Common Cavity Research Articles

Induction chemotherapy in locally advanced head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma: Real-world outcome

Introduction: Patients with locally advanced head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma (LAHNSCC) have a poor prognosis despite multimodality treatment. Aim: This study was done to assess the efficacy and toxicity of induction chemotherapy (IC) in patients with LAHNSCC. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of patients with LAHNSCC who were treated with IC from May 2016 to July 2019 from a tertiary care cancer center in India. Results: A total of 26 patients were included in this analysis, with a median follow-up of 9.5 months. The majority of the patients had carcinoma of the oral cavity (96.2%, n = 25) and 1 (3.8%) had oropharyngeal cancer. The most common oral cavity subsites were buccal mucosa (65.4%) and gingivum (11.5%). Fifteen patients received a triplet regimen of IC and 11 patients received a doublet IC regimen. Among patients with an evaluable disease for response assessment (n = 21), complete response, partial response, stable disease, and progressive disease were seen in 9.5%, 66.7%, 19%, and 4.8%, respectively. Among patients with unresectable (Stage IVB) Oral squamous cell cancer (OSCCs), 40% underwent surgery. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 8 months. Patients who underwent surgery after IC had a better PFS as compared to those who underwent nonoperative local therapy (12 months vs. 8 months). IC-induced Grade 3 or more toxicity occurred in 45% of the patients and mortality occurred in 2 patients (7.7%) due to neutropenic sepsis. Conclusion: IC is feasible in patients with inoperable LAHNSCC. Patients who underwent surgery after IC had a trend towards better PFS as compared to those who underwent nonsurgical local therapy after IC.

MORPHOLOGY AND MORPHOMETRY OF SCAPULAE IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN K.M. MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL, MATHURA (UP).

Introduction: The shoulder joint is the most important joint in the body and limitation of this joint movements affects the quality of life. Severe shoulder injury and glenohumeral arthritis causes shoulder dysfunction with devasting results, and to restore normal functions orthopaedic surgeon can perform total shoulder arthroplasty, or reverse shoulder prosthesis, or hemiarthroplasty.Lateral angle of the scapula becomes truncated and broadened and bears the glenoid cavity which articulates with the humerus in the shoulder joint. Shoulder joint is formed when the glenoid cavity is connected with the head of the humerus. This study was carried out to study the morphology and morphometry of the glenoid cavity as dimensions of the glenoid cavity are important in designing and fitting of glenoid components for total shoulder arthroplasty.
 Material and Methods: A total of 100 unpaired dry scapula were isolated from the department of Anatomy. Two groups were made according to the side of the scapula and were equally divided into 50 right and 50 left scapula each. Bones were segregated and inspected individually.To classifying shape of the glenoid fossa, presence or absence of a glenoid notch was used and were classified into 3 types, pear shaped or inverted comma shape in presence of a glenoid notch & oval in absence of notch. The pear shaped shows indistinct glenoid notch and the inverted comma shaped shows a distinct notch.
 Results: On the basis of presence or absence of the glenoid notch. 56%, 28% & 16% glenoid cavities of right side were pear shaped, inverted comma shaped and oval shaped respectively. On the left side 60%, 30% & 10%were pear shaped, inverted comma shaped and oval shaped respectively. In total 58% glenoid cavities were pear shaped, 29% were inverted comma shaped and 13% were oval shaped.Average length and breadth of scapulae included in this study was 134.07±13.87 mm and 98.43 ±9.58 mm respectively.Mean glenoid cavity index of right side was 48.12 to 86.87 %, while in left side it was 44.21 – 84.78%.
 Conclusion: The most common glenoid cavity was pear shaped followed by inverted comma shaped and the oval glenoid cavity. Mean glenoid cavity index of right side was 48.12 to 86.87 %, while in left side it was 44.21 – 84.78%.

