Common Enclosure Research Articles

Topical naltrexone potentiates cutaneous wound healing in blackbelt cichlids (Vieja maculicauda).

To evaluate the effects of topical naltrexone on wound healing in freshwater fish. 25 blackbelt cichlids (Vieja maculicauda). A randomized, controlled, experimental trial was performed, with each individual serving as its own control. Bilateral 6-mm periepaxial cutaneous wounds were created in the body-wall skin of each fish under anesthesia. Three treatment groups were as follows: topical 0.04% naltrexone in administration vehicle (iLEX ointment; iLEX Health Products) at day 0 only (n = 10), topical 0.04% naltrexone in iLEX every 72 to 96 hours (n = 10), or iLEX only every 72 to 96 hours (n = 5) for 10 total treatments. The contralateral wound was left untreated as a control. Fish were maintained in a common enclosure at 24.7 to 25.4 °C for 35 days. Macroscopic wound assessment and image collection were performed every 72 to 96 hours. On day 35, fish were humanely euthanized, and skin samples were collected for histopathology. Time to complete visual resolution of wound healing was faster (P = .002) in wounds treated every 72 to 96 hours with topical 0.04% naltrexone in iLEX (day 19.4) compared to untreated wounds (day 23.3). An interaction between treatment and day was observed (P = .002), with fish treated with 0.04% naltrexone in iLEX every 72 to 96 hours having reduced (P < .05) wound area compared to both controls and fish treated with topical 0.04% naltrexone in iLEX once. No significant differences were noted in histologic sections of wound sites examined at day 35. Fish improved earlier postsurgery and time to complete wound resolution was faster in wounds treated with topical 0.04% naltrexone in iLEX every 72 to 96 hours.

Numerical Study on the Dynamic Behaviors of Masonry Wall under Far-Range Explosions

As a common enclosure structure, masonry walls are widely used in various types of buildings. However, due to the weak out-of-plane resistance of masonry walls and the generally brittle properties of the materials used for blocks, they are highly susceptible to collapse under blast loads and produce high-speed splash fragments, which seriously threatens the safety of personnel and equipment inside buildings. In this paper, based on the existing tests, a refined numerical simulation model was established to carry out numerical studies of clay tile walls and grouted CMU masonry infill walls under far-range blast loads, and the applicability of the finite element model and parameters were verified. Further, the effects of wall boundary configuration, constraints and dimensions on the dynamic response of the walls were carried out. The results show that: the load distribution on the wall is relatively uniform under the far-range explosion and can be considered as uniform load; the blast-resistant performance of the wall can be enhanced by increasing the grouting rate and the uniformity of grout hole distribution; the boundary configuration of the wall has little effect on the blast resistance, while the boundary constraints and the length and width are the main factors affecting the blast resistance of the wall.

Electric Field Stress in a Three Phase Common Enclosure Gas Insulated Busduct with FGM Post Type Spacer and Reduction with Metal Inserts

The establishment of supporting insulators plays a vital role in the continuous operation of the three-phase Gas Insulated Busduct (GIB), which primarily depends on the distribution of electric field stress on the spacer surface. Shape control is a technique used along the spacer surface to achieve uniform field intensity, but this technique can also lead to very irregular shapes. The Triple Junction (TJ) is the region where the field stress has to be reduced. Over a period, high field stresses along the spacer surface will result in a surface flashover and thus de-energize the complete GIB, leading to enormous losses economically. In this paper, a Functionally Graded Material (FGM) spacer for a three-phase GIB has been designed with more number of gradings and further field stress at TJ is minimized by inserting and reshaping the metal inserts (MI) at the end of the enclosure. By doping them with different permittivity values, functionally graded materials are spatially distributed with multiple filler materials to achieve uniform stress on the electric field. Simulation is carried out with the FGM and epoxy (post type) Spacers for different voltages and FGM gradings. With MI, the stress is minimized and an enhanced uniform field allocation along the surface is obtained.

