouring trees, we proposed to divide trees within a structural unit into 15 structural types, and used the univariate distributions of the uniform angle index (W), mingling (M), and dominance (U), along with four common species diversity indices, to analyse the diversity of structural types in natural forests near the Tropic of Cancer.ResultsOnly a portion of clumped class maintained aggregation, most exhibited a random pattern. Species mixture increased exponentially across distribution classes, and abundance and richness exhibited an initial increase followed by a slight decrease. The distribution patterns of mixture classes varied from highly clustered to random, and M distributions gradually shifted from an inverted J-shaped curve to a J-shaped curve. Abundance and richness exhibited an exponential distribution, whereas the Shannon–Wiener index increased linearly. The W distribution of differentiation classes approximated a normal distribution, whereas M distributions exhibited a J shape. The U distribution of each structure type was approximately 0.2.ConclusionsThese results reveal the species and structural diversity characteristics of trees at the structural type level and expand our knowledge of forest biodiversity. The new method proposed here should significantly contribute to biodiversity monitoring efforts in terrestrial ecosystems, and suggests that higher standards for the simulation and reconstruction of stand structure, as well as thinning in near-natural forests, is warranted.

Prognosis versus Actual Outcomes in Stereotactic Radiosurgery of Brain Metastases: Reliability of Common Prognostic Parameters and Indices.

This study aims to evaluate the clinical outcome of stereotactic radiosurgery as the sole treatment for brain metastases and to assess prognostic factors influencing survival. A total of 108 consecutive patients with 213 metastases were retrospectively analyzed. Treatment was determined with close-meshed MRI follow-up. Various prognostic factors were assessed, and several prognostic indices were compared regarding their reliability to estimate overall survival. Median overall survival was 15 months; one-year overall survival was 50.5%. Both one- and two-year local controls were 90.9%. The rate of new metastases after SRS was 49.1%. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors revealed that the presence of extracranial metastases, male sex, lower KPI, and progressive extracranial disease were significant risk factors for decreased survival. Of all evaluated prognostic indices, the Basic Score for Brain Metastases (BSBMs) showed the best correlation with overall survival. A substantial survival advantage was found for female patients after SRS when compared to male patients (18 versus 9 months, p = 0.003). SRS of brain metastasis is a safe and effective treatment option when frequent monitoring for new metastases with MRI is performed. Common prognostic scores lack reliable estimation of survival times. Female sex should be considered as an additional independent positive prognostic factor influencing survival.

Molecular Characterization of Plasmid-mediated Quinolone Resistant Salmonella typhi From Patients Attending Federal Medical Center, Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria

Aims: This study investigates and reports the detection of qnr genes (plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance PMQR) in S.typhi isolated from stool of patients with suspected typhoid fever, in Federal Medical Center, Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, between October 2022 and November 2023. Methodology: Salmonella typhi was isolated from stool of patients with suspected typhoid fever using standard culture and microbiological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed using the disc diffusion method to investigate the ability of S. typhi to resist some antibiotics. Qnr genes (qnrC,qnrD,qnrS) were detected by PCR and amplification. Results: 17 out of 150 (11.3%) of the samples collected had S.typhi. Antibiotic resistance in the isolates in decreasing order were as follows: cefotaxime (100.0%), amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid (94.1%), nalidixic acid (94.1%), cefuroxime (94.1%), imipenems (88.2%), ceftriaxone/sulbactam (82.4%), ciprofloxacin (82.4%), gentamicin (58.8%), levofloxacin (47.1%) and ofloxacin (29.4%).The commonest antibiotic resistant phenotype was AUG- CTX-IMP-OFX-CN-NA-CXM-CRO-CIP-LBC at 29.4%. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) was observed in 100% (17/17) of the isolates with the common MAR indices being 1.0 (29.4%), 0.7 (23.5%), 0.8 (17.6%) and 0.5 (17.6%). 33.3% of the isolates in FMCJ were positive for qnrC,qnrD,qnrS,qnrA+qnrC and qnrS+ aac(6′)-Ib-cr as all of qnrC qnrD,and qnrS genes were all expressed in the isolates. Conclusion: The S. typhi isolates showed lower resistances to ofloxacin, levofloxacin, and gentamicin, and all isolates were MAR, with resistance to 10 antibiotics being the most predominant. In addition, qnrC,qnrD, and qnrS resistance genes were all expressed in the isolates.