Electrically evoked ABR during cochlear implantation and postoperative development of speech and hearing abilities in infants with common cavity deformity as a type of inner ear malformation

Background: The electrically evoked auditory brainstem response (eABR) during cochlear implantation in common cavity (CC) deformity has not been clinically well studied.Aim/Objective: To investigate the eABR wave configuration during cochlear implantation, the postoperative development of hearing, and educational settings in infants with CC deformity.Materials and Methods: Nine infants who were congenitally deaf and found to have CC deformity and suspected cochlear nerve deficiency by temporal bone CT and MRI were studied. All of them underwent sequential and unilateral cochlear implantation and their eABRs were recorded during the surgery. The postoperative development was followed up.Results: eABRs of all the nine infants with CC deformity showed that the mean peak of the evoked wave V (eV) was the same as that in controls at latencies but was twofold higher than that in controls at thresholds and their postoperative hearing thresholds improved markedly.Conclusion and Significance: The brainstem auditory pathways of the infants were considered intact on the basis of the eV peak latencies in the eABRs. The postoperative development of their speech and hearing abilities and their educational settings varied, probably because of the twofold higher thresholds of their eABRs and limited number of auditory neural units.

Monolithic InAs/InP quantum dash dual-wavelength DFB laser with ultra-low noise common cavity modes for millimeter-wave applications.

We have developed and experimentally demonstrated a novel monolithic InAs/InP quantum-dash dual-wavelength distributed feedback (QD DW-DFB) C-band laser as a compact optical beat source to generate millimeter-wave (MMW) signals. The device uses a common gain medium in a single cavity structure for simultaneous correlated and stable dual-mode lasing in the 1550-nm wavelength range. A record narrow optical linewidth down to 15.83 kHz and average relative intensity noise (RIN) as low as -158.3 dB/Hz from 10 MHz to 20 GHz are experimentally demonstrated for the two optical modes generated by the laser. As a result, the beat note between these two lasing modes generates spectrally pure MMW signals between 46 GHz and 48 GHz. Such an efficient, coherent, and compact optical source is extremely attractive for applications in MMW systems, such as Radar and fiber-wireless integrated fronthaul for 5G and beyond.

Oral Cavity Lesions

This chapter presents a systematic approach to the diagnosis and management of the most common oral cavity lesions. Oral cavity lesions are broadly categorized based on etiology and are further characterized according to clinical features such as location, shape, size, associated symptoms, and duration. Some of these conditions present with pathognomonic signs and symptoms, whereas others may present nonspecific features, making clinical diagnosis challenging. Formulating a differential diagnosis requires taking a thorough history and performing a detailed physical examination, often along with investigative studies and tests. Management protocols differ according to the specific condition, ranging from observation alone to medication-based and/or surgical therapy. This review 32 figures, 6 tables, and 53 references. Key Words: hematologic malignancy, immune-mediated disease, mucosal melanoma, oral anatomy, oral cancer, oral examination, oral infections, oral manifestations, oral mucosal disease, oral precancerous lesions, salivary gland disease

Fast-generating entanglement state between a transmon qubit and cavity photons via resonant driving

Fast generation of entanglement states is of critical importance for robust quantum information processing. In this paper, we propose an efficient protocol for a rapidly generating entanglement state between a transmon qubit and microwave photons. The transmon system is coupled to a classical microwave driving and a quantized cavity mode. With the adjustable classical driving, we consider the entanglement creation by transferring the composite states via resonant driving. Compared with the non-resonant cases, the present operation can be accomplished in a shorter time, which thus contributes to mitigating the decoherence effects. Moreover, many transmons inside a common cavity field could be addressed in a scalable way. The proposed strategy could offer a promising approach to optimally prepare entanglement states with superconducting quantum systems.

Hyaluronic acid is required for palatal shelf movement and its interaction with the tongue during palatal shelf elevation

