Common Energy Storage Research Articles

EV battery soH, soC monitor on the edge of speed control and fire protection

Lithium batteries are the most common energy storage devices in items such as electric vehicles, portable devices, and energy storage systems. However, if lithium batteries are not continuously monitored, their performance could degrade, their lifetime become shortened, or severe damage or explosion could be induced. To prevent such accidents, we propose a lithium battery state of health monitoring method and state of charge estimation algorithm based on the state of health results. And also speed control in electric vehicles is mandatory as it is used to influence the rotational speed of motors and machinery. This has a direct effect on the operation of the machine and is crucial for the quality and outcome of the work. Li-ion batteries have a lot of energy in them, and thermal runaway accelerates quicker the more power is in the battery itself. If a battery is fully charged and something happened inside it, then thermal runaway would happen really quickly. To overcome this, fire protection of electric vehicle is necessary.

Modelling Improved Solutions to Reduce the Temperature in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium-Ion batteries are the most common energy storage devices used in electric vehicles. Battery heating management is a current topic, and modern solutions to reduce the temperature, as well as to avoid major or catastrophic defects. The 18650 model is often found in commercial models on the market. Using the the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) standard that models the driver's behaviour with constant acceleration and braking, this work aimed to identify optimal battery cooling solutions on a Renault Zoe vehicle type. The two research directions focused on the variation of the cooling environment, respectively the variation of the positioning of the output/input plugs. The simulations were carried out in COMSOL Multiphysics starting from data provided by Model Advisor in MATLAB numeric computing environment.

Lead-Acid Battery and Supercapacitor Based Hybrid Energy Storage Systems in Microgrid for Energy Control System

Lead-acid batteries are a common energy storage option in modern microgrid applications. This study suggests installing an Energy Management System (EMS) that is managed by a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) consisting of lead-acid batteries and supercapacitors (SCs). Lower operating costs and longer battery life are the goals. Lead acid battery state of charge (SOC) depletion and daily cycle stress are reduced by SCs, which control and supply the high-frequency, power-dense section of the load cycle. But it's crucial to size the HESS correctly, taking into account load demand, available power sources, and budgetary restrictions. This article explains an algorithm that outlines the HESS's energy management control. One of the main advantages of using HESS versus passive systems is that it reduces the overall size of the system. By estimating future load dynamics using load current, the proposed energy management system primes the system for impending changes.

Experimental and numerical investigation of a novel high-temperature heat pump for sensible and latent heat delivery

This paper investigates, both experimentally and numerically, the performance of a high-temperature heat pump (HTHP) prototype for steam production and thermal energy storage applications using R-1233zd(E) as a refrigerant. The main novelties of this prototype are the incorporation of an external subcooler to separate the sensible and latent heat production. Other novel points are the testing of a new variable-speed piston compressor that endures a discharge temperature of up to 160 °C, and the development of an advanced numerical model based on the components’ specifications. In this temperature range there are very few detailed studies up-to-date. The proposed HTHP was tested experimentally in 50 different working points selected based on the compressor’s limits and on the general requirements for industrial applications requiring heat at high temperatures, up to 150 °C. The results show that the proposed HTHP can deliver a total heat of 38.6 kW at 148.5 °C, within a temperature lift of 66.8 K, with an electric power consumption of 10.7 kW, and with a heating coefficient of performance (COP) of 3.6. Moreover, using the external subcooler resulted in a substantial increase in the COP, which can reach 33 % compared with similar HTHPs without a subcooler. After successfully validating the HTHP model with the experimental results, extended performance maps were developed based on more than 500 possible operating conditions covering the most common steam generation and energy storage applications. Finally, four performance correlations were obtained, with an accuracy of ±10 %, hereby providing a black-box model to ease the integration of such HTHPs into dynamic simulations of industrial processes.

