Common Dental Diseases Research Articles

РОЛЬ ИММУНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ПРОЦЕССОВ В РАЗВИТИИ ВОСПАЛИТЕЛЬНЫХ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ ПАРОДОНТА И ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ИХ КОРРЕКЦИИ

Subject: Inflammatory periodontal diseases are one of the most common dental diseases in the world. To ensure successful treatment and a stable period of remission, it is necessary to take into account the etiopathogenesis of the disease. One of the main roles in the development of inflammatory periodontal diseases is played by the immune response of the body to the action of periodontal-pathogenic micro-organisms.
 Objective ― to study the current literature indicates about the role of immunological processes in the development of inflammatory periodontal diseases, as well as the possibility of their correction
 Material and methodologies: Data from the scientific literature on the etiopathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal diseases was used in the study. To achieve this objective the databases of the Tyumen State Medical University Library, electronic libraries (eLibrary, Cyberleninka, PubMed, Googl.Scholar), official sites of scientific publications were used.
 Results: the review of the literature presents information on the immunological processes developing in inflammatory periodontal diseases. The role of cellular and humoral elements in pathogenesis, the role of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the chronization of the inflammatory process is described. The possibilities of local immunological correction in the treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases are considered.
 Conclusions: The concept of cytokine development of inflammatory periodontal diseases has been formed and substantiated in modern scientific literature. The evaluation of the cytokine profile of the oral and gingival fluid allows to establish the activity and severity of the disease. The established immunological and molecular genetic mechanisms of the development of inflammatory periodontal diseases associated with the influence of cytokines make it possible to adjust the complex treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases, determine the direction of personalized therapy of patient, determine the effectiveness of the treatment and the prognosis of the disease.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО СТАТУСА У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ОНКОЛОГИЧЕСКИМИ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯМИ

Subject. In the modern world, the prevalence of cancer is growing every year, in this regard, this pathology is one of the most pressing problems in medicine. There is no doubt that malignant neoplasms have a complex interaction with the body. The General mechanisms of occurrence and progression of the tumor process are intensively studied, and to date, a huge amount of material on molecular and clinical Oncology has been accumulated, it is used in related disciplines. 
 The most important sections of dentistry are the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the mucous membrane. Often, clinical manifestations in the oral cavity are one of the first symptoms indicating a General somatic disease. This article covers the study of the dental status of patients with different localizations of cancer.
 Objective ― to study the incidence of dental diseases of patients with cancer.
 Methodology. To conduct a study medical examination of patients with different localizations of cancer was held to determine dental: the definition of DMF-Index, PMA-index, Parodontal Index, and the condition of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity and periodontal tissues. Cancer patients receiving chemotherapy and radiation therapy, patients who refused to participate in the survey were excluded from the survey.
 Results. The study included 526 patients. The predominance of certain types of dental diseases among patients with a particular cancer pathology was revealed.
 Conclusions. Our study showed that all patients had decompensated forms of caries. The most common dental diseases combined with cancer are hyperplasia filiform papillae (K14.3), the "geographic" language (K14.1). Periodontal disease occurred in 69,5 % of cases among cancer patients.

INTRODUCTION OF THE PROGRAM OF PREVENTION OF DENTAL DISEASES AT CHILDREN OF SCHOOL AGE

Tooth decay is the most common dental disease in children, so the problem of prevention remains one of the most relevant in pediatric dentistry. Goal: development and implementation of health education and individual treatment and prevention activities for school-age children. Materials and methods. School-based SOUTH of the city of Moscow, teachers and students of the third year was held a programme for the prevention of dental diseases among pupils in primary classes, attended by 2300 people. Results. Employees of the Department of therapeutic Stomatology RNIMU them. N.i. Pirogov was established private dental diseases prevention programme, which already operates within 6 years the intensity of caries in permanent teeth CPU index teeth fell in children age 6 with 2.40 ± 0.06 to 0.97 ± 0.06 (p < 0.05), 12-year-olds with 3.74 ± 0.17 to 1.95 ± 0.16 (p < 0.05), 15 year olds with 4.86 ± 0.16 to 2.95 ± 0.13 (p < 0.05); reduction of intensity of caries increment amounted to 59.6%, respectively, 47.9% and 39.3%, with an increase in the number of children with healthy teeth that says showing clear positive impact on the level of oral hygiene Program Prevention of dental diseases.