Palatal shelf elevation is an essential morphogenetic process that results from palatal shelf movement caused by an intrinsic elevating force. The nature of the elevating force remains unclear, but the accumulation of hyaluronic acid (HA) in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the palatal shelves may play a pivotal role in developing the elevating force. In mammals, HA is synthesized by hyaluronic acid synthases (HAS) that are encoded by three genes (Has1-3). Here, we used the Wnt1-Cre driver to conditionally disrupt hyaluronic acid synthase 2 (Has2) in cranial neural crest cell lineages. All Has2 conditional knockout (cko) mice had cleft palate due to failed shelf elevation during palate development. The HA content was significantly reduced in the craniofacial mesenchyme of Has2 cko mutants. Reduced HA content affected the ECM space and shelf expansion to result in a reduced shelf area and an increased mesenchymal cell density in the palatal shelves of Has2 cko mutants. We examined palatal shelf movement by removal of the tongue and mandible from unfixed E13.5 and early E14.5 embryonic heads. Reduced shelf expansion in Has2 cko mutants altered palatal shelf movement in the medial direction resulting in a larger gap between the palatal shelves than that of littermate controls. We further examined palatal shelf movement in the intact oral cavity by culturing explants containing the maxilla, palate, mandible and tongue (MPMT explants). The palatal shelves elevated alongside morphological changes in the tongue after 24-h culture in MPMT explants of early E14.5 wild type embryos. On the contrary, shelf elevation failed to occur in MPMT explants of age-matched Has2 cko mutants because the tongue obstructs palatal shelf movement, suggesting that reduced shelf expansion could be essential for the palatal shelves to interact with the tongue and overcome tongue obstruction during shelf elevation. Has2 cko mutants also showed micrognathia due to reduced HA content in the mandibular mesenchyme including Meckel’s cartilage. Through 3D imaging and morphometric analysis, we demonstrate that mandibular growth results in a significant increase in the vertical dimension of the common oral-nasal cavity that facilitates palatal shelf movement and its interaction with the tongue during shelf elevation.

Combined Diagnostic Value of Both CT and MRI in Pre-Operative Evaluation of Cochlear Implant Patients

AbstractBackground: Cochlear implantation is considered an acceptable treatment for severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss with normal cochlea and cochlear nerve. CT is the best modality for evaluation of bony labyrinth and MRI is the best modality to evaluate membranous labyrinth so combined CT and MRI is mandatory for preoperative evalu-ation for cochlear implantation, radiologist should be familial with absolute and relative contraindication of cochlear im-plantation.Aim of Study: The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of HRCT and MRI in pre-operative assessment of cochlear implantation candidates.Patients and Methods: Our study included 60 patients (120 ears) 39 of them were males while 21 were females. The age of our selected patents ranged from 2 to 60 years with a mean of 15.8 years most of them were in pediatric age group 2-10 years representing 60%. The present study included patients with bilateral profound sensory neural hearing loss, minimum age of eligibility is 1 year, both sexes will be included. We excluded pediatric age group >1 year. All patients were subjected to the clinical evaluation. Computed Tomog-raphy (CT), all CT studies (60 figs) were obtained using a 320-row multidetector CT scanner (Aquilion One Toshiba Medical Systems, Otawara, Japan) installed in Tanta University Educational Hospital.Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), all MRI studies (60 figs) were obtained using a closed MRI machine (General Electric SIGNA) HS (high speed) with magnets of intensity field 1.5T.Results: Combined HRCT and MRI revealed a normal appearance of the labyrinth and internal auditory canal in 44 (88 ears) patients (73%). In 16 (32 ears) patients (26%) had abnormalities of the labyrinth; 10 patients (16%) of them had congenital anomalies and 6 patients (10%) had acquired Sensoneural Hearing Loss (SNHL). Ten patients (16%) had congenital abnormalities of inner ear bilaterally; absent cochlea (n=3) represented 5%, IP type I (n=2) represented 3%, IP type II (n=4) represented 6%, common cavity (n=1) represent about 2%, absent vestibule (n=3) represented 5%, dilated vestibule (n=6) represented 10%, dilated vestibular aqueduct (n=5) represented 8% and dysplastic semicircular canals (n=4) represented 7%. The cochlear nerve was normal in 57 figs (95%), while two patients (3%) had absent nerve, and one patient (2%) presented with atrophied cochlear nerve. Nar-rowed internal auditory canal (n=3) represented 5%. Six patients (10%) had acquired sensoneural hearing loss after meningitis, labyrinthitis, otitis media, trauma and sequalae of old age. Calcifications within the cochlea and in the semicircular canals caused by labyrinthitis ossificans (n=3) represented 5% and otosclerosis (n=1) represented about 2%. In current study, we found 4 ears with narrow IAC and absent vestibulocochlear nerve, 2 ears with narrowed IAC and atro-phied small sized vestibulocochlear nerve. In all of them the assessment of VCN were done using 3D MRI.Conclusion: Combined HRCT and MRI studies are man-datory for evaluation of inner ear, the radiologist must be familiar with imaging findings that absolutely contraindicate implantation (Cochlear aplasia, cochlear nerve aplasia and labyrinthine aplasia), and with those that relatively contrain-dicate implantation (labyrinthitis ossificans, other inner ear dysplasia) and with other findings that could significantly alter or complicate surgery (hypoplastic mastoid process, facial nerve dehiscence, oto-mastoiditis).