MeSH-Based Semantic Weighting Scheme to Enhance Document Indexing: Application on Biomedical Document Classification

Document indexing phase plays a significant role in text mining applications such as text document classification. The common indexing paradigm is based on terms frequency in documents known as Bag Of Words (BOW)-based representation approach. However, such classical approach suffers from ambiguity and disparity of words. In addition, traditional term weighting schemes, such as TF-IDF, exploit only the statistical information of terms in documents. To overcome these problems, we have been interested in biomedical semantic document indexing using concepts extracted from the knowledge resource MeSH. Thus, we have focused first on a disambiguation method to identify the adequate senses of ambiguous MeSH concepts and we have considered four representation enrichment strategies to identify the best appropriate representatives of the adequate sense in the textual entities representation. Second, we propose to introduce a semantic weighting scheme that quantifies MeSH concept’s importance in documents through their occurrence frequency and semantic similarities with unambiguous MeSH concepts. Our contribution lies particularly in the in-depth experimental study of the performance of these methods and precisely the impact of the semantic weighting scheme on the performance. To do that, three benchmark datasets TREC 2004 genomics, BioCreative II and OHSUMED were used.

Analysis of TBM tunneling performance based on mass fractal dimension of rock chips

The size of the rock chips and its particle size distribution can fully reflect the rock-breaking efficiency of the TBM, but the index that can comprehensively characterize the particle size distribution of rock chips has not yet been found to quantitatively evaluate the TBM tunneling efficiency. Based on the fractal theory, this study uses the mass fractal dimension to quantitatively analyze the particle size distribution of rock chips, and explores its relationship with TBM tunneling performance index. Field sieving tests were carried out on rock chips from two tunnel projects. According to the sieving test results, the mass fractal dimension of the rock chips is calculated as well as the correlation between it and common TBM performance evaluation indexes, average tunneling thrust is discussed. The research results show that the mass distribution of TBM rock chips has significant fractal and self-similar characteristics, the higher the content of large-size rock chips, the lower the content of small-size rock chips, the smaller the fractal dimension value. Simultaneously, under the same surrounding rock conditions, the mass fractal dimension of rock chips is positively correlated with the logarithm of specific energy and negatively correlated with the logarithm of coarseness index, which indicates that the smaller the fractal dimension, the higher the efficiency of rock breaking. It is demonstrated that the interval of TBM thrust force corresponding to smaller specific energy, larger coarseness index and smaller fractal dimension is the same, which can be determined as the optimal thrust interval.

Assessing the impact of transitioning to 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) on comorbidity indices.

This study aimed to support the implementation of the 11th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). We used common comorbidity indices as a case study for proactively assessing the impact of transitioning to ICD-11 for mortality and morbidity statistics (ICD-11-MMS) on real-world data analyses. Using the MIMIC IV database and a table of mappings between the clinical modification of previous versions of ICD and ICD-11-MMS, we assembled a population whose diagnosis can be represented in ICD-11-MMS. We assessed the impact of ICD version on cross-sectional analyses by comparing the populations' distribution of Charlson and Elixhauser comorbidity indices (CCI, ECI) across different ICD versions, along with the adjustment in comorbidity weighting. We found that ICD versioning could lead to (1) alterations in the population distribution and (2) changes in the weight that can be assigned to a comorbidity category in a reweighting initiative. In addition, this study allowed the creation of the corresponding ICD-11-MMS codes list for each component of the CCI and the ECI. In common with the implementations of previous versions of ICD, implementation of ICD-11-MMS potentially hinders comparability of comorbidity burden on health outcomes in research and clinical settings. Further research is essential to enhance ICD-11-MMS usability, while mitigating, after identification, its adverse effects on comparability of analyses.

Surgical excision and radiotherapy for brain metastasis from colorectal cancer: How frailty and comorbidity indices influence outcome.

The incidence of brain metastasis (BM) from colorectal cancer (CRC) is increasing. This study aims to identify the clinical prognosticators and evaluate the prognostic validity of common comorbidity indices in patients with BM from CRC. This retrospective single-center study analyzed 93 patients with BM from CRC who received surgical excision and/or radiotherapy. The clinical characteristics and prognostic indices including the 5-item modified frailty index (mFI-5) and prognostic nutritional index (PNI) were calculated from the collected patient data and analyzed. In this study, 66 (71.0%), 10 (10.8%), and 17 (18.3%) patients received whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) alone, surgery alone, and surgery plus WBRT, respectively. The median survival of all patients was 3.98 months (IQR: 1.74-7.99). The 2- and 3-year survival rates were 7.4% and 3.7%, respectively. Controlled primary tumor (p = 0.048), solitary BM (p = 0.001), surgery + radiation (p < 0.001), and greater PNI (p = 0.001) were independent predictors of favorable survival. In surgically treated patients, uncontrolled primary tumor (p = 0.006), presence of multiple BM (p < 0.001), and MFI-5 ≥ 2 (p = 0.038) were independent prognosticators. For patients who received WBRT, the presence of two (p = 0.004) or multiple (p < 0.001) BM and PNI (p < 0.001) were independent survival predictors MFI-5, multiple BM, and the status of the primary tumor were independent prognosticators for patients who underwent surgery for CRCBM. For patients who received WBRT, the PNI and the number of BM were independent survival predictors.

