Common Cold In Children Research Articles

Clinical effectiveness of the Sanfu herbal patch at acupoints for respiratory diseases including otitis media in children: A pilot before-and-after study

IntroductionMany studies have demonstrated that the Sanfu herbal patch (SHP) is effective for treating asthma and allergic rhinitis. However, no studies on its effectiveness for preventing respiratory diseases were identified in searchable databases. Therefore, a prospective, before-and-after study was conducted to investigate whether it was feasible to evaluate the effectiveness of SHP when applied in summer could prevent respiratory diseases in children in winter. MethodsThis pilot study included 60 children with a history of respiratory diseases who visited Dongguk University Korean Medicine Hospital for SHP treatment during the Sanfu Days in summer 2015, and were surveyed using a questionnaire before treatment and then again in March 2016. ResultsThere were improvements in the frequency and duration of the common cold and rhinitis and in the frequency of tonsillitis and otitis media after treatment (P<0.05). The improvement rates for the frequency and duration of the common cold were 70% and 60%, respectively. Total and component Wisconsin Upper Respiratory System Survey (WURSS)-21 scores significantly improved after treatment (P<0.05). The effectiveness rates for improvement of WURSS-21 symptom, QoL, and total score were 55.0%, 70.0%, and 66.7%, respectively. ConclusionThe effectiveness of SHP in preventing the common cold in children seems to be encouraging, but not conclusive, because of the methodological limitations of this study. Well-designed randomized controlled trials are necessary to confirm these findings. For other respiratory diseases, further research recruiting participants separately according to each respiratory disease should be conducted to validate the effects of SHP treatment.

Viral aetiology of common colds of outpatient children at primary care level and the use of antibiotics.

Although antibiotics are ineffective against viral respiratory infections, studies have shown high rates of prescriptions worldwide. We conducted a study in Brazil to determine the viral aetiologies of common colds in children and to describe the use of antibiotics for these patients. Children up to 12 years with common colds were enrolled from March 2008-February 2009 at a primary care level facility and followed by regular telephone calls and medical consultations. A nasopharyngeal wash was obtained at enrollment and studied by direct fluorescence assay and polymerase chain reaction for nine different types of virus. A sample of 134 patients was obtained, median age 2.9 years (0.1-11.2 y). Respiratory viruses were detected in 73.9% (99/134) with a coinfection rate of 30.3% (30/99). Rhinovirus was the most frequent virus (53/134; 39.6%), followed by influenza (33/134; 24.6%) and respiratory syncytial virus (8/134; 13.4%). Antibiotic prescription rate was 39.6% (53/134) and 69.8% (37/53) were considered inappropriate. Patients with influenza infection received antibiotics inappropriately in a greater proportion of cases when compared to respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus infections (p = 0.016). The rate of inappropriate use of antibiotics was very high and patients with influenza virus infection were prescribed antibiotics inappropriately in a greater proportion of cases.

Approach to Common Cold in Children

Ad dress for Cor res pon den ce/Ya z›fl ma Ad re si Ozlem Naciye Atan Sahin M.D., Acibadem Bodrum Hospital, Mugla, Turkey Phone: +90 252 311 40 50 E-mail: ozlematan@yahoo.com Re cei ved/Ge lis ta ri hi: 30.04.2014 Ac cep ted/Ka bul ta ri hi: 17.11.2014 1Acibadem Bodrum Hospital, Mugla, Turkey 2Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology, Izmir, Turkey Ozlem Naciye Atan Sahin1, Figen Gulen2 The Journal of Pediatric Research 2015;2(1):1-6 DO I: 10.4274/jpr.02486

A hand hygiene intervention to reduce infections in child daycare: a randomized controlled trial.

Infections are common in children attending daycare centres (DCCs). We evaluated the effect of a hand hygiene (HH) intervention for caregivers on the incidence of gastrointestinal and respiratory infections in children. The intervention was evaluated in a two-arm cluster randomized controlled trial. Thirty-six DCCs received the intervention including HH products, training sessions, and posters/stickers. Thirty-five control DCCs continued usual practice. Incidence of episodes of diarrhoea and the common cold in children was monitored by parents during 6 months. Using multilevel Poisson regression, incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained. Diarrhoeal incidence was monitored in 545 children for 91 937 days. During follow-up, the incidence was 3·0 episodes per child-year in intervention DCCs vs. 3·4 in control DCCs (IRR 0·90, 95% CI 0·73-1·11). Incidence of the common cold was monitored in 541 children for 91 373 days. During follow-up, the incidence was 8·2 episodes per child-year in intervention DCCs vs. 7·4 in control DCCs (IRR 1·07, 95% CI 0·97-1·19). In this study, no evidence for an effect of the intervention was demonstrated on the incidence of episodes of diarrhoea and the common cold.