Design and analysis of FGM post type spacer in a three phase common enclosure gas insulated busduct under delamination

In the present days, the establishment of supporting insulators plays a vital role in the continuous operation of three-phase gas-insulated busduct (GIB) which mainly depends on the distribution of electric field stress on the surface of the spacer. The triple junction (TJ's) which is one of the regions where the electric field stress has to be minimized. The insulator failures of GIB are observed due to several defects like delamination, protrusion etc. These defects affect the electric field distribution badly over the spacer length, hence de-energies the complete GIB leading to huge loss economically. In this paper, for a three-phase GIB under delamination, a post-type spacer with Functionally Graded Material (FGM) was designed to reduce the high electrical field stress at TJ's by inserting metal inserts at the enclosure end. Functionally graded materials are distributed spatially with several filler materials by doping them with different permittivity values to obtain uniform electric field stress. Simulation is performed and the electrical field stress is calculated by varying the dimensions of delamination for different operating voltages at different sizes and FGM gradations with different permittivity ranges, the results obtained are presented and analysed.

The early Paleozoic cumulate gabbroic rocks from the southwest part of the Tisza Mega-Unit (Mt. Papuk, NE Croatia): evidence of a Gondwana suture zone

The Mt. Papuk heteroadcumulate pyroxene–amphibole gabbronorites, which outcrops at the southern margin of the Tisza Mega-Unit, is suggested to stem from the deep oceanic crust formed by the in situ crystallisation in a supposed magma chamber. Amphibole oikocrystals are found to define a poikilitic texture of analysed rocks. A common enclosure in amphibole is the cumulus orthopyroxene, and rarely, the clinopyroxene and/or plagioclase and spinel. The chemical composition of related minerals and their crystallisation sequence suggest the sub-solidus crystallisation of gabbronorite in an open system at high temperatures and medium pressures. Parental magmas originated from the moderately depleted mantle source, which was metasomatised prior to melting. Early mineral fractionation gave rise to the assemblage consisted of spinel, pyroxene, plagioclase and intercumulus amphibole. The rocks’ bulk chemistry, mineral crystallisation sequence, pyroxene geochemistry and myriad of high Ca-plagioclase, which coexists with igneous Ca-amphibole are all in favour of the strong subduction influence typical for mafic intrusion formed above mantle wedge in the root of an island arc at depths of 10–21 km. Herein presented geochemical and isotopic data (40Ar–39Ar: 487.1 ± 4.3 Ma and Sm–Nd: 505 Ma) go along with the existence of an intra-oceanic arc related to geodynamic events that took place in the Prototethyan oceanic realm s.l. during middle Cambrian to earliest Ordovician. These events were likely correlated with the subduction of the Quaidam(?) back-arc ocean, or alternatively, with the subduction and closure of Prototethyan branches located between microcontinental fragments of Asia. Initially, the closure of back-arc oceans led to crust fragmentation and, then, addition of non-metamorphosed mafites into the obducted sequence further from the active continental margins of Gondwana and Laurassia at the time of the formation of Pangea in the late Palaeozoic.

Current welfare state of pet guinea pigs in the UK

BackgroundLittle research has been carried out into how guinea pigs are cared for in the UK, and information regarding potential welfare issues is sparse. This study was designed to examine...

Immunological and plasma antioxidant response following protection of newborn lambs from cold by umbrella-type housing and lamb-jacket in winter

ABSTRACT Cold stress during peak winter in semi-arid tropic affects productivity in newborn lambs often causing mortality. In the present study, effects of umbrella-type housing and lamb-jacket on plasma antioxidant defence and immune response in newborn lambs were investigated. Thirty lambs of one week age were randomly and equally divided into three groups: G1, G2 and G3. At night, G1 lambs were put in a conventional shed having asbestos roof, boundaries made of brick and wire-net fence that was covered with canvas curtain. G2 lambs were housed similar to G1 and each lamb was put on with lamb-jacket designed to cover trunk area. G3 lambs were put in umbrella-type incubator made of cotton fabric and a layer of coarse wool. During daytime, all the lambs were let loose in a common enclosure and allowed free suckling. Overall, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in plasma was higher (p < 0.05) in G3 compared to G1; however, total oxidative stress (TOS) was similar (p > 0.05) among the groups. There was significant effect of group × day on both TAC and TOS. On day 30, TAC was significantly higher, while TOS was lower in both G2 and G3 compared to G1. The humoral immune response was higher (p < 0.05) in G3 compared to G1. In conclusion, protection of newborn lambs from cold stress by use of lamb-jacket and umbrella-type housing increased the plasma antioxidant defence as well as humoral immune response.

