Common Eye Research Articles

Effects of Solar Radiation on the Eyes.

It is known that exposure to solar radiation (SR) can cause various harmful effects on one's health, most of which are related to the ultraviolet (UV) component of SR.A considerably high number of people around the world who work outside are constantly exposed to SR for the majority of their working lives. The eye is the primary organ affected by short-term and long-term exposure to solar radiation. According to an ever-growing body of research, cataracts, pterygium, and macular degeneration are all possible side effects of prolonged exposure. Despite this, the danger of SR exposure is presently underestimated, if not completely overlooked, as a component of occupational risk for employees who do their duties outside. SR exposure is impacted by a wide range of individual and environmental factors; nevertheless, occupational exposure is among the most significant. The scarcity of affordable and accepted methods to measure SR worker exposure, particularly long-term exposure, is one of the key obstacles that must be overcome before a more excellent knowledge of this risk and the development of more effective preventive strategies can be accomplished. This review was conducted with the primary objectives of providing a comprehensive overview of the SR exposure risk of outdoor workers, including UV exposure extents and the chief approaches recently proposed for short-term and cumulative exposure, as well as providing an update on the information presented regarding the most common adverse eye effects. In conclusion, this article will be presenting preventative steps that may be taken to reduce occupational risk.

Endothelial deletion of TBK1 contributes to BRB dysfunction via CXCR4 phosphorylation suppression

Blood-retinal barrier (BRB) dysfunction has been recognized as an early pathological feature in common eye diseases that cause blindness. The breakdown of endothelial cell-to-cell junctions is the main reason for BRB dysfunction, yet our understanding of junctional modulation remains limited. Here, we demonstrated that endothelial-specific deletion of TBK1 (Tbk1ΔEC) disrupted retinal vascular development, and induced vascular leakage. LC-MS/MS proteomic analysis was used to identify candidate substrates of TBK1. We found that TBK1 interacted with CXCR4, and the phosphorylation level of CXCR4-Serine 355 (Ser355) was decreased in Tbk1ΔEC retina samples. Furthermore, TBK1-mediated phosphorylation of CXCR4 at Ser355 played an indispensable role in maintaining endothelial junctions. Interestingly, we also detected an increased expression of TBK1 in diabetic retinopathy samples, which suggested an association between TBK1 and the disease. Taken together, these results provided insight into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of endothelial cell-to-cell junctions via TBK1-dependent CXCR4 phosphorylation.

The Antimicrobial Effect of Gold Quantum Dots and Femtosecond Laser Irradiation on the Growth Kinetics of Common Infectious Eye Pathogens: An In Vitro Study.

We studied the antimicrobial effect of gold quantum dots (AuQDs), femtosecond laser irradiation, and the combined effect of laser irradiation and AuQD treatment against common infectious eye pathogens. The INSPIRE HF100 laser system (Spectra Physics) provided a femtosecond laser, which was pumped by a mode-locked femtosecond Ti: sapphire laser MAI TAI HP (Spectra Physics), while a Quanta-Ray nanosecond Nd: YAG laser (Spectra-Physics) was used to precisely synthesize 7.8, 8.7, and 11.6 nm spherical AuQDs. Then, the in vitro growth kinetics and growth rate analysis of E. coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, and Candida albicans (treated with the AuQDs, femtosecond laser irradiation, or combined laser and AuQDs treatment) was measured. The biocompatibility of the AuQDs with the retinal epithelial cell lines (ARPE-19) and their toxicity to the cells was assayed. The results showed that (1) in vitro irradiation using a 159 J/cm2 energy density obtained from the 400 nm femtosecond laser suppressed the growth of each of the five pathogens. (2) Similarly, treatment with the AuQDs was antimicrobial against the four bacteria. The AuQDs with an average size of 7.8 nm were more highly antimicrobial and biocompatible and were less cytotoxic than the larger AuQD sizes. (3) The combined femtosecond laser irradiation and AuQD treatment was more highly antimicrobial than each treatment alone. (4) The AuQD treatment did not impair the rate of wound closure in vitro. These findings suggest that combined femtosecond laser irradiation and AuQD treatment is significantly antimicrobial against Candida albicans, Gram-positive L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, and E. faecalis, as well as Gram-negative E. coli. The nontoxicity and biocompatibility of the AuQD particles tested suggest that this form of treatment may be clinically viable.