☆Symposium: Imaging modalities for drug-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (5), utility of bone scintigraphy and 18F-FDG PET/CT in early detection and risk assessment of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (secondary publication).

SummaryMedication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a significant side effect of antiresorptive and antiangiogenic drugs. Since MRONJ is intractable, early detection is the best way to limit progression. Bone scintigraphy and 18F- fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography can detect minimal and subclinical changes in bones earlier than conventional radiological modalities. A differential diagnosis including MRONJ is recommended when abnormally high uptakes are incidentally detected in the jaws of patients who have bone metastases. Quantitative analysis of uptakes, such as bone scan index of the jaw using neural network analysis and maximum standardized uptake value, could differentiate MRONJ from common dental diseases and be useful for the early detection and risk assessment of MRONJ.

The association between hypertension, physical activity, and brushing technique with periodontal disease

Background: Periodontal tooth disease is the second most common dental disease after dental caries. Hypertension is increasing in the world especially in Indonesia. Several studies showed that hypertension could cause periodontal tooth disease. Physical activity can reduce hypertension, which can further reduce the incidence of periodontal disease. Brushing technique also plays a role in preventing periodontal disease. This study aimed to determine the relationship between hypertension, physical activity, and brushing technique with periodontal disease in Indonesia.Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study. A total of 722.329 samples were included, who were all household members aged ≥15 years. The data were secondary data from the National Health Survey 2013 study in 33 provinces and 497 districts/cities in Indonesia. Bivariate analysis using the chi-square analysis was used to know the relationship between the independent and dependent variable. Multivariate analysis using the logistic regression analysis was used to determine the simultaneous influence of the independent variable to the dependent variable.Results: There was a relationship between hypertension and periodontal tissue status (p<0.001; OR = 1.15). There was a relationship between physical activity and periodontal tissue status (p< 0.001; OR = 0.84). There was a relationship between brushing technique and periodontal tissue status (p< 0.001, OR = 1.36). Logistic regression analysis showed a significant relationship between hypertension, physical activity, and correct brushing technique with periodontal tissue status (p < 0.001).Conclusion: There was a relationship between hypertension, physical activity, and brushing technique with periodontal disease.Â

Gender and oral health in Africa

Oral health constitutes an important part of general health. Caries and periodontal disease are the most common dental diseases globally. In Africa, the challenges of cancrum oris, acute necrotizing gingivitis, oral cancer, oral manifestations of HIV/AIDS, and maxillofacial trauma are also common especially among the low-socioeconomic communities. Gender is one variable that contributes to oral health status globally. Other variables include race and ethnicity, socioeconomic status, attitude to dentistry, level of education, and cultural values. There is an interplay between these variables and they can increase or diminish the effect gender has on oral health. Gender-based health inequities are apparent in early childhood and even in adulthood. Many families provide better nutrition for boys in the interest of maximizing future productivity given that boys are generally seen as breadwinners. The unfortunate practice of son preference, which occurs worldwide in different levels of severity, often leads young girls being neglected and therefore more likely to develop poor oral health, which is then left untreated. Good oral health has been associated with positive oral health beliefs and stability of beliefs. Women tend to have better and more stable oral health beliefs. This may contribute largely to why women have better oral health in modern society. Gender influence on oral health status is appreciable especially in an economically challenged region of Africa. For optimum oral health, efforts should be geared toward appropriate health care reforms, education of female children, elimination of gender discrimination, and implementation of oral health policies.

Cell Toxicity and inhibitory effects of Cyperus rotundus extract on Streptococcus mutans, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Candida albicans.