A two‐stage, four‐layer robust optimisation model for distributed cooperation in multi‐microgrids

AbstractAs the integration of microgrids (MG) and energy storage continues to grow, the need for efficient distributed cooperation between MGs and common energy storage (CES) becomes paramount. A robust optimisation model for the distributed cooperation of MG‐CES is presented, taking into account distributed generation under uncertainty. The proposed model follows a two‐stage, four‐layer ‘min‐min‐max‐min’ structure. In the first stage, the initial layer ‘min’ addresses the distributed cooperation problem between MG and CES, while the second stage employs ‘min‐max‐min’ to optimise the scheduling of MG. To enhance the solution process and expedite convergence, the authors introduce a column‐constrained generation algorithm with alternating iterations of U and D variables (CCG‐UD) specifically designed for the three‐layer structure in the second stage. This algorithm effectively decouples subproblems, contributing to accelerated solutions. To tackle the convergence challenges posed by the non‐convex MG‐CES model, the authors integrate the Bregman alternating direction method with multipliers (BADMM) with CCG‐UD in the final solution step. Real case tests are conducted using three zone‐level MGs to validate the efficacy of the proposed model and methodology. The results demonstrate the practical utility and efficiency of the developed approach in addressing distributed cooperation challenges in microgrid systems with energy storage.

Asymmetric Supercapacitors-New Power Sources for Electric Vehicles: Nanomaterials in Electrodes

With the gradual increase in demand for new energy, new types of energy storage devices have rapidly developed in recent years. Currently, new energy batteries led by lithium-ion batteries have begun to be applied in the automotive field. However, lithium-ion batteries suffer from issues such as low energy density, slow charging rates, and short operational lifespans. To mitigate and address the drawbacks of lithium-ion batteries, researchers have begun developing supercapacitors. This article first categorizes and compares some common energy storage devices, concluding that supercapacitors have significant advantages in charging rates and stability. Then, based on the dimensionality of nanomaterials, it categorizes and compares electrode materials used in supercapacitors, discussing three ways of constructing electrodes using 1D, 2D, and 1D-2D combined materials. Through classification, comparison, and discussion, it ultimately concludes that growing nanomaterials on a millimeter-scale structural substrate effectively increases material specific surface area and stability, thereby greatly enhancing the performance of supercapacitors.

Influence of Particle Size and Morphology on Electrochemical Properties of Glass Particle-Based Separators for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are one of the most important and common energy storage technologies for mobile devices as well as electric vehicles due to their high specific energy density [1]. However, there are still safety concerns in case of overcharge or mechanical damage. The separator as the passive safety-relevant component is placed between the two electrodes to prevent internal short-circuits. Nevertheless, accidental or inhomogeneous deposition of metallic lithium (Li plating) can lead to dendrite growth, which is one of the most common failure mechanisms. If only one dendrite penetrates the separator and forms a conductive path between the two electrodes, a short circuit in the battery leads to its failure [2].Despite the inherent rigidity of glass materials, previous studies demonstrated the successful application of glass-based separators in LIBs [3, 4]. To meet the requirements of modern battery production, a colloidal water-based system of glass particles and binder is used to manufacture flexible separators. Compared to state-of-the-art polymer-based separators, those flexible glass particle-based separators are superior in many of the required properties such as higher temperature resistance and dimensional stability up to 600 °C [3].However, the size and morphology of the utilized particles have a significant impact on the manufacturing process, e.g. affect slurry processability and separator formation, and consequently on the electrochemical performance. The effects of these parameters have already been studied for spherical or arbitrarily-shaped particles [5, 6].In the present work, platelet-shaped particles are utilized to manufacture glass-based separators. To further improve the operational safety of lithium-ion batteries, the benefit of platelet-shaped particles is compared to the use of arbitrarily-shaped particles. The use of these so-called glass flakes serves the purpose of forming an effective barrier against growing lithium dendrites by establishing a self-stabilizing structure. This barrier prevents or at least effectively delays penetration of the separator.For platelet-shaped particles, thickness and edge length of a particle differ significantly. Particles with a too high aspect ratio (edge length to thickness) block the Li+ diffusion pathway, affecting performance and stability of the final cell. Preliminary tests have shown that increasing the thickness of the glass flakes leads to a slight improvement of ionic conductivity, while increasing the edge length results in a strong reduction of ionic conductivity. However, separators containing particles with higher aspect ratio are expected to show increased piercing resistance. Thus, a trade-off between processability, electrochemical performance and safety barrier function against Li-dendrite growth and penetration is evaluated to understand the influence of particle morphology on the properties of separators using these particles.The microstructure of separators containing the different particle morphologies is examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and correlated with the results of further characterization methods such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic cycling.