A New Case and Comprehensive Review of the Ophthalmic Manifestations of 172 Individuals With Branchio-Oculo-Facial Syndrome.

To review the literature on branchio-oculo-facial syndrome and describe a new case. A girl presented with a de novo pathogenic mutation in the TFAP2A gene consistent with branchio-oculo-facial syndrome. A systematic review was also performed to characterize the eye manifestations associated with the syndrome. A total of 172 total patients were identified from the literature. Among these, 102 patients received molecular confirmation. The most common pathogenic variants reported were p.R255G, p.A256V, p.R254W, and p.G251E. Common eye abnormalities associated with the syndrome in total combined cases (represents individuals with a clinical diagnosis only of branchio-oculo-facial syndrome plus those who additionally had molecular confirmation of the syndrome from genetic testing) were nasolacrimal duct stenosis (n = 98, 57%), coloboma (n = 76, 46%), anophthalmia/microphthalmia (n = 64, 37%), and cataracts (n = 27, 16%). This analysis provides a comprehensive review of genetic variants and ophthalmic findings to characterize the most common eye manifestations associated with branchio-oculo-facial syndrome. The report provides incentive to further investigate TFAP2A variants and identify genotype-phenotype correlations. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2023;60(4):295-301.].

Hybrid Framework for Diabetic Retinopathy Stage Measurement Using Convolutional Neural Network and a Fuzzy Rules Inference System

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an increasingly common eye disorder that gradually damages the retina. Identification at the early stage can significantly reduce the severity of vision loss. Deep learning techniques provide detection for retinal images based on data size and quality, as the error rate increases with low-quality images and unbalanced data classes. This paper proposes a hybrid intelligent framework of a conventional neural network and a fuzzy inference system to measure the stages of DR automatically, Diabetic Retinopathy Stage Measurement using Conventional Neural Network and Fuzzy Inference System (DRSM-CNNFIS). The fuzzy inference used human experts’ rules to overcome data dependency problems. At first, the Conventional Neural Network (CNN) model was used for feature extraction, and then fuzzy rules were used to measure diabetic retinopathy stage percentage. The framework is trained using images from Kaggle datasets (Diabetic Retinopathy Detection, 2022). The efficacy of this framework outperformed the other models with regard to accuracy, macro average precision, macro average recall, and macro average F1 score: 0.9281, 0.7142, 0.7753, and 0.7301, respectively. The evaluation results indicate that the proposed framework, without any segmentation process, has a similar performance for all the classes, while the other classification models (Dense-Net-201, Inception-ResNet ResNet-50, Xception, and Ensemble methods) have different levels of performance for each class classification.

Eye examination in general practice

Eye problems are a common presentation in primary care and they are the presenting problem in about 2–3% of all consultations. GPs are responsible for diagnosing eye conditions and making appropriate specialist referrals. The tools usually available in general practice, such as Snellen charts, penlights, and direct ophthalmoscopy, are sufficient to diagnose most eye disease. This article aims to help GPs approach eye examination in an organised, logical fashion. This article will outline how to perform each step of the examination and the diagnosis of common eye conditions including those that need immediate referral to a specialist. A fictional case scenario is used to illustrate the importance of a good history and accurate eye examination in the diagnosis and management of eye disease.

Knowledge and Awareness of Children Eye Care Among Parents In Malaysia

Introduction: Children rarely complain about their vision, therefore rely on parents’ knowledge and awareness for early detection and management of their ocular problems. Parents’ knowledge and awareness may influence their eye-care seeking behaviour, which in turn helps to reduce the prevalence of childhood eye problems. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate knowledge and awareness about childhood eye problems and eye care seeking behaviour among parents in Malaysia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on parents with either typically developing (TD group) or special needs children (SN group) in Malaysia. Data were collected using a self-administered, validated bilingual questionnaire using Google Form distributed through social medias and associations via purposive sampling. Results: A total of 173 respondents (74 in SN group; 99 in TD group) aged between 20 to 50 years old participated in the study. Participants had the highest and the least knowledge about refractive error and strabismus respectively with social medias been the main source of information. Overall knowledge and attitude scores were significantly higher in SN group compared to TD group (p < 0.05). Level of awareness was high for common symptoms and eye problems with no group differences observed. Conclusion: Misconception and low awareness are still an issue for less common eye conditions. The use of social medias in educating the public about these is recommended as this is the most preferred source of information. This study provides useful insight about parents in Malaysia with regards to children eye care including recommendations for future preventive measures.