Carrageenan nasal spray in virus confirmed common cold: individual patient data analysis of two randomized controlled trials

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Background: Clinical trials applying iota-carrageenan nasal spray have previously shown to reduce duration of virus-confirmed common cold. The present study pooled data of two similar clinical trials to provide further evidence for the antiviral effectiveness of carrageenan.&#x0D; Methods: Individual patient data were analyzed from two randomized double blind placebo controlled trials assessing the therapeutic effectiveness of carrageenan nasal spray in acute common cold. Patients with virus-confirmed common cold (n = 254, verum 126, placebo 128) were included and the following parameters were appraised: duration of disease, number of patients with relapses, number of respiratory viruses and viral titers at inclusion (visit 1) compared to days 3–5 (visit 2).&#x0D; Results: Carrageenan treated patients showed a significant reduction in duration of disease of almost 2 days (p &lt; 0.05) as well as significantly fewer relapses during 21 days of observation period (p &lt; 0.05). The virus clearance between visit 1 and visit 2 was significantly more pronounced in the carrageenan group (p &lt; 0.05). In both studies, virus-confirmed common cold was caused by three main virus subtypes: human rhinovirus (46%), human coronavirus (25%) and influenza A (14%) virus. Carrageenan nasal spray showed significant antiviral efficacy in all three virus subgroups, the highest effectiveness was observed in human corona virus-infected patients. The reduced duration of disease was 3 days (p &lt; 0.01) and the number of relapses was three times less (p &lt; 0.01) in carrageenan treated corona-virus-infected patients compared to control patients.&#x0D; Conclusions: Administration of carrageenan nasal spray in children as well as in adults suffering from virus-confirmed common cold reduced duration of disease, increased viral clearance and reduced relapses of symptoms. Carrageenan nasal spray appeared as an effective treatment of common cold in children and adults.&#x0D; Trial registration: Pooled data from ISRCTN52519535 and ISRCTN80148028&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Carrageenan nasal spray in virus confirmed common cold: individual patient data analysis of two randomized controlled trials.

BackgroundClinical trials applying iota-carrageenan nasal spray have previously shown to reduce duration of virus-confirmed common cold. The present study pooled data of two similar clinical trials to provide further evidence for the antiviral effectiveness of carrageenan.MethodsIndividual patient data were analyzed from two randomized double blind placebo controlled trials assessing the therapeutic effectiveness of carrageenan nasal spray in acute common cold. Patients with virus-confirmed common cold (n = 254, verum 126, placebo 128) were included and the following parameters were appraised: duration of disease, number of patients with relapses, number of respiratory viruses and viral titers at inclusion (visit 1) compared to days 3–5 (visit 2).ResultsCarrageenan treated patients showed a significant reduction in duration of disease of almost 2 days (p < 0.05) as well as significantly fewer relapses during 21 days of observation period (p < 0.05). The virus clearance between visit 1 and visit 2 was significantly more pronounced in the carrageenan group (p < 0.05). In both studies, virus-confirmed common cold was caused by three main virus subtypes: human rhinovirus (46%), human coronavirus (25%) and influenza A (14%) virus. Carrageenan nasal spray showed significant antiviral efficacy in all three virus subgroups, the highest effectiveness was observed in human corona virus-infected patients. The reduced duration of disease was 3 days (p < 0.01) and the number of relapses was three times less (p < 0.01) in carrageenan treated corona-virus-infected patients compared to control patients.ConclusionsAdministration of carrageenan nasal spray in children as well as in adults suffering from virus-confirmed common cold reduced duration of disease, increased viral clearance and reduced relapses of symptoms. Carrageenan nasal spray appeared as an effective treatment of common cold in children and adults.Trial registrationPooled data from ISRCTN52519535 and ISRCTN80148028

