Common Form Of Diabetes Research Articles

Mechanisms and Future Perspectives of Curcumin in Diabetes Management

Background: Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that leads to significant damage to vital organs due to prolonged high blood glucose levels. These complications include cardiovascular disease, peripheral neuropathy, retinopathy (eye damage), nephropathy (kidney damage), myopathy, and foot infections. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common form of diabetes, primarily affecting adults when the body becomes resistant to insulin or when insulin production by the pancreas is insufficient. Turmeric (Curcuma longa), a spice widely used around the world, has been traditionally recognized for its numerous health benefits, including antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, and anticancer properties. Among its active compounds, curcumin, a polyphenolic curcuminoid, has garnered significant attention for its potential role in managing diabetes and its complications. Methods: Data for this review were obtained from databases including PubMed, Elsevier, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Search terms utilized included "diabetes," "type 2 diabetes," "diabetic complications," "turmeric," "curcumin," "oxidative stress and curcumin," "curcumin and nephropathy," "curcumin and retinopathy," "curcumin and neuropathy," "curcumin and cardiovascular diseases," "curcumin and cardiomyopathy," “curcumin and pyroptosis,” "curcumin and diabetic foot ulcer," and "curcumin and erectile dysfunction." Results: This review highlights the promising role of curcumin in transforming diabetes treatment and management. The findings demonstrate that curcumin offers protective effects against diabetic complications by modulating key signaling pathways, such as NF-κB, AMPK, MAPK, and AP-1. Its anti-inflammatory properties, inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis, and reduction of oxidative stress through antioxidant activity present a strong case for its therapeutic potential in diabetes care. Conclusion: This review provides an in-depth explanation of curcumin's mechanisms of action, detailing its medicinal effects on diabetes-related complications and key outcomes from preclinical and clinical studies supporting its potential benefits. It also outlines future directions for research into curcumin's role in diabetes treatment.

Islet amyloid polypeptide tagged with green fluorescent protein localises to mitochondria and forms filamentous aggregates in Caenorhabditis elegans

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is the most common form of diabetes and represents a growing health concern. A characteristic feature of T2D is the aggregation of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), which is thought to be associated with the death of pancreatic β-cells. Inhibiting IAPP aggregation is a promising therapeutic avenue to treat T2D, but the mechanisms of aggregation and toxicity are not yet fully understood. Caenorhabditis elegans is a well-characterised multicellular model organism that has been extensively used to study protein aggregation diseases. In this study, we aimed to develop a simple in vivo model to investigate IAPP aggregation and toxicity based on expression in the C. elegans body wall muscle cells. We show that IAPP tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) localises to mitochondria not only in muscle cells but also when expressed in the intestine, in line with previous observations in mouse and human pancreatic β-cells. The IAPP-GFP fusion protein forms solid aggregates, which have a filamentous appearance as seen by electron microscopy. However, the animals expressing IAPP-GFP in the body wall muscle cells do not display a strong motility phenotype, suggesting that the IAPP-GFP aggregates are not considerably toxic. Nevertheless, the mitochondrial localisation and aggregate formation may be useful read-outs to screen for IAPP-solubilizing compounds as a therapeutic strategy for T2D.

Less common forms of diabetes in young population.

Types diabetes other than type 1 are generally considered rare in children and adolescents. The incidence of type 2 diabetes has increased dramatically over the past decade in some ethnic groups. The increased incidence of this type of diabetes mellitus has corresponded tem-porally to unprecedented increases in body weight and obesity prevalence in adolescents in various ethnic populations. Early treatment of insulin resistance is important to prevent the development of diabetes. In therapy, lifestyle modification is essential for weight loss, and if this is not enough, pharmacotherapy is required. Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), another type of insulin-dependent diabetes, is characterised by early onset and autosomal dominant inheritance. MODY is mainly caused by β-cell defects, resulting in insufficient insulin secretion for a given blood glucose level. Unlike non-insulin-dependent diabetes in youth (NIDDM-Y), there is no significant increase in insulin resistance. The purpose of this article is to characterise and present types of diabetes other than type 1 found in the young population.