Early Mechanisms of Chemoresistance in Retinoblastoma.

Simple SummaryDespite advances in chemotherapy for retinoblastoma over the past three decades, chemoresistance remains a major source of ocular and systemic morbidity. Here, we studied the early molecular mechanisms leading to carboplatin resistance. Carboplatin is one of the most widely used agents in retinoblastoma, and it induced transcriptomic reprogramming involving the PI3K-AKT pathway, including the upregulation of ABC transporters and metabolic regulators. These findings nominate candidates for pharmacologic inhibition to circumvent chemoresistance and improve outcomes in retinoblastoma.Retinoblastoma is the most common eye cancer in children and is fatal if left untreated. Over the past three decades, chemotherapy has become the mainstay of eye-sparing treatment. Nevertheless, chemoresistance continues to represent a major challenge leading to ocular and systemic toxicity, vision loss, and treatment failure. Unfortunately, the mechanisms leading to chemoresistance remain incompletely understood. Here, we engineered low-passage human retinoblastoma cells to study the early molecular mechanisms leading to resistance to carboplatin, one of the most widely used agents for treating retinoblastoma. Using single-cell next-generation RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-cell barcoding technologies, we found that carboplatin induced rapid transcriptomic reprogramming associated with the upregulation of PI3K-AKT pathway targets, including ABC transporters and metabolic regulators. Several of these targets are amenable to pharmacologic inhibition, which may reduce the emergence of chemoresistance. We provide evidence to support this hypothesis using a third-generation inhibitor of the ABCB1 transporter.

Umor očiju korisnika terminala za videoprikaz i njegov odnos s poremećajima spavanja

Visual display terminal (VDT) work has become a major part of operation in majority of workplace. This study aimed to eye fatigue in video display terminal users and its relation to sleep disorders. This cross-sectional study was done on 209 computer users who work more than one year in this field. All participants completed a questionnaire about their age, sex, BMI, years of experience, and hours of daily computer use. A standardized visual fatigue questionnaire was used for detection presence and severity of eye strain. Sleep quality was used to assess Pittsburg Sleep Quality Questionnaire (PSQI) , and the Epworth Sleepiness Questionnaire (ESS) to assess daytime sleepiness in participants. Insomnia was assessed by Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). The most common eye symptoms including eye fatigue (65.5%), eyelid heaviness sensation (69.4%), eye irritation (67.2%), dry eye (67.8%), blurred vision (68.5%), and tearing (68.1%) were significantly higher in participants who were working more than 8 hours with DVT in day. There was a significant correlation between scores of eye fatigue and insomnia severity (Rho=0.32, P<0.05). According to results, the prevalence of eye symptoms particularly eyelid heaviness sensation and blurred vision was high. However, eye fatigue was more affected insomnia severity in VDT users. Therefore, it is needed to protect computer users from the adverse effects of VDT. Implementing proper ergonomic programs to the workplace are important for achievement to good physical and mental health among VDT users.

Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Pathogenic Bacteria Associated with Ocular Infections in Adult Patients.

Ocular infection is a significant public health issue in many countries and is a leading cause of morbidity and blindness worldwide. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence of bacterial isolates, and their role in patients with external ocular infections, according to age, sex, and residence in rural and urban areas. In addition, investigate the antibiotic sensitivity and resistance patterns commonly used for treating patients suffering from external ocular infections in Babylon Governorate, Iraq. Two hundred patients with clinical suspicion of external ocular infections, ranging in age from 20 to 68 years old and from both sexes, participated in this study. The eye swabs were collected and cultured to distinguish between bacterial and viral isolates. About 105 isolates (52.5%) were found to be positive bacterial cultures and taken as a study sample, whereas 95 (47.5%) negative bacterial cultures were excluded. The results revealed that ocular infections most frequently occur in the age groups between 20-49years, and most patients were males 65 (61.9%). The most common eye infection was conjunctivitis, which affected 45.7% of patients. This was followed by blepharitis, which affected 21.9% of patients; blepharoconjunctivitis, which affected 14.3% of patients; dacryocystitis, which affected 12.4% of patients; and keratitis, which affected 5.7% of patients. Also, the results indicated that the most common bacteria implicated in ocular infections are Staphylococcus aureus (37.1%), followed by Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS) (26.7%), Haemophilusinfluenzae (21.9%), Streptococcuspneumoniae (6.7%), Klebsiella pneumonia (3.8%), Streptococcus pyogenes (1.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1.9%). Furthermore, some antibiotics were tested for these pathogenic bacterial isolates to show their effects against these bacteria. It was found that most bacterial isolates were resistant to Ampicillin, Penicillin, and Tetracycline, whereas they were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycinand Chloramphenicol.