Enhancing soil organic carbon, particulate organic carbon and microbial biomass in semi-arid rangeland using pasture enclosures

BackgroundRehabilitation of degraded rangelands through the establishment of enclosures (fencing grazing lands) is believed to improve soil quality and livelihoods, and enhance the sustainability of rangelands. Grazing dominated enclosure (GDE) and contractual grazing enclosure (CGE) are the common enclosure management systems in West Pokot County, Kenya. Under CGE, a farmer owning few animals leases the enclosure to households with relatively more livestock, while GDE is where the livestock utilizing the enclosure are purely owned by the farmer. Livestock management in both systems is via the free-range system. This study evaluated the effect of enclosure management on total soil organic carbon (SOC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) as key indicators of soil degradation at 0–40 cm depth. The two enclosure systems were selected based on three age classes (3–10, 11–20 and > 20 years since establishment) (n = 3). The adjacent open grazing area (OGR) was used as a reference (n = 9).ResultsRelative to OGR, the pasture enclosures significantly decreased soil bulk density and increased the concentrations of total organic C, POC, MBC and MBN compared to the degraded OGR (P < 0.001). Significantly higher concentrations of POC and MBC was recorded in GDE than CGE (P = 0.01). The POC accounted for 24.5–29.5% of the total SOC. MBC concentrations ranged from 32.05 ± 7.25 to 96.63 ± 5.31 µg C g−1 of soil in all grazing systems, and was positively correlated with total SOC and POC (P < 0.001). The proportional increase in POC and MBC was higher in GDE (56.6 and 30.5% respectively) compared to CGE (39.2 and 13.9% for POC and MBC respectively).ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that controlling livestock grazing through the establishment of pasture enclosures is the key strategy to enhance total SOC, POC, MBC, and MBN in degraded rangelands; a precondition for improving soil quality. Therefore, the establishment of enclosures is an effective restoration approach to restore degraded soils in semi-arid rangelands.

Hybrid Integration of RF Photonic Systems

Radio-frequency (RF) photonics is demonstrating superior performance in communication systems using discrete components. As systems establish an upgrade path balancing challenging bandwidth requirements with size, weight, and power constraints, the time is ripe for transition to a more efficient and cost-effective hybrid manufacturing technology. This technology has been applied to the construction of an optical coherent receiver for the down conversion of RF signals from 10–18 to 2 GHz. Light from a distributed feedback semiconductor laser is split between two lithium niobate Mach-Zehnder modulators, driven either by a tunable local oscillator tone or an RF signal coming, for example, from a receiving antenna. The modulated light signals are combined with an optical coupler and filtered by two fiber Bragg gratings that select one optical sideband from each signal. Detection of the filtered light by a balanced photo-detector produces an electrical signal at an intermediate frequency equal to the beat difference between the frequencies of the RF signal and the local oscillator. Packaging of optical and opto-electronic components within a common enclosure where light routing is performed by micro-optics has allowed a significant decrease in the size, weight, and power consumption of the receiver.

Behaviors and body weight of suckling piglets in different social environments.

ObjectiveThis study was conducted to characterize the behaviors and the body weight of suckling piglets in different social environments.MethodsTwo groups of sows and suckling piglets housed either in individual farrowing crates in separate pens (1.8×2.4 m, the control group) or in groups of three sows with their piglets in farrowing crates in a large common enclosure (5.4×2.2 m, the treatment group) were observed with the aid of video technology for 9 consecutive hours on days 1, 2, and 3, after mixing.ResultsSuckling, agonistic, and elimination behaviors of suckling piglets were significantly higher in the control group than in the treatment group. Inactive behavior was higher in the treatment group than in the control group. Most of the effects of the social environment on the suckling piglets seem to be the result of large reductions in behaviors and body weight for piglets switching from high activity to low activity. Moreover, suckling behavior and birth body weight were highly correlated with body weight at the end of the test.ConclusionThe social environment that resulted from mixing, thus, had significant effects on the behavior and body weight of suckling piglets, and behavioral characteristics, therefore, should be considered when making improvements to the husbandry and care methods used in swine production.