Progress in Energy Storage Technologies and Methods for Renewable Energy Systems Application

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research progress, current state-of-the-art, and future research directions of energy storage systems. With the widespread adoption of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power, the discourse around energy storage is primarily focused on three main aspects: battery storage technology, electricity-to-gas technology for increasing renewable energy consumption, and optimal configuration technology. The paper employs a visualization tool (CiteSpace) to analyze the existing works of literature and conducts an in-depth examination of the energy storage research hotspots in areas such as electrochemical energy storage, hydrogen storage, and optimal system configuration. It presents a detailed overview of common energy storage models and configuration methods. Based on the reviewed articles, the future development of energy storage will be more oriented toward the study of power characteristics and frequency characteristics, with more focus on the stability effects brought by transient shocks. This review article compiles and assesses various energy storage technologies for reference and future research.

Analysis and Prospect of Hybrid Wind-PV-ESS System under the Background of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality

With the large-scale use of fossil energy, the issue of rising temperatures caused by global warming is getting worse as time goes on, and various countries have successively launched the “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goal” (double carbon goal). As a major country, China has a great challenge to achieve the double carbon goal, so the status of new energy is even more important. While wind energy and light energy occupy an important position in new energy sources, optimizing their utilization is a top priority. This paper includes the following sections: the fundamentals of wind power generating and some optimization of blade technology, the basic idea behind how photovoltaic cells produce electricity and the characteristics and comparison of several photovoltaic cells, a simple classification of MPPT technology, common energy storage technologies: flywheel, super capacitor, principle of hydrogen battery, Optimization of wind-solar storage combined debugging technology, etc.

Decentralized dynamic power control in an islanded DC microgrid with hybrid energy storage system

The integration of renewable energy resources to utility grid calls for selection of suitable storage system to store generated energy with reliable supply of demand and selection of efficient control system for smooth control of the grid. Battery is the most common energy storage system. Combining a supercapacitor to it makes the system performance better during transients. This paper proposes a hybrid energy storage system with a battery and a supercapacitor to reduce transient power fluctuations and improve the life span of the battery by reducing the charging/discharging cycles with the incorporation of supercapacitor. The battery compensates constant power fluctuations whereas the supercapacitor compensates the transient power fluctuations. This system design offers improved performance, with better regulation of dc link voltage, frequency regulation compared to microgrid with single energy storage. The dynamic performance of the system under varying load conditions has been improved. The work proposes the power management algorithm, which helps in efficient monitoring and smooth control of the entire system. Integration of supercapacitor to the storage system enhances the performance of the microgrid, increases life span of battery and reduces the stress on battery. The DC link bus voltage is efficiently regulated and the demand is supplied reliably.

Solid-State Marx Generator Using Hybrid Energy Storage

For pulsed power generation, the energy storage unit is one of the most fundamental components. The common energy storage methods in the current pulse power systems are capacitive energy storage (CES) and inductive energy storage (IES), each with its own advantages and disadvantages. In this study, we have tested a circuit using both CES and IES, which we refer to as a hybrid energy storage (HES) approach. Compared with a CES or IES system, the output characteristics of an HES system show potential flexibility given by two free parameters <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\rho $ </tex-math></inline-formula> , which corresponds to the impedance relation between the source and the load, and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sigma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> , which corresponds to the initial relation between CES and IES. By using a five-module solid-state Marx circuit, an HES-based pulsed power generator has been demonstrated. In each module, power MOSFETs are used as switches for controlling the initial energy ratio between the capacitor and the inductor, before allowing both of them to release their energy to the load simultaneously. The results have characterized HES as the third choice for energy storage of pulsed power systems, after CES and IES.