Transmastoidslotted labyrinthotomy approach cochlear implantation with customized electrode for patients with common cavity deformity

Objective: To discuss the benefit of using transmastoid slotted labyrinthotomy approach (TSLA) and customized electrode for common cavity deformity (CCD) patients, and to evaluate the audiological outcomes. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the intraoperative monitoring data and postoperative auditory outcomes of 10 CCD cases who received cochlear implantation in Beijing Tongren Hospital,Capital Medical University from April 2016 to December 2017, was conducted using TSLA and customized electrod as a test group.At the same time, 10 cases of age and gender matched children with severe or severe sensorineural hearing loss and normal inner ear structures were recorded as a control group. Four questionnaires were collected from the two groupspre-operative, 6 months and 1 year after start-up. The Wilcoxon signed rank sum test was used to compare the scores of different time points. Rank sum test of two independent samples was used to compare the scores between different groups. Results: None of the patients exhibited CSF leakage or facial paralysis after operation. The average impedance of 8 CCD children in the experimental group was below 5 kΩ. The total extraction rate of auditory neural response telemetry (ART) of all stimulating electrodes was 55% (33/60), and the amplitude of the electricity induced complex action potential (ECAP) of electrodes at different positions ranged from 50.69 to 170.3 μV.The average surgical time of the TSLA group was 46.4 min, shorter than the traditional approach.There was significant difference between the scores of pre-operative, 6 months and 1 year after start-up for the TSLA group(categories of auditory performance,CAP: 2.0 (2.0,3.0) vs. 4.0 (3.8,4.0) , Z=-3.109, P=0.002; speech intelligibility rating,SIR: 2.0 (2.0,2.3) vs. 3.0 (2.8,4.0) , Z=-2.952, P=0.003; meaningful use of speech scale,MUSS: 4.0 (3.3,6.0) vs. 9.0 (6.0,11.8) , Z=-3.421, P=0.001; meaningful auditory integration scale, MAIS or infant-toddler and meaningful auditory integration scale, IT-MAIS: 5.5 (3.8,9.0) vs. 15.5 (10.8,18.5) , Z=-3.522, P=0.000 for the latter two).In addition, The scores of the TSLA group were significantly worse than the control group at 6 months and 1 year after start-up.The high-resolution CT scan showed good adhesion of the electrodes without displacementone week and one year after surgery. Conclusions: For CCD patients, TSLA and customized electrode is recommended due to lower surgical difficulty and post-operative risk, shortened surgical time; Intraoperative ART monitoring can be used to determine the integrity of the auditory pathway. Children with common cavity deformity have a longer period of auditory rehabilitation, and the individual differences in speech rehabilitation are significantly different, which is significantly worse than those with normal structure.

Vestibular and radiological evaluation of hearing impaired children with delayed Motor development