Occupy! Historical geographies of property, protest and the commons, 1500–1850

This paper examines issues surrounding protest, trespass and occupation – brought to the fore as a result both of recent social movements including the global Occupy movement and of emerging critical discourses about so-called ‘new enclosures’ – through a historical lens. Wary of histories of property and protest that rely heavily on the notion of the ‘closing of the commons’, the authors present a different story about the solidification of property rights, the securitisation of space and the gradual emergence of the legal framework through which protest is now disciplined. They do so via an exploration of three episodes in the making of property in land and three associated moments of resistance, each enacted via the physical occupation of common land. The first examines strategies for opposing enclosure in early sixteenth century England; the second the Diggers' reimagining of property and the commons in the mid seventeenth century; and the third analyses the challenge to property rights offered by squatting and small-scale encroachments in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. These episodes also serve to detail some of the foundational ways in which the securitisation of space, and the attendant legal framework used to discipline protest, emerged. In so doing, the paper begins to rethink the relations between past and contemporary protest, considering how a more nuanced account of the history of common rights, enclosure and property relations might nevertheless leave space for new solidarities which have the potential to challenge the exercise of arbitrary power.

Counterculture, Property, Place, and Time: Nimbin, 1973

Counterculture, Property, Place, and Time: Nimbin, 1973

Evaluation of Vaporized Hydrogen Peroxide Fumigation as a Method for the Bio-decontamination of the High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter Unit

ObjectiveTo evaluate the performance of vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP) for the bio-decontamination of the high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter unit. MethodsSelf-made or commercially available bioindicators were placed at designated locations in the HEPA filter unit under VHP fumigation. The spores on coupons were then extracted by 0.5 h submergence in eluent followed by 200- time violent knocks. ResultsDue to the presence of HEPA filter in the box, spore recovery from coupons placed at the bottom of the filter downstream was significantly higher than that from coupons placed at the other locations. The gap of decontamination efficiency between the top and the bottom of the filter downstream became narrower with the exposure time extended. The decontamination efficiency of the bottom of the filter downstream only improved gently with the injection rate of H2O2 increased and the decontamination efficiency decreased instead when the injection rate exceeded 2.5 g/min. The commercially available bioindicators were competent to indicate the disinfection efficiency of VHP for the HEPA filter unit. ConclusionThe HEPA filter unit is more difficult than common enclosure to decontaminate using VHP fumigation. Complete decontamination can be achieved by extending fumigation time. VHP fumigation can be applied for in-situ biodecontamination of the HEPA filter unit as an alternative method to formaldehyde fumigation.

Three-phase Making Test Method for Common Type Circuit Breaker

The synthetic short-circuit making test to adequately stress the circuit breaker has been specified as the mandatory test duty in the IEC 62271-100. The purpose of this test is to give the maximum pre-arcing energy during making operation. And this requires the making operation with symmetrical short-circuit current that is established when the breakdown between contact gap occurs near the crest of the applied voltage. Also, if the interrupting chamber of circuit breakers is designed as the type of common enclosure or the operation is made by the gang operated mechanism that threephase contacts are operated by one common mechanism, three-phase synthetic making test is basically required. Therefore, several testing laboratories have developed and proposed their own test circuits to properly evaluate the breaker performance. With these technical backgrounds, we have developed the new alternative three-phase making circuit.

Computation of Electric Field and Thermal Properties of 3-Phase Cable

In this paper the electric field distribution, potential distribution and temperature distribution in a 3-phase underground cable in common ground enclosure is analyzed and presented. Unlike 3-Phase screened cable the stress distribution in a belted cable is not radial. A 3-phase high voltage power cable buried in soil can be used to investigate its electrical and thermal properties. In the present study the voltage distribution of an underground cable of 132 kV is analyzed using FEM and its ampacity and temperature distribution is calculated by analytical method. Further their performance parameter is verified using Comsol Multiphysics software. The results obtained using comsol software is also compared with the results of CSM model which is obtained through literature review.

SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR INTEGRATING HEMODYNAMIC AND IMAGING EXAMINATIONS

Hemodynamic data and imaging data are obtained about a patient, and the data is combined to generate a single report integrating same. While a hemodynamic system obtains the hemodynamic data, an imaging system obtains the imaging data. Preferably, the report confirms the absence or presence (and/or severity) of peripheral arterial disease, including quantitative data. The hemodynamic system and the imaging system can communicate directly, indirectly, and/or wirelessly. They may be contained within a common enclosure and/or integrated into a single apparatus. Either or both of the hemodynamic system and/or the imaging system can also be configured to measure the blood pressure of the patient. Preferably, the imaging system is an ultrasound imaging system, and improved workflows for diagnosing peripheral arterial disease result.