Current opportunities for glycaemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: the path to achieving a goal

Type 1 diabetes is a highly prevalent disorder worldwide and the commonest form of diabetes in children and adolescents. The incidence rates are steadily increasing, despite numerous efforts aimed at finding the possibility to detect and interrupt autoimmune inflammation in the pancreas at preclinical stages. Modern technologies make it possible to set metabolic control goals that are increasingly closer to physiological ones. The article presents recommendations regarding new technologies for glycaemic control and criteria for compensation of T1DM in children and adolescents in accordance with the updated guidelines of the International Society of Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents (ISPAD, 2022) and the Russian standards for self-monitoring of glycemia using an individual blood glucose meter associated with the use of continuous glucose monitoring technologies to assess the accuracy and/or calibration of monitoring data and address treatment adjustment issues. The possibilities and advantages of modern blood glucose meters are highlighted both in terms of accuracy of readings and functional expandability. Clinical cases demonstrating the importance of using blood glucose meters in decision-making by patients (adolescents) with type 1 diabetes who receive insulin pump therapy are presented. Excessive haste in decision-making by patients resulting in non-target results on glycaemic levels, which could have been avoided with timely measurement of blood glucose levels with a glucose meter was stressed. The great role of continuous education of children and adolescents with T1DM together with assessment and analysis of the significance of new and existing technologies for diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of this chronic disease is emphasized, so that the patients and their parents can fully and effectively use constantly emerging opportunities.

Dimensionality and psychometric properties of the Parent Diabetes Distress Scale-Greek (PDDS-Gr).

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic disease characterised by insulin deficiency due to autoimmune destruction of beta-pancreatic cells. T1D, formerly known as juvenile diabetes, is the most common form of diabetes in children and adolescents. On diagnosis, parents of children with TID experience considerable stress, because they need to care for a child in a challenging and life-threatening situation that requires adherence to an intensive medical regimen, constant monitoring of, and coping with their child's condition. T1D is a complex condition that affects both children and their parents in many aspects of their daily lives. This study presents the psychometric properties of the Greek translation of the Parent Diabetes Distress Scale (PDDS), which assesses diabetes distress in parents of children with T1D. A sample of 95 parents, mainly mothers (88.4%), with a mean age of their children 12.2 years (± 3.6) and a diabetes duration of 4.7 years (± 3.4), completed the Greek translation of the PDDS. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed a five-factor model: 'Parent/child relationship distress', 'Personal distress', 'Child diabetes management distress', 'Future distress', and 'Healthcare team distress'. Confirmation Factor Analysis (CFA) confirmed the construct validity of the scale. The internal consistency indices (Cronbach alpha) for the subscales ranged from 0.69 to 0.89, while the unidimensional structure had an alpha of 0.90. Furthermore, convergent validity was shown with moderate positive correlations between the PDDS-Gr and the subscales of the DASS-21 (depression, anxiety, and stress), the child's age (in years), and the HbA1c value. Finally, parents of children with inadequate glycemic control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) presented higher scores on both the unidimensional structure and the subscales 'Parent/child relationship distress' and 'Healthcare team distress' of the PDDS-Gr. The PDDS-Gr is a valid and reliable tool for assessing diabetes distress in parents of children with T1D and can be used in both clinical and research settings.

Design of some Apigenin derivatives as selective DPP-IV Inhibitors by Pharmacophore Modelling and its Validation through Molecular Dynamics Simulation