Resiliency-Sensitive Decision Making Mechanism for a Residential Community Enhanced with Bi-Directional Operation of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

The trend regarding providing more distributed solutions compared to a fully centralized operation has increased the research activities conducted on the improvement of active regional communities in the power system operation in the last decades. In this study, an energy management-oriented decision-making mechanism for residential end-users based local community is proposed in a mixed-integer linear programming context. The proposed concept normally includes inflexible resiliency-sensitive load–demand activated as flexible during abnormal operating conditions, fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) fed via the hydrogen provided by an electrolyzer unit connected to the residential community and capable of acting in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) mode, common energy storage and photovoltaic (PV) based distributed generation units and dispersed PV based generating options at the end-user premises. The combination of the hydrogen–electricity chain with the V2G capability of FCEVs and the resiliency-sensitive loads together with common ESS and generation units provides the novelty the study brings to the existing literature. The concept was tested under different case studies also with different objective functions.

Thermo-economic analysis of steam accumulation and solid thermal energy storage in direct steam generation concentrated solar power plants

In direct steam generation (DSG) concentrated solar power (CSP) plants, a common thermal energy storage (TES) option relies on steam accumulation. This conventional option is constrained by temperature and pressure limits, and delivers saturated or slightly superheated steam at reduced pressure during discharge, which is undesirable for part-load turbine operation. However, steam accumulation can be integrated with sensible-heat storage in concrete to provide higher-temperature superheated steam at higher pressure. In this paper, this conventional steam accumulation option (existing) and an integrated concrete-steam TES option (extended) are described and analysed, and their thermo-economic performance are compared taking the 50-MW Khi Solar One DSG CSP plant in South Africa as a case study. The results show that the extended option with five 10-m long, square cross-section concrete blocks, each with 3600 equally spaced tubes, provides an additional TES capacity of 177 MWh compared to the existing configuration as a result of utilising most of the available thermal power in the solar receivers. Moreover, the extended option delivers 58 % more electricity with a 13 % enhancement in thermal efficiency during TES discharging mode. With an estimated additional investment of $4.2M, the levelised costs of storage and electricity for Khi Solar One with the extended TES option are, respectively, 29 % and 6 % lower than those obtained with the existing TES option. With the extended TES option, the projected net present value of Khi Solar One increases by 73 %, from $41M to $71M, at an average electricity price of 280 $/MWh.

RESONANCE ACTIVE ELECTRIC POWER AMPLIFIER OF PERIODIC CURRENT PULSES

An equivalent circuit is proposed and the viability of a resonant amplifier of the average active electric power of periodic current pulses generated in the load is theoretically substantiated. The amplifier consists of two series active-reactive circuits with a common capacitive energy storage. In the primary circuit, in the voltage resonance mode, it is charged, and the charging voltage exceeds the source voltage by a factor equal to the quality factor of the circuit. At the end of the charge to a predetermined energy level, the capacitance is discharged through the inductance to the active load. The periodicity of the charge and discharge is ensured by the coordinated operation of the switches in the circuit circuits with a given frequency of their synchronous switching. In principle, the proposed amplifier of active electric power consists of a reactive power amplifier (charging circuit) and a reactive power converter into active power of the generated current (dis-charge circuit). The obtained analytical relationships allow one to navigate in the magnitude of the charging voltage on the capacitance, which can be obtained depending on the charge time. Thus, the maximum voltage set by the quality factor of the charging circuit adopted for numerical evaluations requires charging for ~ 0.004 s. However, already 50% of the maximum voltage is reached in a much shorter time ~ 0.0005 s (almost an order of magnitude lower than the charge length to the maximum). The expressions found for the characteristics of the processes in the discharge circuit make it possible to select its parameters in such a way as to provide the highest gain coefficient for the average power of a periodic sequence of current pulses generated in the active load of the amplifier. It is shown that the value of the average electrical power in the load should depend on the ratio of the charge and discharge times, since when the capacitive storage is being charged, the current in the load is zero. It was found that the gain value can exceed the corresponding energy indicator of the power source by an order of magnitude.