English

Children contract an average of approximately six colds each year and irrational antibiotic has been prescribed to 60% of cases that potentially cause antibiotic resistency. Some studies in humans have shown that probiotic are effective in reducing the severity of common cold symptoms. The mechanisms of probiotic are attributed to an increase of the innate and acquired immune response. The aim of our study was to investigate whether the consumption of Lactobacillus acidophilus R0052 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 in dosage of 0.1 x 10 9 CFU and 1.9 x 10 9 CFU per day during 7 days influences the severity of symptoms of the common cold in children. This study can be described as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. 100 children who developed symptoms of the common cold within 24-48 hours before enrollment were included in the study. Patients in the probiotic group (n=50) received probiotic capsules containing 0.1x10 9 of Lactobacillus acidophilus and 1.9x10 9 Lactobacillus rhamnosus every day for 7 days. Patients in the placebo group (n=50) received similarly administered capsules that contained Saccharum lactis. Subjective daily symptom scores for cough symptoms, nasal symptoms, pharyngeal symptoms and systemic symptoms were used as main outcome measures. The daily mean symptom score during an episode was not significantly different in the probiotic-treated group than in the control group (p>0.05). There was also a nonsignificant relative risk reduction in the number of improvement from severity symptoms score of common cold in both of groups (unadjusted absolute % reduction 0, P=1). There was no report of adverse events in the probiotic and plasebo group. In conclusion, Lactobacillus acidophilus R005 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 in the form and dosage studied do not significantly reduce the severity of symptoms of the common cold.

Influence of zinc on severity of common cold in children

Background Symptomatic treatment of common cold in childrendoes not reduce the duration and severity of disease. Since zinc hasbeen used to enhance cellular and humoral immunity, it has thepotential to reduce the severity of the common cold. However, theeffects of zinc on the common cold have been inconclusive. Theuse of zinc to treat cold symptoms deserves further studies.Objective To determine the effect of zinc supplementation onthe severity of the common cold in children.Methods We performed a randomized, double􀁁blind, controlledtrial in children aged 3􀁁 5 years who were diagnosed Mth a commoncold at primary health care centers in Gedongtengen, Umbulharj 0I and Kotagede II, Yogyakarta. Subjects were collected byconsecutive sampling and their parents were interviewed. Severityof illness was categorized as mild, moderate or severe.Results One hundred fourteen patients with common cold weredivided into 2 groups of 57 subjects each. One group receivedzinc supplementation while the other group received a placebo.Subjects with fever received additional paracetamol. After 7 daysof treatment, there were no significant differences in clinicalimprovement in the zinc group (80.7%) compared to that of theplacebo group (78.9%), P􀁂O.83.Conclusion The severity of the common cold in children aged3􀁁5 years was not significantly different in those who receivedzinc supplementation compared to placebo. [Paediatr Indones.2012;52:324-8].

Effects of Phyllanthus niruri on the severity of the common cold in children

Background Common cold is a self􀀵limited disease, howeverit poses a significant burden on productivity and communityhealth. Unfortunately, there has been no standard medicationfor childhood common cold, whereas some herbs \\lith immune􀀵modulating properties, such as Phyllanthus niruri extract (PNE),might be beneficial but has not been thoroughly studied.Objective To evaluate the effect of PNE administration on theseverity of common cold symptoms in children.Methods We performed a randomized, double􀀵blind, controlledtrial in children aged 2􀀵6 years who were diagnosed Mth a commoncold at primary health care centers in Sewon and Jetis in Bantul,as well as in Gondomanan and Gedongtengen in Yogyakarta.Subjects were collected by consecutive sampling and parentswere interviewed. We assessed illness severity by Hemila scoringfor the common cold.Results A total of 100 subjects were included Mth 50 subjects ineach intervention group. After treatment, there was no significantdifference in common cold severity between the PNE and thecontrol groups for all symptom score components, including cough(0.87 vs 0.71, P􀀽0.36), nasal symptom (0.90 vs 1.10, P􀀽0.54),coryza ( 0.44 vs 1.10, P=0.54), and systemic symptom (0.10 vs0.10, P􀀽0.94).Conclusion Administration of PNE for 6 days did not provide asignificant benefit in reducing the severity of the common coldcompared to placebo in children aged 2 - 6 years. [PaediatrIndanes.2012;52:346-51].