Background: Combined hearing and vestibular loss in children pose potentially significant problems. Children and infants with vestibular problems are faced with motor problems that could limit their normal development.Objectives: the aim of the study is to assess the relationship between the vestibular disorders and the delayed motor development in hearing impaired children as well as to assess the integrity of the vestibular system through clinical testing and radiological imaging in those children with delayed motor development.Methods: Thirty hearing impaired children with history of delayed motor milestones, and a control group of 10 hearing impaired children with normal motor development were included with variable degree of hearing loss. Each child was subjected to careful history taking, general examination, otoscopic examination, motor and balance questionnaires were answered by the parents or caregivers, audiological evaluation either through conditioned play audiometry or conventional audiometry, speech audiometry and Immittancemetry. Vestibular evaluation through cVEMP and caloric tests and finally the radiological studies through CT and MRI of the petrous bone.Results: There were variable degrees of hearing loss among both groups. In the control group (10 HI children, 20 ears), 18 ears (90%) had VEMP response, while two ears (10%) had absent VEMP, while in the study group (30 HI children, 60 ears), 48 ears (80%) had VEMP response, while 12 ears (20%) had absent VEMP. All children in the control group had normal caloric response, while in the study group, 23 children (77%) had normal response, and seven children (23%) had abnormal caloric response, 4 children had bilateral weakness and 3 had unilateral weakness. CT and MRI study of petrous bone was done for the control group and revealed normal radiology, while in the study group, 21 children had normal imaging (70%) and the last 9 children (30%) had abnormal findings, the most common abnormalities was enlarged vestibular aqueduct (13%), followed by common cavity (7%).Conclusion: Children with hearing loss, irrespective of the degree of hearing loss, the vestibular system should be screened, assessed as it may be responsible for co-morbidities in fine and gross motor difficulties. Early intervention and effective therapy will be the proper way to get good outcome.

Congenital Oral Masses: An Anatomic Approach to Diagnosis.

Although congenital oral masses are rare, they are readily detectable during fetal US screening. Most congenital oral masses are benign, but some may cause mechanical airway obstruction, resulting in poor outcomes at delivery. The radiologist's ability to describe these abnormalities and their physiologic sequelae accurately can have a substantial effect on perinatal treatment. Furthermore, despite being rare, congenital oral lesions encountered at screening and at follow up fetal MRI provide the opportunity to make a specific diagnosis by following a simple anatomic approach. This article describes an anatomic algorithm as the framework for accurate diagnosis of congenital oral lesions. The imaging appearance of the most common congenital oral cavity neoplasms is outlined, including vascular anomalies, epulides, choristomas, congenital lingual thyroid anomalies, lingual hamartomas, and epignathi, and other conditions that mimic these at US. Also reviewed are perinatal management of masses that affect the fetal airway and the imaging features key to optimizing delivery outcomes. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2019.

Waardenburg syndrome: characteristics and long-term outcomes of paediatric cochlear implant recipients

Objective: To assess the long-term outcomes after cochlear implantation in children under 3 years of age with Waardenburg syndrome (WS), concerning preoperative radiological imaging, intraoperative surgical findings and postoperative auditory and speech performance.Material and methods: A retrospective analytical study conducted on the young WS children with bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) who underwent the cochlear implantation. Postoperative outcomes were confronted with results obtained by aged-matched peers without additional disabilities. The auditory performance was assessed with the MAIS and CAP. The speech and language development were evaluated with the MUSS and SIR. Radiological evaluation was performed with the MRI and HRCT scans.Results: There were 22 children with WS, who received a multichannel implant at a mean age of 23.5 months of age (SD 7.5, range: 12–36 months). WS group outperformed non-syndromic (NS) children in SIR (4.7, 95%, SD 0.8 vs. 4.3, 95%, SD 0.8) and MUSS (35.6, 95%, SD 3.4 vs. 30.3, 95%, SD 7.6). Auditory performance assessed in MAIS/IT-MAIS improved similarly in both groups (34.8, 95%, SD 1.8 in WS vs. 35, 95%, SD 2.5 in NS children). The reference group gained significantly higher scores in CAP (6.2, 95%, SD 0.7 vs. 5.8, 95%, SD 1.8). Additional anomalies of the inner ear were observed including the enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA), common cavity deformity (CCD), incomplete partition type II (IP-II). Two cases presented various forms of mental retardation.Conclusion: The study demonstrated that cochlear implantation in young children with WS is a beneficial method treating profound SNHL. The most beneficial outcomes may be achieved thanks to the early implantation, parental involvement and comprehensive care from speech therapists, preferably implemented altogether. The detailed radiological examination and psychological assessment should be considered before the implantation. The results support the concept of early cochlear implantation in children with genetic disorders.

Mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy with absolute frequency calibration using a passive optical reference.

We demonstrate an absolute-frequency-calibrated mid-infrared dual-comb spectrometer by using a reference absorption cell. The source is based on a singly-resonant OPO containing two MgO:PPLN crystals in a common ring cavity, synchronously pumped by two mode-locked Yb-fiber lasers. The repetition-rate of the two pumps are stabilized while their offset frequencies and the OPO cavity length are not actively controlled. The reference spectrum is used to correct the frequency fluctuations in the sample spectrum providing a high-quality averaged spectrum with spectral resolution of 6 GHz and calibration precision of 120 MHz, without adding any complexity to the experimental setup or signal processing.

