Common European Standards Research Articles

Evaluation of university and training standards in clinical perfusion, an European-wide survey.

Adequate theoretical and practical training of prospective clinical perfusionists is essential for maintaining clinical standards and ensuring patient safety during cardiac surgery procedures. Perfusion schools play a crucial role in establishing and maintaining higher education and training standards in clinical perfusion. The aim of this study is to obtain a comprehensive overview of European training standards in clinical perfusion in 2023. For this study, 53 perfusion schools in Europe were found and contacted, of which 30 (56.6%) responded, giving a sample size of n = 30, which were then included in the data analysis. The quantitative data of the survey are analysed using descriptive methods. The university and training standards in clinical perfusion in Europe vary in many respects. Starting with the entry criterion for studies (most frequently a required bachelor's degree 36.7% or 2nd most common an university entrance qualification 30%), the duration [from <12 months (13.3%) up to 36 months (13.3%)] and regarding the content of the teaching in clinical perfusion [<30 European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) (33.3%) and more than 180 ECTS (6.7%)]. The mean value for teaching in clinical perfusion content is 62.63 ECTS credits. The obtained results show important differences between countries and schools. As such, they form a valuable database for future discussions establishing a common European curriculum and training standards for perfusionists. For the generalizability of the results, further evaluations and larger samples are needed.

An opinion piece on how we move towards common European standards of care for people with HIV.

An opinion piece on how we move towards common European standards of care for people with HIV.

Dismantling the reception of asylum seekers: Hungary’s illiberal asylum policies and EU responses

ABSTRACT Since 2015, the Hungarian government successfully securitised migration and profoundly changed the country’s asylum system. Through qualitative research and expert interviews, this article demonstrates how reception infrastructure was extra-territorialised, while reception standards were dissolved. This was accompanied by the criminalising of civil society and asylum seeker support groups. The ramifications of this externalisation impact asylum seekers’ rights to a dignified reception in EU member states, and contravene EU citizens’ freedoms. The article discusses these developments within European securitisation European human rights discourses, and Hungary’s illiberal governance. It also identifies weaknesses of common European reception standards in light of illiberal policymaking.

Design of a sounding rocket upper stage based on the hybrid rocket engine VISERION

In the context of the AHRES (Advanced Hybrid Rocket Engine Simulation [1]) program of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), an upper stage for the Brazilian sounding rocket VSB-30 is designed. This third stage is based on the hybrid rocket engine VISERION. The pre-design is mainly focused on the fluid and pressurization system using common European design standards. Real gas simulations were conducted to quantify the required pressurant mass and to analyse operating parameters. Subsequently, all additional subsystems are described and analysed. Initial requirements such as the maximum outer diameter and limits of the overall mass were given due to the launch system. Further requirements for each module and the main components are identified and examined. Available modules for the service or recovery system and commercially off-the-shelf components were considered to reduce the overall complexity and costs. Preliminary flight stability and aerodynamic loads were evaluated using numerical fluid simulations on different characteristic ascent points. The dimensioned system demonstrates the ability of hybrid rocket engines to be used as propulsion modules for upper stages. This enables the combination of several advantages of common propulsion systems as the main intention in hybrid rocket development.

Specifics in strategic management of non-profit organizations in the globalization process

Research background: If globalization presents really a new and not reversible process that creates a more homogenous world, strategies of enterprises should appropriate to this phenomenon, too. European legislation has significantly contributed to the creation of the mutual market and increasing freedom of movement of services within the European Union. Its basic principle can be applied to the harmonization of basic requirements for services and the subsequent normalization – the creation of common European standards. This also applies to the area of non-profit organizations. These organizations are an important part of the public sector, which in the form of various activities, in particular the providing of various services, performs tasks related to addressing manifestations of market imbalances. In contrast to the “traditional” business sector (profit sector), the task of the non-profit sector is not to generate profit but to provide consumer tasks. Purpose of the article: The objective of the article is to clarify and present the specifics of functioning and management of non-profit organizations in the conditions of the Slovak Republic. Methods: During the elaboration of the paper, the methods of compilation of analysis, synthesis and description were used on the basis of the search of the relevant literature. Part of the paper is a survey, which we conducted through a questionnaire on a selected sample of non-profit organizations in the Slovak Republic. Findings &amp; Value added: The results of the survey we have transported into general practice recommendations for non-profit organizations to improve their operating in the conditions of Slovakia while accepting the process of globalization.

КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНІ ЗАСАДИ СТРАТЕГІЧНОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ПРОДОВОЛЬЧОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ В СИСТЕМІ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ЦІЛЕЙ СТАЛОГО РОЗВИТКУ УКРАЇНИ НА ПЕРІОД ДО 2030 РОКУ

The article examines the problems and the prospects of Ukrainian food security in the context of globalization and European integration. The key strategic objectives, indicators and their targets in accordance with the National Report “Sustainable Development Goals: Ukraine”, as well as recommendations for improving food security are considered. A system of strategic goals for ensuring food security in accordance with SDG № 2, contained in the National Report, has been developed. The main tasks of sustainable development goals in food security improving include increasing the availability of foods, the productivity of agriculture, the use of innovative technologies in Ukrainian agrarian sector, the creation of sustainable food production systems, food price volatility reduction. It is shown that the basis of national food security should be the mechanisms of farm development. A study of regulatory and legal support, the state and prospects of state support for family farms defined as an effective tool to stimulate the development of rural areas in Ukraine. The directions of support of farms, in particular, stimulation of them to reception of the legal status of taxpayers that will give them the right to participate in projects of the state support of small agricultural producers are offered. In the context of Ukraine’s integration into the European economy, the need to use the potential of personal farms and further development of family farms is justified. The main directions of modernization and reform of the agricultural sector of Ukraine on the basis of successful European experience and interstate coordination within the framework of common European standards are given. It is proposed to use effective tools of state financial support for producers, development of agri-food market infrastructure, environmental measures, which will increase the efficiency of agricultural production. The directions to improve the mechanism of pricing, structural disproportions in the agrarian sector, and strengthening of integration of the Ukrainian agriculture in the international market are presented.

СИСТЕМА ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ ФАХІВЦІВ З ОХОРОНИ КОРДОНУ В КРАЇНАХ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО СОЮЗУ

У статті реалізовано модель системи професійної підготовки фахівців з охорони кордону в країнах ЄС розробленої з метою сприяння впровадження передового європейського досвіду в систему професійної підготовки персоналу Державної прикордонної служби України. Обґрунтовано, що сучасні особливості спільної професійної діяльності фахівців з охорони кордону в країнах ЄС, необхідність її узгодження і розроблення спільних стандартів підготовки та організації мережевої взаємодії, а також об’єктивна необхідність узагальнення й впровадження передового досвіду в практику підготовки персоналу вітчизняного прикордонного відомства вимагають узагальнення системи професійної підготовки фахівців з охорони кордону в країнах ЄС. Визначено, що підготовка прикордонників в країнах ЄС відбувається відповідно до загальноєвропейських уніфікованих стандартів, основними з яких вважаються уніфіковані програми підготовки та Галузева рамка кваліфікацій сфери охорони кордонів країн ЄС. Систему професійної підготовки фахівців з охорони кордону в країнах ЄС трактовано як динамічну, цілеспрямовану, просторово-часову інтеграцію елементів, для якої характерна функціональна структура та яка містить взаємопов’язані й взаємозумовлені підсистеми: цільова, законодавчо-нормативна; інституційно-управлінська; організаційна; теоретико-методологічна; змістовно-технологічна; діагностично-результативна. Таку систему професійної підготовки побудовано на основі зв’язків підсистем та їх взаємовідношення, що об’єднує їх у холістичну структуру. Автором було проведено аналіз можливості використання цього досвіду з метою його впровадження в систему професійної підготовки персоналу прикордонного відомства України.