Periodontitis and tooth decay are common dental diseases. There are some bacterial risk factors such as Streptococcus mutans, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Candida albicans complications, tubers of Cyperus rotundus was used to determine the antimicrobial effect of fungi. Considering the increasing resistance of bacteria and fungi to antibiotics and their alcoholic and aqueous extracts and essential oil on Streptococcus mutans, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Candida albicans, as well as an examination cytotoxicity on gingival fibroblast cells. Alcoholic and aqueous extracts and essential oil prepared from tubers of Cyperus rotundus. After bacterial and fungal cultures, the inhibition zone, Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), were studied. Cytotoxicity was also evaluated using the Methyl tetrazolium test (MTT).The results showed that Cyperus rotundus alcoholic extract had the greatest effect on inhibition of growth and death of Streptococcus mutans, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. According to the present study, Cyperus rotundus extract can be considered as a suitable candidate for the treatment and prevention of periodontitis and tooth decay.

An experimental murine model to study periodontitis.

Periodontal disease (PD) is a common dental disease associated with the interaction between dysbiotic oral microbiota and host immunity. It is a prevalent disease, resulting in loss of gingival tissue, periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone. PD is a major form of tooth loss in the adult population. Experimental animal models have enabled the study of PD pathogenesis and are used to test new therapeutic approaches for treating the disease. The ligature-induced periodontitis model has several advantages as compared with other models, including rapid disease induction, predictable bone loss and the capacity to study periodontal tissue and alveolar bone regeneration because the model is established within the periodontal apparatus. Although mice are the most convenient and versatile animal models used in research, ligature-induced periodontitis has been more frequently used in large animals. This is mostly due to the technical challenges involved in consistently placing ligatures around murine teeth. To reduce the technical challenge associated with the traditional ligature model, we previously developed a simplified method to easily install a bacterially retentive ligature between two molars for inducing periodontitis. In this protocol, we provide detailed instructions for placement of the ligature and demonstrate how the model can be used to evaluate gingival tissue inflammation and alveolar bone loss over a period of 18 d after ligature placement. This model can also be used on germ-free mice to investigate the role of human oral bacteria in periodontitis in vivo. In conclusion, this protocol enables the mechanistic study of the pathogenesis of periodontitis in vivo.

The association between clinical diagnostic factors and the prevalence of vertical root fracture in endodontic surgery

Diagnosis of vertical root fractures (VRFs) can often be challenging due to the similarity of signs and symptoms with other common dental infectious diseases. This study was aimed at evaluating the potential relationship between VRFs and commonly used clinical diagnostic factors. 330 root-filled teeth with endodontic failures were subjected to endodontic microsurgery over a six-year period. VRFs were identified in 61 teeth. A randomly age- and sex-matched retrospective case-control study was conducted on a subset of 59 root-filled teeth with VRFs (cases) and 177 root-filled teeth without VRFs (controls). The strength of association between preoperative signs and radiographic findings and VRFs was evaluated using logistic regression model. Sinus tract, periodontal pocket depth ≥5mm, periodontal swelling or abscess, and radiological image of J-shaped or "halo" radiolucency were significantly more frequent in cases than in controls (p<0.05). With regard to logistic regression analysis, J-shaped or "halo" radiolucency demonstrated the greatest association with VRF, followed by periodontal pocket depth ≥5mm, sinus tract, and periodontal swelling or abscess. Approximately 70% of cases manifested themselves as combinations of at least two of these factors. Teeth having two and three or four of these factors had 3.14 times and 11.64 times higher risks for the presentations of VRFs, respectively (p<0.001). The major risk for VRFs was represented by those presenting radiological image of J-shaped or "halo" radiolucency, periodontal pocket depth ≥5mm, sinus tract, and periodontal swelling or abscess simultaneously.

Evaluation of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Parents toward their Children Oral Health Compared with their Dental Caries status