On the acoustic radiation modes of compact regular polyhedral arrays of independent loudspeakers

Compact spherical loudspeaker arrays can be used to provide control over their directivity pattern. Usually, this is made by adjusting the gains of preprogrammed spatial filters corresponding to a finite set of spherical harmonics, or to the acoustic radiation modes of the loudspeaker array. Unlike the former, the latter are closely related to the radiation efficiency of the source and span the subspace of the directivities it can produce. However, the radiation modes depend on frequency for arbitrary distributions of transducers on the sphere, which yields complex directivity filters. This work focuses on the most common loudspeaker array configurations, those following the regular shape of the Platonic solids. It is shown that the radiation modes of these sources are frequency independent, and simple algebraic expressions are derived for their radiation efficiencies. In addition, since such modes are vibration patterns driven by electrical signals, the transduction mechanism of compact multichannel sources is also investigated, which is an important issue, especially if the transducers interact inside a shared cabinet. For Platonic solid loudspeakers, it is shown that the common enclosure does not lead to directivity filters that depend on frequency.

Influence of unbalanced voltages on the movement of metallic particle in a three phase common enclosure gas insulated busduct

Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) is generally found to be very sensitive to field perturbations such as those caused by conductor surface imperfections and by conducting particle contaminants. A study of CIGRE group suggests that 20% of failures in Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) is due to the existence of various metallic contaminations in the form of loose particles. The presence of contamination can therefore be a problem with gas-insulated substations operating at high fields. If the effects of these particles could be eliminated, then this would improve the reliability of compressed gas insulated substation. It would also offer the possibility of operating at higher fields to affect a potential reduction in the GIS size with subsequent savings in the cost of manufacture and installation. The purpose of this paper is to develop techniques, which will formulate the basic equations that will govern the movement of metallic particles like aluminum, silver and copper in a bus duct. Simulation is carried out on particle movement with balanced and unbalanced voltages and the results have been presented and analysed.

Modelling and Analysis of Metallic Particle Movement in a Common Enclosure Gib With Electromagnetic Field

Compressed gas-insulated substations (GIS) consist basically of a conductor supported on insulators inside an enclosure, which is filled with sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) . The voltage withstand capability of SF 6 bus duct is strongly dependent on field perturbations, such as those caused by conductor surface imperfections and by conducting particle contaminants. The contaminants can be produced by abrasion between components during assembly or operations. These particles can either be free to move in the GIS bus or they may stick either to an energized electrode or to an insulator surface. If a metallic particle crosses the gap and comes into contact with the inner electrode or if a metallic particle adheres to the inner conductor, the particle will act as a protrusion on the surface of the electrode. A study of CIGRE group suggests that 20% of failure in GIS is due to the existence of various metallic contaminations in the form of loose particles. The presence of contamination can therefore be a problem with GISs operating at high fields. If the effects of these particles could be eliminated, then this would improve the reliability of compressed GIS. It would also offer the possibility of operating at higher fields to affect a potential reduction in the GIS size with subsequent savings in the cost of manufacture and installation. The purpose of this paper is to develop techniques, which will formulate the basic equations that will govern the movement of metallic particles like aluminium and copper in a three-phase gas-insulated bus duct. The simulation also considers the electromagnetic field effect on particle movement and the results have been presented and analyzed.

Electric field effect on metallic particle contamination in a common enclosure gas insulated busduct

Sulphur hexaflouride (SF <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sub> ) is generally found to be very sensitive to field perturbations such as those caused by conductor surface imperfections and by conducting particle contaminants. A study of CIGRE group suggests that 20% of failures in gas insulated substations (GIS) is due to the existence of various metallic contaminations in the form of loose particles. The presence of contamination can therefore be a problem with gas-insulated substations operating at high fields. If the effects of these particles could be eliminated, then this would improve the reliability of compressed gas insulated substation. It would also offer the possibility of operating at higher fields to affect a potential reduction in the GIS size with subsequent savings in the cost of manufacture and installation. The purpose of this paper is to develop techniques, which will formulate the basic equations that will govern the movement of metallic particles like aluminum and copper in a bus duct. The simulation considers the electric field effect on particle movement and the results have been presented and analyzed