Effects of Phyllanthus niruri on the severity of the common cold in children

Effects of Phyllanthus niruri on the severity of the common cold in children

Influence of zinc on severity of common cold in children

Influence of zinc on severity of common cold in children

Treatment of common cold in children–results from a non-interventional study

Treatment of common cold in children–results from a non-interventional study

Restricting cough and cold medicines in children

Based on concerns about safety and efficacy, international authorities have either advised against the use of cough and cold medication or considering such action. We aimed to systematically review the evidence for the effectiveness and safety of cough and cold medicines in children. We conducted a systematic review to identify studies relating to the use of products to treat symptoms of the common cold, influenza or allergic rhinitis, and relating to poisoning or toxicity from unintentional ingestion or overdose in children (<12 years). Medline, Embase and the Cochrane database were searched. No meta-analysis was undertaken because of the paucity of evidence, multiple medicines available, and the need to consider both effectiveness and safety. Seventy two relevant studies or clinical reports were identified. There was little support for the effectiveness of these medicines for acute cough or the common cold in children. However, the majority of these medicines do not appear to be highly toxic in children and are not a major cause of severe effects following unintentional poisoning. The common use of these agents does not appear to be responsible for increased deaths in young children. Many cases of toxicity from cough and cold medications in young children are a result of therapeutic error. Particular medications, including diphenhydramine and codeine, appear to be associated with a high frequency of severe adverse effects and toxicity. Restriction of cough and cold medicines in children is supported by currently available evidence.

Anti-histamínicos no resfriado comum: Uma prescrição igualmente comum

ANTIHISTAMINES IN THE COMMON COLD: A COMMON PRESCRIPTON FOR A COMMON CONDITION Goals: Antihistamines are popular among doctors for treatment of symptoms of the common cold. The aim of this paper is to review the evidence for the effectiveness and safety of antihistamines as the sole treatment for symptoms of the common cold in children and adults. Data sources:Medline, evidence-based medicine internet sites, Index of Portuguese Medical Journals and references of selected articles. Review methods: Clinical guidelines, systematic reviews, and randomized controlled trials (RCT), published between January 1980 and October 2010 were collected using the MeSH terms: antihistamine and common cold. The Strength Of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT) scale of the American Academy of Family Physicians was used for assigning levels of evidence and the strength of recommendation. Results: Seventy articles were found and seven were selected for this review. These include two guidelines on the management of the common cold that do not recommend antihistamines as a sole treatment option and one Cochrane meta-analysis that found no clinical benefit from the use of antihistamines alone. The results of some studies included suggested an increased risk of sedative effects with the use of first generation antihistamines. The authors of this meta-analysis recommend discontinuing the practice of prescribing these drugs in the common cold (level of evidence 1). Four RCT found that different antihistamines were no more effective than placebo in reducing acute cough. Three studies showed no significant differences in side effects (level of evidence 1). Conclusions: The evidence shows that the use of antihistamines as monotherapy in symptomatic treatment of the common cold is ineffective in children and adults (SOR A). Many trials suggest an increased risk of sedative effects with this therapy (SOR B). Sedation may be confused with prostration that would suggest a worsening of the clinical situation. This may add an unnecessary cost to a common prescription.

Randomized controlled trial of erdosteine for acute cough in children with colds

Background T h e prevalence of the common cold in children is high, v.ith 30% of cases exhibiting an acute cough, the most common complaint by parents. Erdosteine, a recently developed cough medicine, is available for children. Erdosteine has been reported to increase mucodliary clearance, act as an antioxidant and prevent bacterial adhesion.Objective To assess the clinical improvement in acute cough in children \\lith a common cold taking erdosteine vs. a placebo.Methods We conducted a double􀀾blind, randomized, controlled trial at the Public Health Center of Gedongtengen, Yogyakarta with 140 children selected by a consecutive sampling method. Research subjects were randomized by computer program into two treatment groups, those receiving erdosteine therapy and those receiving a placebo. Both groups were monitored for 6 days. A scoring system was used to assess the improvement of acute cough symptoms and analyzed by Chi-square test.Results No significant differences in basic characteristics, cough severity, or environment were found among the 140 children with common cold in the two groups. After 6 days of treatment, no significant difference in clinical improvement of acute cough was found between the erdosteine (65 subjects improved out of 70) and placebo groups (62/70),92.5% and 88.6%, respectively (P=0.382).Conclusion Erdosteine was not more effective than the placebo for treatment of acute cough in children with common cold.