Introduction: Oral health is an integral component of overall health and well-being. Unfavorable oral hygiene habits cause early development of dental caries. Parents play a vital role in the oral health habits of their children. The oral care for the children can be improved by enhancing the oral health knowledge of their parents.Objectives: The objective of this study was to find out the knowledge, attitude and practices of parents toward their children oral health compared with dental caries status.Methodology: The sample consisting of 168 parent-child pair attending the Pedodontics department from November-December 2017 participated in the study after approval from Institutional review committee. A validated Nepali version of a structured questionnaire was used to collect the information on the knowledge, attitude and practice of the parents about oral health which was compared with the dental caries status of children and parents. The caries status was evaluated using the WHO criteria. The data was tabulated and subjected for statistical analysis.Results: Most of the parents (89.3 %) were aware that dental caries was the most common dental disease affecting children. Around 57.7% knew the importance of fluoride in prevention of dental caries. The children had higher dental caries rate than parents which was statistically significant. The overall oral health knowledge and attitude of the parents was adequate but their practice was inadequate. Inadequate attitude and practice of the parents had statistically significant impact on the caries status of the child.Conclusions: The parent's oral hygiene knowledge has an effect on their children oral health. So adequate education for parents is necessary to improve the influence of their dental health habits on their children's oral health. BJHS 2018;3(2)6: 447-452.

Oral fluid viscosity in children with different degree of caries activity

In spite of a high level of stomatological pathology prevention, caries remains the most common dental disease occurring under the influence of various factors both local and general ones. High caries risk indicators in children determine the necessity to examine the factors leading to it.Aim: To examine viscosity of the oral fluid in children with different degree of caries activity.Material and methods. 134 children aged 7–9 years, studying at Poltava schools were examined with the purpose to determine the level of intensity and degree of activity of carious process, using the current methods.Results. An average index of oral fluid viscosity in children aged 7–9 years was 1,82±0,03 of relative units. In children with caries of permanent teeth in all the examined age periods, oral fluid viscosity was found to be reliably higher than in those children with intact permanent teeth. Children with caries of temporary teeth have higher index of oral fluid viscosity than children with intact teeth in all the age groups. The index of oral fluid viscosity in children with permanent teeth afflicted with caries is higher than in children with caries of temporary teeth.Conclusions. The performed studies are indicate the interrelations of caries and oral fluid viscosity in children. In children with intact teeth viscosity is reliably lower that in those afflicted with caries. In the case when permanent teeth are afflicted, the index is more deteriorated in comparison with those children who have caries of temporary teeth.

Odontogenic abscesses in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) of Cayo Santiago.

Odontogenic abscesses are one of the most common dental diseases causing maxillofacial skeletal lesions. They affect the individual's ability to maintain the dental structures necessary to obtain adequate nutrition for survival and reproduction. In this study, the prevalence and pattern of odontogenic abscesses in relation to age, sex, matriline, and living periods were investigated in adult rhesus macaque skeletons of the free-ranging colony on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. The skulls used for this study were from the skeletons of 752 adult rhesus macaques, aged 8-31 years, and born between 1951 and 2000. They came from 66 matrilines ranging from 1 to 88 individuals. Fistulae or skeletal lesions caused by odontogenic abscesses drainage, carious lesions, tooth fractures, tooth loss, and alveolar resorption were evaluated visually. Seventy-two specimens (9.57%) had odontogenic abscesses of varying severity. Males had a significantly higher prevalence than females. The prevalence of odontogenic abscesses in several matrilines was significantly higher than in the population as a whole. Animals born between 1950 and 1965 tended to have a higher prevalence of odontogenic abscesses than those born in later periods. These results suggest that oral pathologies, such as dental and periodontal abscesses in rhesus macaques are fairly common, which may indicate familial effects interwoven with ecological and social factors. The closeness of the rhesus and human genomes allows insights to understand of the epidemiology of these diseases in the human population. Further assessment of the role played by environmental and familial factors on rhesus oral health and disease are warranted.