Power Data Access Viewer-Based Meteorological Drought Analysis and Rainfall Variability in the Nile River Basin

Meteorological drought poses a frequent challenge in the Nile River basin, yet its comprehensive evaluation across the basin has been hindered by insufficient recorded rainfall data. Common indices like the standard precipitation index, coefficients of variation, and precipitation concentration index serve as pivotal tools in gauging drought severity. This research aimed to assess the meteorological drought status in the Nile River basin by using the Power Data Access Viewer product rainfall data. Bias correction procedures were implemented to refine the monthly rainfall data for Bahirdar, Markos, Nekemt, and Muger stations, resulting in notable improvements in the coefficient of determination (R2) that were increased from 0.74 to 0.93, 0.72 to 0.89, 0.71 to 0.96, and 0.69 to 0.84, respectively. The average spatial distribution of drought in the Nile basin was classified as extremely wet (3.81%), severely wet (9.01%), moderately wet (7.36%), near normal (9.97%), moderately drought (21.20%), severely drought (17.11%), and extremely drought (31.54%). Approximately 10.33% of the Nile River basin was situated in regions characterized by high rainfall variability, while around 21.17% was located in areas with a notably irregular precipitation concentration index. Overall, this study sheds light on the prevailing meteorological drought patterns in the Nile River basin, emphasizing the significance of understanding and managing these phenomena for the sustainable development of the region.

On common index divisors and monogenity of septic number fields defined by trinomials of type $$x^7+ax^2+b$$

On common index divisors and monogenity of septic number fields defined by trinomials of type $$x^7+ax^2+b$$

Power Systems and Power Electronics using the DEMATEL Method

Energy and research on energy systems places a focus on all facets of electrical energy, as well as innovation in energy production and delivery, alternative resources, and efficient devices. Systems and equipment for converting, providing, and utilising energy as a kind of electricity are the subject of research initiatives. Power electronics are now a more integral part of power systems, enhancing quality and efficiency and fostering the gradual materialization of intelligent, efficient energy. Many different types of power electronics exist in power systems. The architectural study of changing electrical transformed from one medium to another is known as power electronics. Fields such as electronics reprocess or recover more than 80percent of the entire of the electricity produced at a world average rate of 3.4 billion kilowatts per hour each year. Power electronics converters, sometimes referred to as power converters or switching converters, are used to process or convert electrical energy. Electricity comes in two flavours: AC power and DC power. The distribution system is divided into AC distribution systems and DC distribution systems based on the type of power it uses. Power system analysis is an essential part of electrical power system design. Calculations and simulations are performed to verify that the electrical system, including the system components, is properly specified to perform as planned, withstand the expected stress, and be protected from failures. Advantages of Power Electronics: High power density electricity. Improved efficiency up to 99% in energy conversion. Because to its efficiency and dependability, switching power supply are also being used in medical devices with acoustically sensitive applications. Power system reliability, in general, relates to problems like service interruption and power outages. This is frequently described as a goal to try relying on codes specifically relevant to the consumer. SAIFI, SAIDI, and CAIDI are common dependability index values for US applications. DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) They are divided into analysis using the Nonmetal mineral product industry, General equipment manufacturing, Mining and washing of coal, Textile industry, Food manufacturing industry It is the interaction between the factors Visualized and assesses dependent relationships Through the structural model Also deals with identifying important. Power Electronics in Power Systems, Power Electronics in Transportation Systems, Energy Conservation, Heating &amp; Lighting Control and Renewable Energy Integration Power Systems and Power Electronics in Power Electronics in Power Systems is got the first rank whereas is the Energy Conservation is having the Lowest rank. Power Systems and Power Electronics in Power Electronics in Power Systems is got the first rank whereas is the Energy Conservation is having the Lowest rank.