Perioperative Care of the Patient with Eye Pathologies Undergoing Nonocular Surgery.

The authors reviewed perioperative ocular complications and implications of ocular diseases during nonocular surgeries. Exposure keratopathy, the most common perioperative eye injury, is preventable. Ischemic optic neuropathy, the leading cause of perioperative blindness, has well-defined risk factors. The incidence of ischemic optic neuropathy after spine fusion, but not cardiac surgery, has been decreasing. Central retinal artery occlusion during spine fusion surgery can be prevented by protecting eyes from compression. Perioperative acute angle closure glaucoma is a vision-threatening emergency that can be successfully treated by rapid reduction of elevated intraocular pressure. Differential diagnoses of visual dysfunction in the perioperative period and treatments are detailed. Although glaucoma is increasingly prevalent and often questions arise concerning perioperative anesthetic management, evidence-based recommendations to guide safe anesthesia care in patients with glaucoma are currently lacking. Patients with low vision present challenges to the anesthesia provider that are becoming more common as the population ages.

Vision Impairment and On-Road Driving.

Good vision is important for safe driving. The impact of vision impairment associated with common eye diseases on driving performance, and the association between vision measures and driving performance, are discussed. Studies include those where participants drove a real vehicle on a closed road or on public roads. Closed-road studies include evaluation of both simulated and true vision impairment and day- and night-time driving. Collectively, the findings provide important insights into the impact of refractive conditions, cataracts, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and hemianopic field loss on driving; however, study results show varying impacts on driving performance and are often limited by small sample sizes. Vision measures including motion sensitivity, contrast sensitivity, and useful field of view have stronger associations with driving performance than do visual acuity or visual fields, with studies suggesting that some drivers with field loss can compensate for their field defects through increased eye and head movements.

Insights From the Eye for Patients With Kidney Transplant

The eye and the kidney share structural and developmental similarities on a cellular and clinical level, and they are often affected by the same disease processes. Performing an eye exam to look for signs of conditions such as hypertension and diabetes can provide a helpful window into the health of the kidney. Patients with kidney transplants (KT) are a unique population that require close monitoring. These patients are maintained on a number of immunosuppressive medications and may face complications such as medication side effects, infections, and graft rejection. Patients with KT are at higher risk of both infectious and noninfectious eye conditions related to underlying systemic disease or use of immunosuppressive medications. Screening for eye conditions is important because preserving visual function is integral to quality of life, and also because the eye exam can help with early detection and treatment of systemic conditions. Here we describe some of the common eye findings and conditions in patients with KT. We recommend that patients with KT receive annual eye exams, and we hope that the information provided here can help nephrologists become more familiar with eye findings and identify situations where a referral to ophthalmology is warranted.

Towards Automating Retinoscopy for Refractive Error Diagnosis

Refractive error is the most common eye disorder and is the key cause behind correctable visual impairment, responsible for nearly 80% of the visual impairment in the US. Refractive error can be diagnosed using multiple methods, including subjective refraction, retinoscopy, and autorefractors. Although subjective refraction is the gold standard, it requires cooperation from the patient and hence is not suitable for infants, young children, and developmentally delayed adults. Retinoscopy is an objective refraction method that does not require any input from the patient. However, retinoscopy requires a lens kit and a trained examiner, which limits its use for mass screening. In this work, we automate retinoscopy by attaching a smartphone to a retinoscope and recording retinoscopic videos with the patient wearing a custom pair of paper frames. We develop a video processing pipeline that takes retinoscopic videos as input and estimates the net refractive error based on our proposed extension of the retinoscopy mathematical model. Our system alleviates the need for a lens kit and can be performed by an untrained examiner. In a clinical trial with 185 eyes, we achieved a sensitivity of 91.0% and specificity of 74.0% on refractive error diagnosis. Moreover, the mean absolute error of our approach was 0.75±0.67D on net refractive error estimation compared to subjective refraction measurements. Our results indicate that our approach has the potential to be used as a retinoscopy-based refractive error screening tool in real-world medical settings.