Component-based modeling of ground-coupled seasonal thermal energy storages

Seasonal thermal energy storages are considered a central element of modern, innovative energy systems and help to harmonize fluctuating energy sources. Furthermore, they allow for an improved coupling between the electricity and heating sectors. Despite recent improvements of planning processes and enhanced models, significant discrepancies between projected and measured heat losses were revealed. Additional shortcomings of available tools relate to limitations in specifying geometry, internal design, or physical processes. Addressing these drawbacks, this study employs a revised, alternative approach by using a flexible, component-based, model (“STORE”). It allows variable flexible parameterizations to study diverse design scenarios. After introducing relevant seasonal thermal energy storage components, processes and mechanisms, datasets, and evaluation techniques, a plausibility test is presented that applies a common thermal energy storage model for benchmarking. In a test study, the re-use of a circa 1,000 m3 large swimming pool is simulated. STORE is used to investigate performance trends caused by different designs (e.g., insulation thicknesses, materials at individual interfaces). For the plausibility test, the results show a high degree of coverage and good applicability. Further, the results of the test study show a storage efficiency of 12.4% for an uninsulated base case, which can be improved to 69.5% in case of the most complex, highly insulated configuration. Critical trends are revealed, covering reduced peak capacity levels (26.5 to 23.5 MWh) and raised average filling temperatures (39.1 to 45.2 °C). Improved long-term behavior involves reduced environmental impacts due to reduced heating of the ambient soil (+7.9 K compared to +14.1 K after 2 years). General conclusions reveal that an optimal design should initially focus on an external cover of soil and top insulation. However, evaluations should base on multiple parameters depending on the target criteria. This is where the present model is highly useful. The capability of STORE to rapidly analyze a plethora of scenarios proves its high applicability for optimizing the planning processes of seasonal thermal energy storage projects.

Optimal Configuration of Electrochemical Energy Storage for Renewable Energy Accommodation Based on Operation Strategy of Pumped Storage Hydro

Due to the volatility of renewable energy resources (RES) and the lag of power grid construction, grid integration of large-scale RES will lead to the curtailment of wind and photovoltaic power. Pumped storage hydro (PSH) and electrochemical energy storage (EES), as common energy storage, have unique advantages in accommodating renewable energy. This paper studies the optimal configuration of EES considering the optimal operation strategy of PSH, reducing the curtailment of wind and photovoltaic power in the power grid through the cooperative work of PSH and EES. First, based on the curtailment of RES, with the goal of improving the accommodation of RES, a combined operation optimization model of PSH and EES is proposed. Then, an optimal configuration method of EES capacity is proposed to meet the power curtailment rate in the power grid. Finally, the simulation is carried out in the actual power grid and the CPLEX solver is used to solve the optimization, and the rationality and economy of the optimization are analyzed and discussed. The simulation results show that, based on the combined operation of PSH and EES, by rationally configuring the capacity of EES, the desired power curtailment rate of the power grid can be achieved, and the necessity of configuring variable speed units is verified.

Flexible thermotolerant Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitors enabled by heat-resistant polymer electrolyte

Hydrogel electrolytes often fail at high temperatures and thus common Zn-ion energy storage devices are rarely employed under high temperature conditions. Herein, a flexible heat-resistant nonflammable polymer electrolyte membrane has been prepared and employed in the fabrication of Zn-ion energy storage devices. The optimum electrolyte membrane exhibits a high room-temperature ionic-conductivity (∼1.52 × 10-3 S cm−1) along with a wide window of electrochemical stability (∼2.5 V). The membrane also shows a high tensile strength (4.3 MPa) and good flame-retardant performance. Moreover, it can effectively restrain the parasitic hydrogen evolution reaction as well as the Zn-dendrite formation. The Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitor (Zn-HS) fabricated with the membrane demonstrates good flexibility and thermotolerant performance. At a current density of 1 A/g, the device possesses a specific capacitance of 162.6 F/g at room temperature, 362.6 F/g at 80 °C, and 404.2 F/g at 100 °C. It also exhibits a long-term cycling capability (up to 30,000 cycles) even at 80 °C. Conclusively, the present work offers a promising way in designing heat-resistant nonflammable polymer electrolytes for flexible energy storage devices suitable for high-temperature applications.