Entanglement preservation in a system of two dipole–dipole interacting two-level atoms coupled with single mode cavity

We address the problem of atom–atom entanglement dynamics control in a system of two different two-level atoms with dipole–dipole interaction coupled to a common single mode cavity with different coupling strengths. The control of entanglement dynamics is based on the parity kick method, and we use the antisymmetry properties of the Hamiltonian of the system to maintain atom–atom entanglement. We classify the possible controllable cases of this system. The control procedure is carried out with a sequence of cyclic evolution; accordingly, the entanglement of the system is protected for any given initial state with any desired precision and long duration.

Association of Glutathione-S-Transferases M1 and T1 Deletional Variants with Development of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Study in the South-East of Iran.

Background:The role of genetic polymorphisms in genes of Glutathione-S-transferases (GST) enzymes in susceptibility to oral cavity cancers is controversial. Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common oral cavity neoplasm. Aimed to evaluate the potential impacts of two well-known null variants residing in the gene encoding GSTM1 and GSTT1 enzymes of OSCC patients in the southeast of Iran. Methods:In a case-control design, 113 individuals (50 OSCC patients, and 63 healthy subjects) were included. DNA was extracted using paraffin-embedded tissues. GST genotyping was carried out using multiplex PCR. Results:In 113 participants, 41 (36.3%) and 72 (63.7%) were males and females respectively. No significant difference was recognized for distribution of GSTM1 (P=0.11) and GSTT1 (P=0.28) null genotypes between OSCC patients (58%, and 24% respectively) and healthy controls (42.9% and 15.9% respectively). Also, no significant difference was noted regarding the frequency of GSTM1 null genotype in different histological grades, however, those patients with more aggressive disease (poorly differentiated or grade III) revealed with a significantly higher ratio (66.7%) of GSTT1 null genotype (P=0.002). The highest odds ratio for OSCC was related to combined null genotypes for GSTM1 and GSTT1 (OR=2.5, 95% CI: 0.7-9.2), however, this was not statistically significant finding (P=0.15). Conclusion:Null genotypes polymorphisms were more common in OSCC than healthy individuals. GSTT1 null genotype may be an important genetic factor in the progression of OSCC.

Outcomes of cochlear implantation in children with inner ear malformations.

To evaluate the surgical experience and auditory functions and progress of speech development of cochlear implantation in malformed ears. Between November 1995 and July 2017, thirty-seven patients (26 females and 11 males; mean age: 138.275 ± 96.24months) with diverse anomalies of the inner ear were retrospectively examined for surgical and audiological results. Speech Intelligibility Rating (SIR), Categories of Auditory Perception (CAP), Pure Tone Average (PTA), Speech Intelligibility Rating (SRT), and Word Discrimination Score (WDS) were the audiological tests used to evaluate the efficacy of CI in the malformed inner ears. CSF gusher was experienced by six patients (three with LVA (large vestibular aqueduct), one with IP (incomplete partition) I, and two with both IP II Mondini malformations and LVA). Two patients had transient facial paresis after surgery. All patients fully recovered within 6months. The postoperative PTA, SRT, and WDS test results showed significant differences between progressive and congenital sensorineural hearing loss (p values < 0.05 for all). On the other hand, the postoperative CAP and SIR test results revealed no significant differences between the two groups. According to etiology, the PTA and SRT values were significantly lower in common cavity patients than the LVA patients (p values < 0.01); no significant differences were found among the other etiological groups. Cochlear implantation is safe in children with inner ear malformations. However, the success rate is low compared to patients with normal anatomy in terms of audiological results; the most successful group of patients with inner ear malformation is large vestibular aqueduct.

Human Inner-ear Malformation Types Captured in 3D.