A cascade eye diseases screening system with interpretability and expandability in ultra-wide field fundus images: A multicentre diagnostic accuracy study.

SummaryBackgroundClinical application of artificial intelligence is limited due to the lack of interpretability and expandability in complex clinical settings. We aimed to develop an eye diseases screening system with improved interpretability and expandability based on a lesion-level dissection and tested the clinical expandability and auxiliary ability of the system.MethodsThe four-hierarchical interpretable eye diseases screening system (IEDSS) based on a novel structural pattern named lesion atlas was developed to identify 30 eye diseases and conditions using a total of 32,026 ultra-wide field images collected from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine (SAHZU), the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (FAHUSTC), and the Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University (APHNU) in China between November 1, 2016 to February 28, 2022. The performance of IEDSS was compared with ophthalmologists and classic models trained with image-level labels. We further evaluated IEDSS in two external datasets, and tested it in a real-world scenario and an extended dataset with new phenotypes beyond the training categories. The accuracy (ACC), F1 score and confusion matrix were calculated to assess the performance of IEDSS.FindingsIEDSS reached average ACCs (aACC) of 0·9781 (95%CI 0·9739-0·9824), 0·9660 (95%CI 0·9591-0·9730) and 0·9709 (95%CI 0·9655-0·9763), frequency-weighted average F1 scores of 0·9042 (95%CI 0·8957-0·9127), 0·8837 (95%CI 0·8714-0·8960) and 0·8874 (95%CI 0·8772-0·8972) in datasets of SAHZU, APHNU and FAHUSTC, respectively. IEDSS reached a higher aACC (0·9781, 95%CI 0·9739-0·9824) compared with a multi-class image-level model (0·9398, 95%CI 0·9329-0·9467), a classic multi-label image-level model (0·9278, 95%CI 0·9189-0·9366), a novel multi-label image-level model (0·9241, 95%CI 0·9151-0·9331) and a lesion-level model without Adaboost (0·9381, 95%CI 0·9299-0·9463). In the real-world scenario, the aACC of IEDSS (0·9872, 95%CI 0·9828-0·9915) was higher than that of the senior ophthalmologist (SO) (0·9413, 95%CI 0·9321-0·9504, p = 0·000) and the junior ophthalmologist (JO) (0·8846, 95%CI 0·8722-0·8971, p = 0·000). IEDSS remained strong performance (ACC = 0·8560, 95%CI 0·8252-0·8868) compared with JO (ACC = 0·784, 95%CI 0·7479-0·8201, p= 0·003) and SO (ACC = 0·8500, 95%CI 0·8187-0·8813, p = 0·789) in the extended dataset.InterpretationIEDSS showed excellent and stable performance in identifying common eye conditions and conditions beyond the training categories. The transparency and expandability of IEDSS could tremendously increase the clinical application range and the practical clinical value of it. It would enhance the efficiency and reliability of clinical practice, especially in remote areas with a lack of experienced specialists.FundingNational Natural Science Foundation Regional Innovation and Development Joint Fund (U20A20386), Key research and development program of Zhejiang Province (2019C03020), Clinical Medical Research Centre for Eye Diseases of Zhejiang Province (2021E50007).

Diabetic Retinopathy May Covariate With Stroke in Diabetes Mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder with increasing prevalence per hour. Cataracts are one of the most common eye complications, and they affect all structures of the eye. The incidence of cataracts is increasing in patients with diabetes by several mechanisms. With the advancement of technology, cataract surgery is now a necessary procedure for diabetic patients. High-risk complications, like diabetic macular oedema, diabetic retinopathy (DR), phakic, postoperative cyst, and postoperative macular oedema, and macular oedema and endophthalmitis following surgery for a pseudocyst, could result in blindness. The importance of preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors cannot be overestimated in managing complications and improving visual outcomes. DR can be a severe problem if it worsens and causes non-proliferative or proliferative DR or if fluid accumulation in the eye is diagnosed as macular oedema. A woman progressing to sight-threatening DR during childbearing age experiences distress and often requires ocular treatment. Diabetes that has been present for a more extended period, as well as more significant hyperglycaemia, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and elevated blood pressure, substantially predict the development of DR. Oxidative stress can be caused by hyperglycaemia, irregular metabolic processes, and people with DR developing neurodegeneration. Therefore, controlling postprandial hyperglycaemia is crucial for preventing DR. Femtosecond laser technology, multifocal intraocular lenses, and other surgical innovations are popularly referred to as surgical management; it will be engaged in the coming era to determine whether there will be a continued reduction in the complication of cataract surgery. This article aims to review the correlation of DR with stroke and its screening and to outline the critical management strategies.