Deep learning-based scheduling of virtual energy hubs with plug-in hybrid compressed natural gas-electric vehicles

The virtual energy hub (VEH), a combination of virtual power plant and energy hub concepts, faces many uncertainties due to its constituent distributed energy resources. This paper presents the deep learning-based scheduling of VEH for participation in electrical and thermal markets using bidirectional long short-term memory (BLSTM) network, which offers excellent accuracy in forecasting uncertain parameters by concurrent using past and future dependencies. In addition to applying learning methods, energy storage systems can also influence the optimal management of uncertainties. To provide the required electrical storage equipment, the VEH employs plug-in hybrid CNG-electric vehicles (PHGEVs) that can use both electrical energy and compressed natural gas (CNG) to fulfill their energy needs. The alternative fuel can tackle the limitations of prolonged charging of electric vehicles and excess load caused by these vehicles at peak hours. To supply the secondary fuel of PHGEVs, the modeled VEH includes a CNG station, which compresses the natural gas imported from the natural gas grid before delivering it to the vehicles. Furthermore, phase change material-based thermal energy storage (PCMTES) is considered in the VEH configuration, which unlike other common thermal energy storage systems, operates at a constant temperature during the charging and discharging period. Lastly, the simulation of the developed system illustrates that PHGEVs can reduce the imposed cost in unforeseen situations by up to 26 percent and increase the system’s flexibility.

A machine learning-based decision support framework for energy storage selection

Energy storage systems (ESS) are becoming more prevalent and indispensable in modern electrical infrastructure. The process of choosing the proper type of ESS technology for the application is the first step in designing the best performing ESS. However, the selection process involves a variety of factors, and currently there lacks a sophisticated and systematic framework for convenient energy storage selection. This paper develops a data-driven optimization framework for selecting energy storage systems for general energy system applications. In the framework, a supervised classification machine learning method is proposed for the first time to quantify the technical suitability of energy storage technologies for different applications. The DOE Global Energy Storage Database provided the basic information for machine learning, and the Random Forest Classifier had the best prediction performance for this dataset. The probability of technical suitability can be predicted and further incorporated in a multi-objective optimization for technology recommendation based on integrated technical, economic, and environmental criteria. As a demonstration of the methodology, the prediction of technical suitability and recommendation of technology selection were conducted for eleven common energy storage applications. The result showed that the prediction of technical suitability and the multi-objective optimization yielded reasonable recommendations compared with the literature. In conclusion, the proposed data-driven decision-making approach can be used as a convenient tool to help decision-makers make informed decisions when choosing the energy storage system for general applications.

Increasing Self-Sufficiency of Energy Community by Common Thermal Energy Storage

Customers energy consumption pattern affects directly the grid burden, especially during peak hours. In recent years, many different control methods have been proposed to shift the energy consumption to off-peak hours through demand response (DR) management. In order to have effective DR energy management, optimization has a key role. Thus, increasing the benefits for the customers and encouraging them to consider the new controlling approaches in their daily energy consumption pattern is needed for increased customer participation. On the other hand, renewables are integrated with the buildings to decrease the buildings&#x2019; energy costs and dependency on the grid utilities. This study moves a step further and considers a few numbers of neighboring houses as an energy community. The community commits to sharing their produced energy from the individual distributed solar system with each other and increasing their energy self-sufficiency by minimizing the import and export of power from/to the grid. This research focuses on applying common electric heat energy storage when community&#x2019;s own solar PV generation is used to thermal energy generation/storing in heat storage and compares it with the case in which each house has its own distributed thermal energy storage. Then, different sized thermal storages are tested for the community to find the best solution. The results are compared in terms of import and export of energy, annual costs and the payback-time. It is concluded that the community with common thermal energy storage could decrease the energy exchange with the grid and the payback-time of the investments could be reduced for the community members.