Capture the human inner-ear malformation types in 3D by segmenting the inner-ear structures from clinical CT (computed tomography) and MR (magnetic resonance) image datasets. Volumetric analysis was done to find the variations in the volume of cochlear part alone from complete inner-ear followed by 3D printing from the 3D segmented models. Using 3D slicer freeware, the complete inner-ear structures were segmented from anonymized CT and MR image by setting a tight grey-scale threshold to avoid capturing unwanted structures followed by volumetric analysis of the cochlear part alone. 3D printing was done using Form labs desktop 3D printer. We identified 2x normal anatomy (NA) cochlea, 1x enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome (EVAS), 3x incomplete partition (IP) type-I, 4x IP type-II, 3x IP type-III, 5x common cavity (CC) and 5x cochlear hypoplasia (CH). 3D segmented models along with the 3D printed models showed huge variation in size, shape and the anatomy among the image data-sets analyzed. Volumetric analysis showed that on average, volume of CC was above 150mm3, volume of CH fell below 80mm3, Volume of NA, EVAS and IP-I were all around 85-105mm3 whereas the volume of IP-II was around 50mm3. Visualizing human inner-ear malformation types in 3D both as computer models and as 3D printed models is a whole-new experience as demonstrated in this study. The volumetric analysis showed a huge variation among the volume of cochlear part alone among the malformation types.

A study of etiopathological factors affecting oral malignancy

&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; Malignancies of oral cavity are quite common in India and other developing countries. Oral cancer is one of the ten most common cancers and oral cavity is the second most common site of primary tumors involving head and neck. In this study, we studied etiopathological factors affecting oral malignancy with a view to determine a correlation between the host and environment and additional stress put on oral tissue by social and nutritional factors of population.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; A prospective study was conducted and data for the study was collected from patients presenting with oral malignancy/dysplasia. An informed written consent was taken from patient, and cases meeting the selection criteria were included in the study. A detailed history and a thorough clinical examination were done in about 50 patients. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; A total of 50 cases were studied over a period of 18 months. Among study subjects 64% were in the age group ≥50 years. Commonest site involved was buccal mucosa with a preponderance over right side. Chewing was a commonest addictive habits among study subjects. Histopathologically 98% of cases turned out to be “squamous cell carcinoma” of varying differentiation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; Because of different life styles, habits and customs, poor oral hygiene among illiterates compared to literate’s oral malignancies are still a major health problem in developing countries like India. Timely surveys and registry programmes will give changing trends in such a grievous health issue.&lt;/p&gt;

Variations in the Size and Shape of Human Cochlear Malformation Types.

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study is to determine the variations in size and shape of the most widely recognized cochlear malformation types using three‐dimensional (3D) visualization. Using 3D slicer freeware, the complete inner‐ear structures were segmented from 46 anonymized high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT) image datasets. Cochlear height, internal auditory canal height, and width were measured from the axial plane. Cochlear basal turn diameter was measured from the oblique coronal plane. Number of cochlear turns was measured from the 3D images and the corresponding cochlear duct length (CDL) was estimated using the CDL equations given in Alexiades et al. [Otol Neurotol 36 (2015) 904–907]. Out of 46 preoperative HRCT image datasets of human temporal bone, cochlear anatomy types including normal anatomy (4), enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome (3), cochlear aplasia (2), incomplete partition Types I (8), II (Mondini's deformity) (3), and III (X‐linked) (4), cochlear hypoplasia (CH) (17), and common cavity (CC) (5) were identified. Majority of CH cases had cochlear height shorter than 4 mm whereas the CC cases measured cochlear height above 6 mm. For all the other malformation types, cochlear height was between 4 and 6 mm. In terms of “A” value, majority of CH cases showed shorter “A” value of <7.5 mm, which is in the lower end in comparison to the rest of the malformation types reported in this study. 3D‐visualization shows the size and shape variations of all the structures of inner ear and also improves the clinicians' ability to visualize cochlear anatomy and nearby structures much easier than from the 2D image slices. Anat Rec, 302:1792–1799, 2019. © 2019 The Author. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association for Anatomy

Prevalence of human papilloma virus in oropharyngeal, tongue and lip squamous cell carcinoma: an experience from the Egyptian National Cancer Institute

Human papilloma virus (HPV) is now a well-known risk factor for head and neck cancer besides smoking and alcohol. Most studies mentioned that patients affected with high-risk HPV cancers have...