Показники карієсу зубів у дітей в перший період змінного прикусу

Summary. Caries is the most common dental disease originating from the ancient past and nowadays it is a considerable issue of pediatric dentistry (1,2). The WHO estimates approximately 15 % of children in their second year of life are already teeth afflicted by caries. This indicator increases with age and in the period of changeable occlusion it can reach 90 % depending on the territory where children reside. Investigation of caries indicators in children during the period of changeable occlusion is an important issue since eruption of the first permanent molars occurs, which are poorly mineralized, and have a specific relief of the masticatory surface (8). At this period of age children are often ill and do not thoroughly take care of their oral cavities (9,10,12).The aim of the study – to learn caries in children at the first period of changeable occlusion. Materials and Methods. In general 134 children aged from 7 to 9 during the 1st period of changeable occlusion were examined. The comparative group included children examined in Poltava during the period of 1997–1998. The results obtained were processed by means of variation statistics method.Results and Discussion. Comparative characteristics of caries indices was performed in the period of 1997–1998 (3,4) at the age periods of 7, 8 and 9 years which corresponds to the first period of changeable occlusion. 82.22 % of 8-year-old children were diagnosed to suffer from caries of temporary teeth. 14 examined children (31.11±6.98) % had caries of the permanent teeth, including 13 of them with caries of temporary teeth (92.86±7.14) %. An important fact was revealed that only in 2 (14.3±9.71) % children out of 14 permanent teeth were filled during preventive examination at the dentist. The rest 12 children were unaware of caries in their permanent teeth: carious cavities were small, toothache was absent; mastication surfaces were not accessible for careful examination by a child or parents; a dentist examination was more than half a year ago. All these factors should be considered while performing sanitary-educational and preventive work by a pediatric dentist.Conclusions. The analysis of caries index of the temporary and permanent teeth in children during the first period of changeable occlusion (7–9 years of age) in Poltava during the period of investigation in 1997–1998 and 20 later (2017) determined certain differences. A considerable attention should be paid to the indices of occurrence and intensity of caries in 8-year-old children. They are rather higher in 2017 as compared to1997–1998. The data concerning the condition of the dental hard tissues of the permanent teeth in children nowadays are especially alarming. They appeared to be considerably higher than 20 years ago. It requires more detailed investigation of the affecting factors as well as the attitude of children and their parents to dental health care, since the system of work of dentists in Poltava schools is maintained which is an important thing from the point of view of prevention of dental diseases and timely oral sanitation (8,11).

Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology of the Grey Wolf (Canis lupus)

Skulls from 392 grey wolves (Canis lupus) were examined macroscopically according to predefined criteria. Two hundred and seven skulls were included in this study, comprised of 124 young adults (59.9%) and 83 adults (40.1%); of these, 65 (31.4%) specimens were from male wolves and 104 (50.3%) were from females, with 38 (18.4%) of unknown sex. Out of 8,694 possible teeth, 8,339 (95.9%) were present for evaluation. Fifty-five teeth (15.5%) were absent congenitally, 30 (8.5%) were lost during life and 270 (76.1%) were lost artefactually post mortem. Skeletal or dental malocclusion was present in 37 specimens (17.9%), with level bite being the most commonly encountered malocclusion. Enamel hypoplasia was present in five skulls (2.4%), affecting eight teeth (0.1%) in total. An abnormal number of roots was found on 23 teeth (0.3%) on 13 skulls (6.3%). Persistent deciduous teeth occurred in two (1.0%) specimens, affecting one (0.01%) tooth each. Fenestration or dehiscence was found associated with 203 teeth (2.4%) in 72 skulls (34.8%). Periodontitis was noted on 115 skulls (55.6%)and 1,000 teeth (11.5%), affecting significantly more adults (n=63, 75.0%) than young adults (n=52, 41.9%; P <0.0001). One hundred and sixty-one skulls (77.8%) showed signs of endodontal disease, including attrition or abrasion on 144 skulls (69.6%) and 2,522 teeth (30.2%)and 424 fractured teeth (5.1%) on 103 skulls (49.8%). Both lesions affected significantly more adults than young adults. Overt periapical disease was associated with six teeth (0.1%) distributed across five skulls (2.4%). A carious lesion was present on one tooth (0.01%) of one specimen (0.5%). Lesions consistent with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis were found in 24 specimens (11.6%), affecting 38 joints (9.2%). Trauma to the skull, such as bite marks, bullet holes or blunt trauma, was noted in 44 skulls (21.2%). The grey wolf and the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) share common dental diseases; however, the proportion and severity may vary. Although the clinical significance of dental and TMJ pathology in the grey wolf remains unknown, based on the impact of these disorders on the domestic dog, the occurrence and severity of these lesions are likely to play an important role in the morbidity and mortality of this wild canid species.