АНАЛИЗ УСЛОВИЙ ДОПУСТИМОЙ УТЕЧКИ ИЗ РАЗЪЕМНЫХ СОЕДИНЕНИЙ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ОБОРУДОВАНИЯ НА ОСНОВЕ РОССИЙСКИХ И ЗАРУБЕЖНЫХ СТАНДАРТОВ

In the petrochemical, nuclear and gas industries, high technological parameters are used, and first of all, they include temperature and pressure. Technological processes, as a rule, are carried out in capacitive equipment, the reliability of which is determined by the tightness of its detachable joints. In the period of integration of the development, manufacture and use of equipment for chemical, petrochemical and other industries, there is a need for common regulatory documents for their calculations and manufacture. In different areas, there are already many common European standards applied in individual countries. Recently, the issue of creating uniform standards in the field of tightness of detachable joints has arisen. The analysis of literary sources and, first of all, the existing standards of leading industrial countries for the calculation of detachable joints for strength and tightness is given.

EUROPEJSKA KONWENCJA O OCHRONIE PRAW CZŁOWIEKA

The Council of Europę and the European Union share common values of human rights, democracy and the rule of law. Despite the different legał naturę of these two unions of European States and the performance of different tasks and functions, they complement each other in their day-to-day work. The Council of Europę unites 47 European States and is the only European intergoverfimental organisation which proposed the definition of “European State”, drawing on the concept of geographical proximity, cultural relations and common European values. It is this common European standard of recognition of values that The Council of Europę ensures by means of reasonable balance of enshrining legał standards in treaty and institutional sources and of monitoring of their fulfilment, often with the help of its own technical and expert contribution. This contribution involves in particular the participation of the EU institutions. The European Union treats common European values as the key element of the European identity. When drafting legał instruments and agreements, which apply to its 28 member States, the EU often relies on the standards of the Council of Europę. In addition, the EU refers in particular to the standards of the Council of Europę and to the work of its monitoring mechanisms in relations with its neighbour States, many of which are member States of the Council of Europę. The Treaty of Lisbon expanded the scope of activities for the EU in many spheres in which the Council of Europę had already developed considerable ехрегіепсе and expertise. Due to this, cooperation on such issues as combating human trafficking, sexual exploitation of children and violence against women has expanded. In addition, due to the provisions of the Treaty of Lisbon, the possibility to sign ECHR was opened to the European Union

THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES OF FORMATION OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF FUTURE SPECIALISTS OF THE ECONOMIC BRANCH IN INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION

The necessity of studying the processes of formation and development of professional competenceof future specialists of the economic branch in higher educational institutions (hereinafter: HEI) (in the conditions of education reforming in Ukraine and its approximation to the common European standards) is substantiated. The emphasis is placed on the fact that in today's conditions of development of Ukrainian society in the process of raising the level of professional training of future specialists of the economic branch, attention is paid to intellectual, moral, cultural development, creative self-realization of future specialists (economists, accountants, financiers, bankers), as well as formation and improvement of their professional competence. On the basis of the analysis of scientific works of well-known researchers in the field of philosophy, sociology, psychology, pedagogy, it is found that the concept of "professional competence" mainly means: the general culture of the specialist; the ability to think and act professionally; the degree of development of individual and professional qualities; a set of functions, rights and responsibilities of the specialist; readiness for professional activity.The content of the concepts of "competency", "competence" and "professional competence" is specified.Their essential characteristics are defined, namely: "competency" is the general ability and capability of thefuture specialist of the economic branch, based on his skills and knowledge to realize himself in professionalactivity; "competence" is a complex personality trait (of the future specialist of the economic branch), whichincludes the results of knowledge, skills and abilities, and the capability to perform a professional role ...