One of the most common forms of diabetes, type-2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition brought on by problems with insulin production or insulin resistance. By modifying blood glucose homeostasis, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibition has the potential to treat type 2 diabetes. The quick development of computational drug design provided a fantastic opportunity to both discover and forecast the effectiveness of potential DPP-IV inhibitors. The current investigation supports and verifies the identification of new Apigenin derivatives as selective DPP-IV inhibitors. Schrodinger software was used to perform virtual screening (VS) of created compounds against DPP-IV, and the most promising hits were chosen. Out of 110 substances, 56 new apigenin derivatives were chosen for additional docking investigations using Glide based on their selectivity threshold followed by validation by pose selection method which is found to be below 2 Ǻ based on their superimposion with co-crystallized lgand. The DPP-IV protein was used as the target of molecular dynamic (MD) simulation studies to evaluate the correct binding mechanisms and stability of their complexes with enzyme. Structural chemistry was utilised to guide and considerably speed up the drug discovery process during the back-up development stages. It was also used to analyse in-silico suggestions and screening results, as well as to come up with fresh ideas. The study thus demonstrates the possibility of apigenin derivatives as highly specific DPP-IV inhibitors.

Experimental Study on NRF2 Mediated by Chinese Medicine Tangzhiqing to Reduce Autophagy-dependent Ferroptosis and Alleviate Neuron Damage in HT22 Mice with Diabetes-related Cognitive Disorder.

Diabetes is a chronic condition defined by the body's inability to process glucose. The most common form of diabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus, reflects the body's insulin resistance, which leads to long-term raised glucose blood levels. These levels can cause oxidative damage, cell stress, and excessive autophagy throughout the body, including the nervous system. Diabetes-related cognitive impairment (DCI) results from chronic elevation of blood glucose, and as diabetes cases continue to rise, so do comorbidities, such as DCI. Although there are medications to address high blood glucose, there are few that can inhibit excessive autophagy and cell death. We investigated if the Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tangzhiqing (TZQ), can reduce the impact of DCI in a high-glucose cell model. We used commercially available kits to evaluate cell viability, mitochondrial activity, and oxidative stress. We found that TZQ treatment increased cell viability, ensured continued mitochondrial activity, and reduced reactive oxygen species. We also found that TZQ functions by increasing NRF2 activity, which decreases the ferroptosis-associated pathways that involve p62, HO-1, and GPX4. TZQ should be further investigated for its role in reducing DCI.

Managing type 1 diabetes in children and young people: challenges and solutions.

Type 1 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes in school-age children. Effective management and self-management at home and during school hours are essential to improve the quality of life of children and young people and reduce their risk of developing complications such as cardiovascular disease and kidney disease. There are, however, multiple barriers to effective management and self-management, notably in adolescence. Interventions, education and support based on clear psychoeducational principles improve the outcomes of children and young people. This article explores type 1 diabetes including its causes and risk factors, presentation and diagnosis, complications and comorbidities, and treatment and management. It focuses in particular on the role of nurses in supporting self-management and on the challenges of type 1 diabetes care in school.

Incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity in monogenic diabetes; a challenge but also an opportunity.

Monogenic Forms of Diabetes (MFD) account for about 3% of all diabetes, and their accurate diagnosis often results in life-changing therapeutic reassignment for the patients. Like other Mendelian diseases, reduced penetrance and variable expressivity are often seen in several different types of MFD, where symptoms develop only in a portion of the persons who carry the pathogenic variant or vary widely in symptom severity and age of onset. This complicates diagnosis and disease management in MFD. In addition to its clinical importance, knowledge of genetic modifiers that confer penetrance and expressivity variability opens possibilities to identify protective genetic variants which may help probe the mechanisms of more common forms of diabetes and shed light in new therapeutic strategies. In this review, we will mainly address penetrance and expressivity variation in different types of MFD, factors that confer such variations and opportunities that come with such knowledge. Related literature was searched in PubMed, Medline and Embase. Papers with publication year from 1974 to 2023 are included. Data are either sourced from literatures or from OMIM, Clinvar and 1000 genome browser.

New Drug: Tirzepatide (Mounjaro™).

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common form of diabetes and is a chronic and progressive illness. Millions of Americans have T2DM and many patients do not achieve the recommended blood glucose levels. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) based therapy is an established treatment for the management of T2DM and is recommended early in the treatment algorithm. GLP-1 therapy is associated with better glycemic control, weight reduction, and favorable cardiovascular outcomes. Tirzepatide (Mounjaro™) is a novel dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor and GLP-1 receptor agonist. Evidence from five SURPASS clinical trials has demonstrated that tirzepatide has potent glucose lowering and weight loss with adverse effects comparable to GLP-1 receptor agonists. This paper gives an overview of tirzepatide and SURPASS clinical trials.