Efficient trimethoprim removal via cooperation of radical and non-radical pathways in UV/peroxymonosulfate: Kinetics, mechanisms and disinfection by-products-associated risks

The efficient removal of trimethoprim (TMP) via cooperation of radical and non-radical pathways in UV/peroxymonosulfate (PMS) involving kinetics, mechanisms and disinfection by-products (DBPs)-associated risks were investigated. While UV or PMS alone showed negligible degradation, UV/PMS significantly improved the TMP elimination efficiency. The roles of involved radicals (SO4•− and HO•) and non-radical (singlet oxygen, 1O2) were distinguished. The contribution order was HO• (56.16%) > SO4•− (27.32%) > 1O2 (16.01%). The reaction rates of TMP with SO4•−, HO• and 1O2 were determined to be 2.05×109 M−1·s−1, 8.20×109 M−1·s−1 and 1.61×108 M−1·s−1. The effects of PMS dosages, pH, UV intensity, ions and nature organic matter (NOM) were explored comprehensively. Cl− had negligible influence, but HCO3−, SO42− and NH4+ all promoted the degradation rate, while NO3− displayed mild inhibition, which suggested that the non-radical 1O2 in UV/PMS can effectively resist the ions interference. The removal rate was certainly reduced by NOM and it correlated negatively with common organic indices. The energy demand of system was evaluated using electric energy parameters per order. The destruction pathways of TMP including hydroxylation, carbonylation, demethylation, hydrogen extraction and ipso substitution were proposed. Compared with UV, UV/Cl2 and PMS/Cl2 (for 1O2 scenario), UV/PMS displayed significant advantages for DBPs regulation in disinfection, while 1O2 induced more trichloromethane. It was specially highlighted the synergistic action of radical and non-radical pathways in UV/PMS. The data supported the advantages of UV/PMS for TMP-like pollutants in terms of removal efficacy, operational cost and DBPs-related toxicity control in water treatment.

CCTV Map Creation Method for Improving Fire Location Estimation

Fire detection using existing CCTV cameras is a method of detecting images by applying an analysis program to the installed cameras. However, it is difficult to determine the specific location of a fire in a space, and if the same fire is detected by different cameras, it may be recognized as a different fire. To solve this problem, we developed a method for automatically detecting the location and shape of a fire according to the overlapping area of images from multiple cameras. A basic map of the space (monitoring area) was constructed for the fire, smoke, and people, who are considered mobile objects to be detected. Spatial synchronization was achieved by recognizing the location of a moving object and assigning an index to it. Additionally, we developed an algorithm that calculates the location of the fire, and the location of the fire could be specified by crossing the spatial map for each camera to extract a common index.

Study on the Measurement of the Development Level of Common Prosperity

Constructing a comprehensive prosperity evaluation index system from the dimensions of “affluence” and “commonality,” consisting of 23 detailed indicators, this study utilizes the entropy method and provincial panel data from 2011 to 2020 to measure the level of common prosperity across Chinese provinces. The research findings indicate an overall upward trend in the common prosperity development level among provinces during the sample period. Beijing, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Guangdong, and Jiangsu exhibit the highest common prosperity indices at the provincial level. From a spatial perspective, significant disparities exist in the common prosperity levels among different regions. Consequently, policy recommendations are proposed: Tailoring strategies for regional development based on realities, reinforcing regional coordinated development, and promoting the advancement of common prosperity.

Remote sensing assessment of anthropogenic and climate variation effects on river channel morphology and vegetation: Impact of dry periods on a European piedmont river

AbstractRivers are subject to increasing human pressure, resulting in a loss of their natural characteristics, further enhanced by climate change. The present study focuses on a piedmont reach of the Italian Po River and combines Landsat satellite information with hydrological records to investigate changes in sandbars exposure and riparian vegetation coverage, considering the summer period of 1984–2022. Satellite data were handled via Google Earth Engine, looking at common indexes such as the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index, which was used to identify temporal variations in wetted channel area, and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, considered as a proxy of vegetation coverage variations. Changes in the river hydrology were analysed by looking at the annual minimum water levels, the discharge duration curve, the stage–discharge relationship and the yearly annual water volume. Results suggest that a process of oversimplification is affecting this reach of the Po River, showing how climate change can affect piedmont European watercourses. Indeed, after an initial period where bars tended to be barer and somehow stable over time, in the most recent decade a different trend appeared, with vegetation able to colonize the exposed sandbars more. Using the Po River as an exemplary case study, this work suggests that prolonged dry periods, which are more common in recent decades, might impact large and medium rivers located in temperate climates, favouring the development of vegetation on exposed sandbars, eventually resulting in a less dynamic active channel.