Prevalence of common dental diseases and oral hygiene practices among orphanage children in Chennai, South India-health policy impli-cations

Background: Since children form a vulnerable group for oral diseases, this study was undertaken to understand the prevalence of common oral diseases and the oral hygiene practices among children in orphanages in Chennai. Materials &amp; Methods: 393 children were examined from randomly selected Or-phanages in South Chennai for prevalence of dental caries and gingival disease. The severity was deter-mined by DMFT (Decayed missing Filled Index) / deft and gingival index of Loe and Sillness. The difference in disease pattern was observed in both male and female children separately and also in (3-6) and (7-12) years age group. The children were also assessed on oral hygiene practices. Results: Overall 73.3% and 66.66% of the children suffer from Dental Caries and gingival disease respectively. In (3-12) year age group, the prevalence of Dental caries was proportionately high in male children (80% v/s 68%: p&lt;0.001). The severity of dental caries was also high in male children (DMFT /deft scores – 2.08 among males &amp; 1.91 among females), however gingival index showed a significant difference between (3-6) and (7-12) years age group (p&lt;0.001). There is a fair positive correlation between DMFT/deft score and gingival index score (r= 0.45, p=0.001). The number of times teeth brushed was statistically significant in specific age group and gender (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: This study indicates the need for enforcing oral hygiene practices and timely intervention for treatment of oral diseases for children in orphanages. The overall vulnerability of children in (7-12) age group for oral diseases calls for attention of the caretakers. Keywords: Caries; gingivitis; DMFT; deft; oral hygiene Practice

Common dental diseases in children and malocclusion

Malocclusion is a worldwide dental problem that influences the affected individuals to varying degrees. Many factors contribute to the anomaly in dentition, including hereditary and environmental aspects. Dental caries, pulpal and periapical lesions, dental trauma, abnormality of development, and oral habits are most common dental diseases in children that strongly relate to malocclusion. Management of oral health in the early childhood stage is carried out in clinic work of pediatric dentistry to minimize the unwanted effect of these diseases on dentition. This article highlights these diseases and their impacts on malocclusion in sequence. Prevention, treatment, and management of these conditions are also illustrated in order to achieve successful oral health for children and adolescents, even for their adult stage.

Delivery Vehicles for Antiplaque Agents

Oral health is an integral part of general health. Poor oral health can have adverse effects on general health. Hence a good oral and general health is very essential, which in turn is achieved by good oral hygiene. Even though, the concept of good oral hygiene evolved some 5000 yrs back. It is only in the beginning of the 19th century it gained more importance. The earlier concept of maintaining oral hygiene by just cleaving the food debris has been taken over by removal of plaque, an infectious agent responsible for many common dental diseases, in the 20th century. Plaque control is one of the keystones of the practice of dentistry, without it, oral health can neither be attained, nor preserved. For patient with healthy periodontium, Plaque control means preservation of health. For the patient with periodontal disease, it means optimal healing, following treatment. For the patient with treated periodontal disease, plaque control means the prevention of recurrence of disease.

Acid pH of Saliva in Dental Caries of Pre-school Children repressed phagocytic capacity of neutrophil

In Indonesia dental caries is one of the most important issues in children’s health. Caries is one of common dental diseases in children who consume sugar-rich diets. Caries cause decalcification of tooth enamel and dentin. The bacteria involved in caries can converge on the dental pulp tissue and spread to other organs. Under adverse conditions, complications such as phylogenetic osteomyelitis and bacterial endocarditis can occur. This study aimed to investigate the effects of oral cavity pH on neutrophil and lymphocyte cell activity in order to eliminate S. mutans. Neutrophil and lymphocyte cells were isolated from the saliva of 30 preschool children, with and without caries, from the city of Surabaya, Indonesia. The dental condition was verified by a dentist based on the def-t index. Obtained results indicate that the number of activated neutrophils (CD11b+CD35+) from children in the caries group was significantly higher than the caries-free group at an acidic pH, but was unchanged at an alkaline pH. The activated neutrophils triggered naive T cells to become effector T cells (CD4+), which produce cytokines to respond the infection. However, the increased CD11b+CD35+ were unable to enhance the phagocytic activity of neutrophils in the caries group, especially in acidic pH conditions. An acidic pH was found to repress the phagocytic capacity of neutrophils. This study provides a basis for future strategies to prevent dental caries by promoting phagocytic activity and maintaining a neutral pH in the oral cavity.