Cardiovascular complications in insulin resistance and endocrine diseases.

Cerebrovascular diseases, such as stroke and cardiovascular disease, are one of the leading causes of death in Japan. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes and an important risk factor for these diseases. Among various pathological conditions associated with type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance has already been reported to be an important risk factor for diabetic complications. The major sites of insulin action in glucose metabolism in the body include the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. However, insulin signaling molecules are also constitutively expressed in vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle, and monocytes/macrophages. Forkhead box class O family member proteins (FoxOs) of transcription factors play important roles in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, oxidative stress response and redox signaling, and cell cycle progression and apoptosis. FoxOs in vascular endothelial cells strongly promote arteriosclerosis by suppressing nitric oxide production, enhancing inflammatory response, and promoting cellular senescence. In addition, primary aldosteronism and Cushing's syndrome are known to have adverse effects on the cardiovascular system, apart from hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. In the treatment of endocrine disorders, hormonal normalization by surgical treatment and receptor antagonists play an important role in preventing cardiovascular complications.

Techniques of Machine Learning for the Purpose of Predicting Diabetes Risk in PIMA Indians

Chronic Metabolic Syndrome Diabetes is often called a “silent killer” due to how little symptoms appear early on. High blood sugar occurs in people with diabetes because their bodies have a hard time maintaining normal glucose levels. Care for a recurrent sickness would be permanent. The two most common forms of diabetes are type 1 and type 2. A better prognosis can help reduce the high risk of developing diabetes. In order to better predict the likelihood that a PIMA Indian may develop diabetes, this study will use a machine learning-based algorithm. The demographic and health records of 768 PIMA Indians were used in the analysis. Standardisation, feature selection, missing value filling, and outlier rejection were all parts of the data preparation process. Machine learning techniques such as logistic regression, decision trees, random forests, the KNN model, the AdaBoost classifier, the Naive Bayes model, and the XGBoost model were used in the study. Accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score were the only metrics utilised to assess the models' efficacy. The results demonstrate that. The results of this study reveal that diabetes risk may be reliably predicted using machine learning-based models, which has important implications for the early detection and prevention of this illness among PIMA Indians.

Uticaj dijabetes melitusa na serumske koncentracije irisina i druge biohemijske parametre

Objective. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic condition characterized by elevated blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia). Although T2DM can occur at any age, it is the most common form of diabetes and often develops in adulthood. People who have T2DM exhibit resistance to the effects of the hormone insulin, which the pancreas normally secretes to regulate blood sugar levels. The objective of this study was to measure the irisin hormone level as well as some biochemical parameters associated with T2DM. Methods. A total of 65 T2DM patients and 60 healthy subjects as a control group were recruited in this crosssectional study. The demographic information of the participants was obtained. Also, blood samples were collected from T2DM patients and the control group. The serum was separated from the blood samples and used for biochemical analysis. Irisin, fasting serum glucose (FBS), insulin, C-peptide, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-C) were the parameters measured in the patients and control groups. A fraction of blood samples was also processed for the measurement of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Results. There was a significant (p≤0.01) decrease in the irisin concentration in patients with T2DM compared to the control group. The results revealed a non-significant difference in the irisin levels between T2DM patients and the control group, based on sex, age, and BMI. Conclusion. Irisin may be used as a measured parameter in T2DM patients, in addition to lipid profile and glucose level, to indicate the prognosis or clinical follow-up of patients.