Current Judicial Reform in Ukraine and in Poland: Constitutional and European Legal Aspect in the Context of Independent Judiciary

Since the Revolution of Dignity in 2014, Ukraine has been carrying out revision and bringing to conformity with international standards of legislation in terms of judicial system and legal procedure. On 2 June, 2016 the law amending the Constitution of Ukraine in the part of justice, as well as the Law of Ukraine ‘On Judicial System and Status of Judges’ was adopted. On 13 July, 2017 a new Law of Ukraine ‘On the Constitutional Court of Ukraine’ was adopted. In the middle of December 2017, the election to the Supreme Court finished and its new composition was formed, at the same time the revision of all procedural codes took place. However, one on the main problems of the judiciary in Ukraine has been the problem of the judicial independence as a whole and in the part of independence of judges. The subject of this research is the question of judicial independence in the context of respective international standards. Similarly, the aim of part of the paper about the judicial system of Poland is to show the legislative changes regarding the judiciary which took place in Poland recently, i.e. within the last 3 years. As the ongoing changes of functioning, competence and organization of the Constitutional Tribunal, common courts, the Supreme Court and the National Council of Judiciary have been observed and commented upon by various European institutions, they will be shown in relation to the common European standards regarding the judicial independence presented in opinions and reports of Venice Commission, European Network of Councils of Judiciary and Consultative Council of European Judges.

Implementation of European Border Guards’ Common Educational Standards in Ukraine: Comparative Analysis

The paper reports on the results of implementation of European Union (EU) Common Border Guards’ (BG) training standards in Ukraine and presents the outcomes of the conducted comparative analysis of the EU and Ukrainian BG training systems. The research is aimed at analyzing the level of the Ukrainian BGs interoperability according to the European BGs’ training standards, namely - the Common Core Curriculum (CCC) for BGs’ training elaborated by the national BG Authorities under supervision of FRONTEX Agency. The obtained results provide information on the current state of the CCC implementation in the Ukrainian BG Agency and outline solutions for further development of the EU BGs educational standards in Ukraine. The results of the study showed that Ukrainian BGs and their system of education and training correspond to the European professional requirements in this sphere and the Ukrainian BGs can participate in joint operations to protect different border sectors together with the counterparts from the EU Member States. The comparative analysis, which involved 24 educational departments of the Ukrainian BG Academy showed that the overall level of CCC implementation is 77,5%. Implementation process revealed the following advantages of using common European BG standards: common understanding between the BGs from different countries; harmonizing educational standards across Europe; developing job competencies; enhancing cooperation among BG Academies and units; promoting CCC for BG authorities. The results also showed challenges of this process, namely: there is still not full recognition by the decision makers; lack of the expertise regarding European educational standards implementation; not enough national multipliers; difference of the national education systems, short training period at the national BG Academies. The possible solutions for these issues were also outlined: organizing workshops to train the personnel, ensuring mutual support from other institutions; finding different sources to fund the implementation process; requesting other governmental bodies for assistance; training of involved personnel; senior management awareness raising; involving stakeholders for co-funding purposes.

ІНКЛЮЗИВНЕ СЕРЕДОВИЩЕ: ФОРМУВАННЯ ІНТЕГРОВАНОГО ПОНЯТТЯ

The article highlights the problem of the absence of an inclusive environment for people with disabilities as a factor in the declarative nature of inclusive reforms. Actual barriers and problems that prevent people with disabilities from participating actively in society are described. These barriers require an integrated approach to develop practical solution and minimize them. Pedagogical aspect of terms "inclusion" and "inclusive environment" is the most developed (right now). Nevertheless, the main idea of the pedagogical concept of inclusion is the creation of a "school for all" that meets the common European standards and the mission of creating a society for all. So the idea of inclusivity at this point has a broader meaning than simply creating the right environment at school. The key elements of social and pedagogical aspects are recognition of diversity, elimination of inequalities, minimization of barriers and creation of conditions in which any exclusion in all spheres of life is impossible. Psychological aspect of inclusion is to understand psychological well-being as an important element of it. Psychological conditions of an inclusive environment should contribute to the individual's experience of subjective well-being. Based on the etymology of the word, you can describe inclusion as the process of forming a single whole by combining different parts. Having analyzed the social, pedagogical and psychological aspects of defining this concept, we believe that it is only whole environment in which inclusion must be realized. Thus, an inclusive environment is a human environment that provides conditions for inclusion of all persons into the spheres of society through the elimination of any barriers, taking into account the diversity of people. The integrated concept gives the opportunity to scientifically substantiate the design of new projects, programs and creation of inclusive social services.