Agricultural drought assessment in dry zones of Tolima, Colombia, using an approach based on water balance and vegetation water stress

Soil water balance is an essential element to consider for the management of droughts and agricultural land use. It is important to evaluate the water consumption of a crop in each of its phenological phases and the status of water reserves during critical hydrologic periods. This study developed an agricultural drought index (Standardized Soil Moisture Deficit Index - SMODI) conceptualized with a water balance model considering the vegetation stress caused by soil moisture deficit. This contribution was based on meteorological information, soil moisture from satellite images, hydrophysical properties of the soil and crop evapotranspiration. Information from 61 weather stations located in the dry zone of Tolima was used for estimating the water balance. SMODI was compared with the most common drought indexes: Standardized Precipitation - Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), the Palmer Self-Calibrated Drought Index (scPDSI), and other eleven macroclimatic indexes. Pearson's correlation coefficients (r), Tukey's test, and analysis of variance were applied to analyze the degree of association between SMODI and the contrasting indexes on a quarterly basis. SMODI considers factors influencing soil moisture distribution and retention and the water stress thresholds that plants have evolved to withstand during drought periods. Consequently, this integrated approach enhances the assessment of agricultural drought by relying on pertinent physical processes. SMODI identified extremely dry, severe, moderate and normal drought 5 %, 3 %, 20 % and 72 % respectively conditions in areas characterized by Entisols, Inceptisols, and Andisols, where rice and fruit crops and pasturelands are cultivated. The SMODI has a good correlation with macroclimatic indexes (0.70 < r < 0.74).

Transportation Infrastructure and Common Prosperity from the Perspective of Chinese-Style Modernization: Enabling Effects and Advancement Paths

“Common prosperity depends on development, and development comes first in transportation.” Achieving common prosperity is the essential requirement for Chinese-style modernization under the construction of a sustainable transportation power country. Based on China’s 30 provincial panel data from 2001 to 2021, this paper calculates the common prosperity index under modernization construction and uses the fixed-effect model and bootstrap mediation effect analysis method to examine the impact and promotion path of transportation infrastructure empowering common prosperity (mediating effect). The study found that transportation infrastructure has a significant enabling effect on common prosperity, and the higher the level of common prosperity, the stronger this effect. After a variety of robustness tests, the conclusion is still reliable. The specific path is that transportation infrastructure further strengthens its role in empowering common prosperity through the four intermediaries of economic growth, factor flow, industrial upgrading, and market expansion. Except for the complete intermediary effect of factor flow, the other intensity ratios are all at 65% or above. In addition, there is heterogeneity in the impact of transportation infrastructure on common prosperity, which is reflected in the significant effect in areas with large urban populations, eastern regions, and first-tier or former new first-tier cities. To this end, a quadrilateral orientation focusing on “economy, factors, industries, and markets” is proposed, with dense transportation networks and regional differentiation as the focus of sustainable transportation development, providing empirical support for promoting common prosperity.

Refining intra-patch connectivity measures in landscape fragmentation and connectivity indices

ContextMeasuring intra-patch connectivity, i.e. the connectivity within a habitat patch, is important to evaluate landscape fragmentation and connectivity. However, intra-patch connectivity is mainly measured with patch size, which can conceal diverse intra-patch connectivity patterns for similar patch size distributions.ObjectivesWe suggest a method to refine the intra-patch connectivity component of fragmentation and connectivity indices. This method allows for distinguishing different intra-patch connectivity patterns for similar patch size distributions.MethodsWe used normalized patch complexity indices to weight patch size in common fragmentation and connectivity indices. Patch complexity indices included two existing geometrical indices (SHAPE and FRAC), and a new index derived from spatial network analysis, the mean detour index (MDI). We analyzed the behaviours of adjusted fragmentation and connectivity indices theoretically and empirically on both artificial and real landscapes.ResultsWhile maintaining the mathematical properties of fragmentation and connectivity indices, our method could distinguish landscapes with identical patch size distributions but different spatial configurations. The mean detour index had a different response than geometrical indices. This result indicates that, at the patch level, topological complexity can exhibit different patterns from geometrical complexity.ConclusionsMeasuring intra-patch connectivity with patch size in fragmentation and connectivity indices cannot distinguish landscapes having similar patch sizes distribution but different spatial configurations. This paper introduces a method to distinguish such patterns relying on geometrical and topological indices and shows to which extent it can impact conservation planning.