Four-level evaluation of health promotion intervention for preventing early childhood caries: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundEarly childhood caries (ECC) is the most common dental disease among children, which can affect children’s primary teeth during their teething. This study evaluates an intervention for preventing early childhood caries in a pediatric population in Ahvaz, Iran.MethodThe population of this study (IRCT2017070210804N10) consists of 104 women with 12 to 36 months of age without dental caries referred to a health care center in Ahvaz, Iran. The children were randomly assigned to either an experimental or control group in equal numbers. First, the demographic information of participants was collected through a questionnaire containing components of perceived threat, health literacy, and oral health behaviors using a valid and reliable questionnaire. The ECC status of the children was established by a dentist. Control group received “standard well baby care”. The experimental group received standard well baby care in addition to educational interventions, including lecture and group discussion. After 6 months, the participant completed the questionnaire for the second time, and the children’s teeth were reexamined. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 15 at a significance level of p < 0.05.ResultsThe mean ages of women and children were 31 ± 6.68 years and 18 ± 7.21 months, respectively. Before the intervention, no significant difference was documented between the groups for the study variables, p > 0.05. However, after the intervention, a significant difference was observed between the perceived threats (41.15 ± 4.46 in the experimental group and 38.26 ± 4.21 in the control group, p = 0.001), health literacy (20.98 ± 2.15 in the experimental group and 19.76 ± 2.70 in the control group, p = 0.01), oral health behaviors (7.75 ± 2.30 in the experimental group and 6.15 ± 2.65 in the control group, p = 0.01), and the incidence of ECC (13% in the experimental group and 35% in the control group,p = 0.001).ConclusionThis intervention had positive effects on the perceived threat, health literacy, and health behaviors; and the intervention could reduce the incidence of ECC. The finding of this study provided a suggestion for evidence-based decision-making processes regarding ECCs prevention programs.Trial registrationIRCT2017070210804N10 (retrospectively registered)

FACTORS ANALYSIS CORRELATED WITH THE OCCURANCE OF DENTAL CARIES (Retrospective Study Research In Banjarbaru General Hospital Dental Clinic From October-November 2016)

Background : The most common dental and oral disease suffered by many Indonesian is dental caries. The only way to have healthy oral or dental is by maintaining oral hygenie and visiting the dentist regularly to have oral or dental checked. To know more about dental cariesproblems, we analyze the knowledge of dental and oral health, education level, age, sex, health infrastucture facility and health care worker. Research purposes : Analizing the Factors Related with Dental Caries Case (Study case in dental policlinic RSUD Banjarbaru). Research method : in this research, quantitative method with cross sectional method is used. Research population is all patients who have routine control visit at the dental policlinic of RSUD Banjarbaru, with one year span data cases in 2015. The sampling method used in this research is random sampling of the patients who was has a routine control visit with dentist at the dental policlinic. The variable used in this research are independent variable such as dental and oral healthy knowledge, sex, age, education level, dental clinic’s infrastructure facility, health care workers` service, and habit or behaviour of dental routine control, and dependent variable which is DMF-T number. Measurement is done by collecting directly from the respondents who answered questionare given by the researcher (primary data). The measurement the secondary data in form of patient’s medical record in RSUD Banjarbaru. Meanwhile, the measurement of caries is carried out by DMF-T index. Research result : The relation knowledge level, education level, age, sex, health infrastructure, and also healthcare workers’ service with accident dental caries are showing sig number of >0.05, this decision is accepted which means there is not significant relation occured. While the relation dental routine control behaviour to dentist with accident dental caries are showing sig number of 0.006<0.05, this decision is rejected which means there is a significant relation occured.Conclusion : The factor dental control routine behaviour to dentist has a significant relation to the occurance of dental caries at dental polyclinic in RSUD Banjarbaru.