Dynamics of Gut Microbiota and Clinical Variables after Ketogenic and Mediterranean Diets in Drug-Naïve Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the most common form of diabetes, is a progressive chronic metabolic disease that has increasingly spread worldwide, enhancing the mortality rate, particularly from cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Lifestyle improvement through diet and physical activity is, together with drug treatment, the cornerstone of T2DM management. The Mediterranean diet (MD), which favors a prevalence of unprocessed vegetable foods and a reduction in red meats and industrial foods, without excluding any food category, is usually recommended. Recently, scientific societies have promoted a very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD), a multiphasic protocol that limits carbohydrates and then gradually re-introduces them, with a favorable outcome on body weight and metabolic parameters. Indeed, gut microbiota (GM) modifications have been linked to overweight/obesity and metabolic alterations typical of T2DM. Diet is known to affect GM largely, but only a few studies have investigated the effects of VLCKD on GM, especially in T2DM. In this study, we have compared anthropometric, biochemical, lifestyle parameters, the quality of life, and the GM of eleven patients with recently diagnosed T2DM and overweight or obesity, randomly assigned to two groups of six and five patients who followed the VLCKD (KETO) or hypocaloric MD (MEDI) respectively; parameters were recorded at baseline (T0) and after two (T2) and three months (T3). The results showed that VLCKD had more significant beneficial effects than MD on anthropometric parameters, while biochemical improvements did not statistically differ. As for the GM, despite the lack of significant results regarding the alpha and beta diversity, and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio between the two groups, in the KETO group, a significant increase in beneficial microbial taxa such as Verrucomicrobiota phylum with its members Verrucomicrobiae, Verrucomicrobiales, Akkermansiaceae, and Akkermansia, Christensenellaceae family, Eubacterium spp., and a reduction in microbial taxa previously associated with obesity (Firmicutes and Actinobacteriota) or other diseases (Alistipes) was observed both at T2 and T3. With regards to the MEDI group, variations were limited to a significant increase in Actinobacteroidota phylum at T2 and T3 and Firmicutes phylum at T3. Moreover, a metagenomic alteration linked to some metabolic pathways was found exclusively in the KETO group. In conclusion, both dietary approaches allowed patients to improve their state of health, but VLCKD has shown better results on body composition as well as on GM profile.

Targeted Inhibition of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B by Viscosol Ameliorates Type 2 Diabetes Pathophysiology and Histology in Diabetic Mouse Model.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common forms of diabetes. We are living in the middle of a global diabetes epidemic. Emerging pieces of evidence are suggesting the increased expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) in the pancreas and adipose tissues during T2DM. The negative regulation of the insulin signaling pathway by PTP1B helps the researchers to consider it as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of insulin resistance and its associated complications. From the literature, we found that compound 5,7-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethoxy-2-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methyl-2-enyl)phenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one (Viscosol) extracted from Dodonaea viscosa can inhibit PTP1B in vitro. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of this compound in a high-fat diet (HFD) and low-dose streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced T2DM mouse model. For this purpose, T2DM was induced in C57BL/6 male mice by using an already established protocol with minor modification. The compound-treated T2DM mice showed improvements in biochemical parameters, i.e., decrease in the fasting blood glucose level, increased body weight, improved liver profile, and reduction in oxidative stress. Furthermore, to elucidate the inhibition of PTP1B, the expression level of PTP1B was also measured at mRNA and protein levels by real-time PCR and western blot, respectively. Additionally, downstream targets (INSR, IRS1, PI3K, and GLUT4) were examined for confirming the inhibitory effect of PTP1B. Our results suggest that the compound can specifically inhibit PTP1B in vivo and might have the ability to improve insulin resistance and insulin secretion. Based on our experiment, we can confidently state that this compound can be a new PTP1B drug candidate for the treatment of T2DM in the coming future.