IBRtools: An R package for calculating integrated biomarker indexes.

Multibiomarker studies are useful to evaluate the early warning signs of environmental degradation, and their unified responses are often assessed through two common indexes, Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR) and Integrated Biological Responses version 2 (IBRv2). The R package IBRtools allows users to calculate both IBR and IBRv2 while simultaneously incorporating all the biomarkers under evaluation. The package includes functions for calculating the indexes IBR and IBRv2 and obtaining their standardized values, as well a function for radar chart creation and three example datasets. Here we describe the main algorithms involved in IBR and IBRv2 calculations, a description of the novel package and illustrate a workflow using data examples available on the package to guide the user on how to accurately acquire the values for either the IBR index or the IBRv2 index. The IBRtools package provides a user-friendly platform for R users to obtain IBR index and IBRv2 values, making it straightforward even for large datasets.

Generalized common index jump theorem with applications to closed characteristics on star-shaped hypersurfaces and beyond

In this paper, we first generalize the common index jump theorem of Long-Zhu in 2002 and Duan-Long-Wang in 2016 to the case where the mean indices of symplectic paths are not required to be all positive. As applications, we study closed characteristics on compact star-shaped hypersurfaces in R2n, when both positive and negative mean indices may appear simultaneously. Specially we establish the existence of at least n geometrically distinct closed characteristics on every compact non-degenerate perfect star-shaped hypersurface Σ in R2n provided that every prime closed characteristic possesses nonzero mean index. Furthermore, in the case of R6 we remove the nonzero mean index condition by showing that the existence of only finitely many geometrically distinct closed characteristics implies that each of them must possess nonzero mean index. We also generalize the above results about closed characteristics on non-degenerate star-shaped hypersurfaces to closed Reeb orbits of non-degenerate contact forms on a broad class of prequantization bundles.

IDENTIFICATION OF DISEASE SEVERITY DEFINITIONS FOR ULCERATIVE COLITIS AND CROHN’S DISEASE

Abstract BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that, in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn’s disease (CD), those with moderate disease may achieve better outcomes with vedolizumab than those with severe disease. However, no consensus definition of moderate disease exists for UC or CD, as confirmed by a comprehensive literature review published in 2016.1 We aimed to identify definitions of disease severity for UC and CD in studies published since the approval of vedolizumab. METHODS The first stage of the research comprised a systematic literature review (SLR) that complied with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 statement and was registered prospectively with PROSPERO (CRD42023427948). Literature searches were conducted in Embase, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library databases on May 16, 2023 to identify publications from 2015 onwards. Title and abstract screening, followed by full-text review was undertaken by two blinded reviewers, with discrepancies resolved by a third reviewer. Data on disease severity indices and thresholds used to define mild, moderate, and/or severe disease were extracted from eligible primary publications. RESULTS Data were extracted from 119 eligible publications (Figure 1), of which 109 related to UC only, 7 to CD only, and 3 to both UC and CD. For UC, the most common disease severity index was Truelove and Witts’ criteria (N = 82), followed by Mayo score or one of its derivatives such as partial Mayo score or Mayo sub-score (N = 29), Lichtiger index (N = 9), Montreal classification (N = 4), Rachmilewitz score (N = 3), and Oxford criteria (N = 3). The definitions identified for mild and moderate disease were similar across studies; however, numerical thresholds used to define moderate and severe disease with Mayo score, partial Mayo score, and Lichtiger index overlapped (Figure 2). For CD, the Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CDAI) (N = 6) was the most commonly used disease severity index, followed by the Harvey–Bradshaw index (HBI) (N = 2). Moderate disease was defined as a CDAI score of 200–450 or 220–450 or a HBI score of 8–16. CONCLUSION For UC, the thresholds used to define moderate disease were similar across studies but overlapped with those used for severe disease in some cases. Too few CD publications were identified to draw robust conclusions, likely due to the exclusion of those describing patients with mild-to-moderate or moderate-to-severe disease without further stratification in the title or abstract. A targeted literature review of publications reporting phase 3 clinical trials of drugs for UC or CD is ongoing; the thresholds of all measurements used to stratify the patient cohorts in these trials will be extracted to further understand the characteristics of patients with moderate disease. 1. Peyrin-Biroulet L, et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14(3):348-354.e17. Figure 1 PRISMA flow diagram. Figure 2 Numerical ranges used to define mild, moderate, and severe disease for UC.