Vapor Rub Better Than Petrolatum &amp; No Treatment for Cold Symptoms

Vapor Rub Better Than Petrolatum &amp; No Treatment for Cold Symptoms

The Common Cold and Decongestant Therapy

1. Diane E. Pappas, MD, JD* 2. J. Owen Hendley, MD* 1. *Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Discuss the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and complications of the common cold in children. 2. Describe the viral causes and pathogenesis of the common cold. 3. Describe transmission of the common cold. 4. Explain the systemic effects of oral decongestants and antihistamines in infants and young children. 5. Recognize that over-the-counter cough and cold preparations have not been adequately studied in children younger than 6 years of age and are not recommended. 6. List the active ingredients and potential toxicities of over-the-counter cough and cold medications. The common cold heralds the beginning of the fall and winter seasons for pediatricians. Almost every ill patient presents with the runny nose, cough, and congestion that are the hallmarks of the common cold. Although colds are self-limited, most patients (and their parents) are tired and uncomfortable as a result of these symptoms. No effective treatments can be prescribed or recommended beyond ordinary supportive care. Children typically present with cough, sneezing, nasal congestion, and runny nose. Nasal discharge may be clear initially but often turns yellow-green within a few days. Fever may be present initially in preschool-age patients, but vomiting and diarrhea are uncommon. Parents also may report sleep disturbance and increased fatigue. Symptoms persist for at least 10 days in most children but should begin to lessen by this time. This clinical picture differs substantially from colds in adults, which present with the typical nasal discharge, cough, and congestion but no fever and a usual duration of only 5 to 7 days. Sore throat or hoarseness also may be present in children and adults. (1) Common cold is a clinical …

Viral Etiology of Common Cold in Children, Finland

Viral Etiology of Common Cold in Children, Finland

Complementary, Holistic, and Integrative Medicine

1. Cecilia Bukutu, PhD* 2. Christopher Le, BSc* 3. Sunita Vohra, MD, FRCPC, MSc* 1. *Complementary and Alternative Research and Education (CARE) Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. On behalf of the American Academy of Pediatrics’ Section on Complementary and Integrative Medicine Caused by a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract, the “common cold” has no known cure and is responsible for considerable illness, including symptoms such as runny nose, nasal congestion, and cough; visits to the doctor; absenteeism from school and work; and economic loss. (1) Therefore, alternative treatments, including the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), are of substantial interest to patients seeking symptomatic relief. This review examines popular CAM therapies used to alleviate symptoms of the common cold in children. It is limited to the following modalities: natural health products, hydrotherapy, and mind-body interventions. Natural health products (which include herbals, vitamins, minerals, probiotics, homeopathic remedies, and traditional medicines) are used widely for the prevention, treatment, and relief of various conditions, as well as for the promotion of personal well-being. ### Echinacea Commercially available echinacea ( Echinacea purpurea ) preparations vary by type (species), plant part (root, herb, or both), and method of manufacture. (2) Linde and associates (3) reviewed 19 clinical trials examining the effectiveness of different echinacea preparations for preventing (n=3) and treating (n=16) the common cold in adults and children. Echinacea had no effect in preventing the common cold, but in 9 of 16 treatment trials, it had a significant effect compared with the control in reducing cold symptoms in adults, although evidence regarding efficacy in children was unclear. (3) Two studies have investigated the efficacy and safety of echinacea in the prevention and treatment of colds in pediatric patients. The first was an Israeli randomized controlled trial (RCT) in which 430 children (ages 1 to 5 years) received an herbal preparation containing 50 mg/mL of echinacea, 50 mg/mL of propolis (a natural resin created by bees), and 10 mg/mL of vitamin C or placebo over a 12-week period during the winter. (4) Children in the intervention …

Effect of zinc sulfate on common cold in children: Randomized, double blind study

The aim of the present randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to determine the efficacy of zinc sulfate on the duration and severity of common cold in children. Children presenting at least two of 10 symptoms of common cold within the 24-48 h of the onset of illness were eligible for the study. Children were randomized to receive either oral zinc containing zinc sulfate or placebo. A diary was completed to record symptoms and adverse effects. Symptoms were scored as absent (0), mild (1), moderate (2), or severe (3). One hundred and fifty children participated in the study, and 120 children were included in the final analysis. The median duration of all cold symptoms was 6 days (P = 0.20), and the median duration of nasal symptoms was 5 days in both groups (P = 0.09). However, total symptom severity scores were significantly lower in the zinc group, starting from the second day of the study. The lower scores in the zinc group were largely due to improvement of nasal symptom scores. Adverse effects were similar in both groups. Zinc sulfate had no effect on the duration of cold symptoms. However, it appears to be effective in reducing the severity of the cold symptoms in healthy children.