Imaging of retinoblastoma : Current state-of-the-art and future prospects

Retinoblastoma is the most common malignant eye tumor in children and is associated with tumor predisposition syndrome (RB1 mutation) in up to 40% of cases. Imaging is an important part of the diagnostic workup of children with retinoblastoma both during the initial diagnosis and follow-up. The goal of this review is to present the current state-of-the-art regarding imaging of children with retinoblastoma, including technical background and diagnostic clues with a brief discussion of future prospects. In addition, we summarize the general clinical diagnostic workup and therapeutic options. Review of the literature and our own experience in the imaging of retinoblastoma. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the imaging modality of choice in children with retinoblastoma for diagnosis (estimation of diagnosis/differential diagnosis, evaluation of local and intracranial tumor extension) and during follow-up. Despite the characteristic calcifications, computed tomography (CT) examinations are no longer indicated in these patients. Due to the high association with tumor predisposition syndrome, genetic counselling is recommended.

Multi categorical of common eye disease detect using convolutional neural network: a transfer learning approach

Among the most important systems in the body is the eyes. Although their small stature, humans are unable to imagine existence without it. The human optic is safe against dust particles by a narrow layer called the conjunctiva. It prevents friction during the opening and shutting of the eye by acting as a lubricant. A cataract is an opacification of the eye's lens. There are various forms of eye problems. Because the visual system is the most important of the four sensory organs, external eye abnormalities must be detected early. The classification technique can be used in a variety of situations. A few of these uses are in the healthcare profession. We use visual geometry group (VGG-16), ResNet-50, and Inception-v3 architectures of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to distinguish between normal eyes, conjunctivitis eyes, and cataract eyes throughout this paper. With a detection time of 485 seconds, Inception-v3 is the most accurate at detecting eye disease, with a 97.08% accuracy, ResNet-50 performs the second-highest accuracy with 95.68% with 1090 seconds and lastly, VGG-16 performs 95.48% accuracy taking the highest time of 2510 seconds to detect eye diseases.

Determination And Identification the Awareness of Primary Eye Care in Community

Vision is the essential part of our life. A good eye health is necessary to perform a lot of works such as cooking, sewing, studding, driving. it affects our social, economic life. Vision also affects the quality of life and a person’s physical and mental state. Objective: The study's main goal was to find out how much people in the community knew about primary eye care. Methods: A cross-sectional survey with questionnaires was done. The research site, target population, sample size (194 people), sampling method, research methodology, and work plan were all chosen. Results: The level of knowledge and awareness in the community was about average. Most people don't know much about primary eye care because there aren't many places to get information, and they can't access services. The study had 194 people sign up, of which 48.9% were men and 52.2% were women. 58.9% of the participants of study, were well aware and knew about basic eye care. Associated factors with awareness of Health care worker of community about Primary Eye Care showed significant association. Conclusion: Most people in the community know about primary eye care, and the results of this study seem to back up what they know. However, teaching people about primary eye care and eye care services is time. I would suggest through this study, to take extra measures to improve general awareness about eye care in community through social media and print media or papers so that people can avoid common eye diseases.

Allometric scaling of a superposition eye optimizes sensitivity and acuity in large and small hawkmoths.

Animals vary widely in body size within and across species. This has consequences for the function of organs and body parts in both large and small individuals. How these scale, in relation to body size, reveals evolutionary investment strategies, often resulting in trade-offs between functions. Eyes exemplify these trade-offs, as they are limited by their absolute size in two key performance features: sensitivity and spatial acuity. Due to their size polymorphism, insect compound eyes are ideal models for studying the allometric scaling of eye performance. Previous work on apposition compound eyes revealed that allometric scaling led to poorer spatial resolution and visual sensitivity in small individuals, across a range of insect species. Here, we used X-ray microtomography to investigate allometric scaling in superposition compound eyes—the second most common eye type in insects—for the first time. Our results reveal a novel strategy to cope with the trade-off between sensitivity and spatial acuity, as we show that the eyes of the hummingbird hawkmoth retain an optimal balance between these performance measures across all body sizes.