The Impact of the Cefr in Testing Tatar as a Foreign Language (A2 Level)

This article was devoted to the study of linguistic and methodological features of organization and conducting Tatar language certification: the description of general requirements for mastering basic levels and the structure of testing and assessment materials of Tatar language. The relevance of this topic was explained by the need to generalize pedagogical experience in order to improve the quality of teaching Tatar language and to determine forms and methods of work for the further development of linguistic abilities of students. The article considered Tatar language certification and testing of the level A2 as an effective mechanism for preserving and developing Tatar language on the territory of Russia and abroad; raising the prestige of the national language in the cultural world community; creating conditions for satisfying the language needs of the Tatars; constantly updating learning-teaching base, and taking the rapidly changing language situation into account, on the basis of a common European language standard. Within the framework of this article, it was concluded that Tatar language test could assess skills, which were significant for the future life of students including cognitive skills. The procedures, underlying all stages of the assessment cycle, were also developed in detail. They were practical, and taken together, they could form an integral and logical system of control and assessment.

Dizziness in Europe: from licensed fitness to drive to licence without fitness to drive

A common European Community driving licence was established in 1980. However, there are major differences among the countries as regards medical conditions that legally affect driving ability. This article discusses various assessment guidelines for dizzy patients. These range from a total absence of specified binding requirements in Finland or regulations open to clinical interpretation in Switzerland, to inappropriately strict regulations in Germany. We focus on requirements for patients with vestibular disorders in Germany which have been in force since 2014. These guidelines stipulate that for group 1 driving licence (private cars < 3.5t, motorbikes): (1) patients with Menière's disease (attacks without prodromes) must have had no attacks for 2years before it is possible to drive again. (2) Patients with vestibular migraine without prodromes must not have had any attacks for 3years. For a group 1 and group 2 driving licence ("professional driver"): (3) patients with bilateral vestibulopathy as a rule are considered to have a driving disability. Similarly, strict restrictions have been formulated for ocular motor disorders such as downbeat and upbeat nystagmus and for patients with functional (psychosomatic) forms of dizziness such as phobic postural vertigo. The authors represent a working group of the European Dizzynet focusing on the topic "fitness to drive with vertigo and balance disorders". They agree that European guidelines must be revised and harmonized, for some are too strict and the required dizziness-free intervals are too long; others must be revised, for they are too lax. A common European standard is needed.

Minority Inclusion in Central and Eastern Europe

The question of how governments deal with ethnic diversity is fundamental to the future of peace and democracy in Europe. The way this question is articulated and addressed has changed significantly, as European governments and social actors respond to problems of regional security, domestic political contestation, and economic well-being. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the collaborative efforts of European organizations – primarily the Council of Europe (CoE), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), and the European Union (EU) – provided a historic opportunity for the development of common European standards about minority inclusion across the whole spectrum of political and economic rights and opportunities available to state majorities. Europeanization – which involved the deepening of transnational institutional structures in member states, the enlargement of the EU to include an increasing number of countries from the former Soviet bloc, and the diffusion of European norms and practices in the EU and its neighbourhood – had a profound impact on the evolution of state-minority relations across the continent. Although Europeanization reaches all aspects of life in EU member and aspiring member states, the governance of ethnic diversity has evolved in diverse directions across the continent, rather than gradually converging toward common standards.