In-silico study for African plants with possible beta-cell regeneration effect through inhibition of DYRK1A

The continuous destruction of normal insulin-producing pancreatic beta-cells is a contributing factor in all common forms of diabetes, due to insufficient production of insulin, especially in type 1 diabetes. There are attempts at beta-cells transplantation, but the cost and availability of donors pose a great challenge to the process. Dual-Specificity Tyrosine Phosphorylation-Regulated Kinase A (DYRK1A) plays a crucial role in beta-cells destruction. Our research targets to identify plants that can be utilized as a possible alternative approach to beta-cell replacement through a pharmacologically induced regeneration of new beta-cells in-silico. The 3D structure DYRK1A and 6511 phytochemicals were obtained from the Protein Data Bank and the African Natural Products Database respectively. They were duly prepared for molecular docking simulations (MDS). MDS was implemented, after validation of docking protocols, in AutoDock-Vina®, with virtual screening scripts. Phytocompounds with good binding affinities for DYRK1A were selected as frontrunners. The compounds were screened for toxicity, Lipinski’s rule confirmation with Data Warrior software followed by kinase inhibitory bioactivity prediction with the Molinspiration Chemoinformatics web tool. Twelve phytocompounds were found to be predictably highly active in-silico against DYRK1A with good drug-like property based on Lipinski’s rule, non-mutagenic, non-tumorigenic, no reproductive effect, and non-irritant, with high predicted bioactivity. In-silico active phytocompounds against DYRK1A with their plant sources and physicochemical parameters were identified. Further studies will be carried out in-vitro and in-vivo to validate the results of this study using plants containing the identified phytocompounds.

Lifestyle or Environmental Influences and Their Interaction With Genetic Susceptibility on the Risk of LADA.

BackgroundLADA is a common form of diabetes described as a mix between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Understanding of how genes and environmental factors interact in the development of LADA is central for future efforts to prevent the disease. This review aims to synthesize the literature on lifestyle factors linked to LADA risk and discuss their potential interaction with genetic susceptibility.FindingsCurrent knowledge on environmental risk factors for LADA is primarily based on observational data from Scandinavian populations. Increasing evidence suggest that lifestyle factors promoting type 2 diabetes such as obesity, sedentariness, low birth weight and smoking, is implicated in the risk of LADA. Data from mendelian randomization studies support that the link between LADA and obesity, low birth weight and smoking is causal. Limited evidence indicates that dietary factors including consumption of red meat, coffee and sweetened beverages may increase the risk while consumption of alcohol and omega-3 fatty acids may reduce the risk. Several lifestyle factors, including smoking and obesity, seem to interact with human leukocyte antigen genes associated with autoimmunity, conferring much stronger effects on disease risk among those exposed to both factors.SummaryAvailable studies suggest that lifestyle modification has the potential for prevention of LADA, particularly for individuals with high risk of disease such as those with genetic susceptibility. Research into risk factors of LADA is however limited, confirmations are warranted, many factors remain to be explored, and there is a need for intervention studies to assess causality

A review on current epidemiology and herbal approach towards the management of diabetes mellitus in India

The article here is about the disorder Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and the various treatments from the herbal background more specifically in India. It has been found that DM is a very common disorder affecting people mostly from the Asian subcontinent. The most common form of diabetes is Non-insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) or Type 2 DM (T2DM) and although a number of treatment approaches have been taken for this, herbal drugs never stand apart. Herbal medicines have been the backbone of the entire medicinal system in India and hence this paper will specifically look into all the original, novel, and ancient ways to treat the disorder. Several plants have been found to have anti-diabetic effects like catechu, basil, ginko biloba, fenugreek, and much more. Also, there have been many marketed herbal products too like Bitter gourd powder, episulin, Dia care, and much more which have been discussed in detail in the paper. Interestingly, all of these herbal products have some mechanism of action which are quite varied and have been discussed here. So, the main approach behind this paper is to re-establish herbal drugs as effective ways of medication against the disorder of Diabetes Mellitus.

EarLy Surveillance for Autoimmune diabetes: protocol for a qualitative study of general population and stakeholder perspectives on screening for type 1 diabetes in the UK (ELSA 1)

ObjectiveType 1 diabetes (T1D) is the most common form of diabetes in children, accounting for 96% of cases, with 29 000 children affected in the UK. Studies have recently identified...

Management of Type 1 Diabetes in Children in the Outpatient Setting.

Management of Type 1 Diabetes in Children in the Outpatient Setting.