Hasankeyf, the Ilisu Dam, and the Existence of “Common European Standards” on Cultural Heritage Protection

Santander Art and Culture Law Review » 2018 » 2/2018 (4) » Hasankeyf, the Ilisu Dam, and the Existence of “Common European Standards” on Cultural Heritage Protection A A A

Minimum standards on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of occupational and work‐related skin diseases in Europe – position paper of the COST Action StanDerm (TD 1206)

Skin diseases constitute up to 40% of all notified occupational diseases in most European countries, predominantly comprising contact dermatitis, contact urticaria, and skin cancer. While insufficient prevention of work-related skin diseases (WRSD) is a top-priority problem in Europe, common standards for prevention of these conditions are lacking. To develop common European standards on prevention and management of WRSD and occupational skin diseases (OSD). Consensus amongst experts within occupational dermatology was achieved with regard to the definition of minimum evidence-based standards on prevention and management of WRSD/OSD. By definition, WRSDs/OSDs are (partially or fully) caused by occupational exposure. The definition of OSD sensu stricto additionally includes diverging national legal requirements, with an impact on registration, prevention, management, and compensation. With the implementation of the classification of WRSD/OSD in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 11th Revision in future, a valid surveillance and comparability across countries will be possible. Currently, WRDS and OSD are still under-reported. Depending on legislation and regulations, huge differences exist in notification procedures in Europe, although notification is crucial to prevent chronic and relapsing disease. Facilities for early diagnosis, essential for individual patient management, should be based on existing guidelines and include a multidisciplinary approach. Patch testing is essential if contact dermatitis persists or relapses. Workplace exposure assessment of WRSD/OSD requires full labelling of product ingredients on material safety data sheets helping to identify allergens, irritants and skin carcinogens. Comparable standards in primary, secondary and tertiary prevention must be established in Europe to reduce the burden of WRSD/OSD in Europe. The adoption of common European standards on prevention of WRSD/OSD will contribute to reduce the incidence of OSD and their socio-economic burden.

Tattoo Infections, Personal Resistance, and Contagious Exposure through Tattooing.

Bacterial infection of tattoos remains a common complication. Pyogenic bacteria can cause infections shortly after the tattoo is made. Severity of infection varies from minor to major, ultimately with life-threatening septicemia. Viral infections may be introduced, i.e. HVB, HVC, and HIV. The risk of infection depends on the following triad: microbial pathogen and its aggressiveness, individual resistance of the tattooed, and inoculation and exposures by the tattoo needle and in the tattoo parlor. Some infectious risks can be controlled. Persons with weaknesses can refrain from tattooing. Tattoo parlors and tattooing can be hygienic and clean albeit not sterile; much has improved helped by hygiene guidelines of professional tattooists' organizations and through control instituted by local and national authorities. Tattoo inks remain a potential source of infection difficult to control in a low-priced competitive market operating over the Internet and across national borders. Ten percent of new inks are contaminated with bacteria pathogenic to humans, independent of a claim of 'sterility'. Known brands and established manufacturers are considered safer. Work is in progress aiming at common European standards for tattoo hygiene. Doctors have a role not only in treating tattoo infections but also in reporting cases to the competent authority in their country to support the monitoring of tattoo infections at any time, as an instrument for the authority to detect local outbreaks of tattoo infections early and prevent that new tattoo customers become infected. It is a potential risk of the future that new and very aggressive bacteria not seen in the past may unexpectedly show up in the tattoo scene.

Developing a postgraduate curriculum for European psychiatry

Summary Background: The internal market of the European Union allows medical professionals, like psychiatrists, to work in their country of choice. Although the medical qualification is recognized in other countries, considerable differences in education remain. Objective: This article gives an overview of the current state of psychiatric training in Europe, previous efforts to harmonize it and future directions for action. Results: Psychiatric training in Europe is highly diverse. There is no official body within the European Union (EU) that is responsible for training harmonization. Despite previous efforts to generate common European standards for post-graduate training in psychiatry, the implementation continues to be a major challenge. Conclusion: The European Psychiatric Association (EPA), the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS), the World Health Organization (WHO) Europe and the European Federation of Psychiatric Trainees (EFPT) have decided to revive previous work on harmonized post-graduate education and created the Task Force on Education in European Psychiatry (TFEEP) in order to reach a training and education consensus in Europe. The creation of an attractive and high quality framework which is based on the needs of modern psychiatric practice and sensitive to European traditions and values is the main aim to be pursued in future.