Common Cause Of Anemia Research Articles

Magnitude and factors associated with iron supplementation among pregnant women in Southern and Eastern Regions of Ethiopia: Further Analysis of mini demographic and health survey 2019

BackgroundAnemia is a global public health problem that affects pregnant women. The most common cause of anemia is iron deficiency which is extremely common in developing countries. World health organization reported that 36.5% of pregnant women are anemic globally. In Ethiopia, 27.08% of women of the reproductive age group are anemic. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the magnitude and factors associated with iron supplementation during pregnancy in the southern and eastern regions of Ethiopia.MethodsThe data used in this analysis were extracted from Mini Demographic and Health Survey 2019. The survey was conducted in 9 regional states and two city administrations. The data used in the analysis were extracted from individual women datasets, and 1780 study participants were included in this study. The logistic regression analysis including bivariate and multivariable logistic regression at a 95% confidence interval and a p-value less than 0.05 was used.ResultThe finding of the study shows that iron supplementation during pregnancy in Southern and Eastern parts of Ethiopia was 50.06%. Among those who received iron, only about 20% took it for 90 days and more during their pregnancy. Iron supplementation among the pregnant women was affected by secondary education [AOR = 2.20, 95%CI (1.325, 3.638)], residing in urban [AOR = 1.75, 95%CI (1.192, 2.574)], having media at home [AOR = 1.41, 95%CI (1.022, 1.946)], having antenatal care follow up [AOR = 9.27, 95%CI (4.727, 18.169)], having 4 and more ANC follow up [AOR = 2.01, 95%CI (1.468,2.760], having antenatal care follow up at government health institutions [AOR = 3.40, 95%CI (1.934, 5.982)], and giving birth at governmental health institutions [AOR = 1.70, 95%CI (1.236, 2.336)].ConclusionOnly one in two pregnant women was supplemented with iron during their recent pregnancy. The supplementation was affected by women's education, place of residence, presence of media at home, antenatal care follow-up, the number of antenatal care follow up, antenatal care follows up at governmental health institutions, and giving birth at the governmental health institution. The availability and accessibility of maternal care services and their functionality in providing maternal care services improve the supplementation.

ADHERENCE TO IRON AND FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENTATION AND PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN AT A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Background: Anaemia is characterized by a reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood and causes various health problems in people of all ages, including pregnant women. The most common cause of anemia is a lack of iron in the diet. Prevention of anaemia requires strict adherence to iron and folic acid supplementation during pregnancy. The main objective of this study was to gather information on adherence to iron and folic acid supplementation and anaemia prevalence among pregnant women. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 postpartum mothers in the obstetrics ward of Universal College of Medical Sciences. Eligible participants were interviewed using a questionnaire to measure their adherence to iron and folic acid supplementation during pregnancy. Haemoglobin levels were recorded to check the presence of anaemia. Multivariable regression analysis was used to find the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Results: Total 164 (82%) participants had good adherence to iron and folic acid supplementation. Participants who started their antenatal care visit in first trimester were more adherent to iron and folic acid supplementation (AOR = 0.13, 95% CI (0.05–0.39)). The prevalence of anaemia was 24%. Anaemic participants were less likely to adhere to their iron and folic acid supplements (AOR = 0.26, 95% CI (0.11–0.63)). Conclusions: The adherence of participants to iron and folic acid supplementation was good and significantly associated with gestational age when antenatal care visit was started, child birth weight and anaemia. By strengthening the national level awareness campaign, we can further improve the adherence rate and prevent anaemia.

Anemia Among Pregnant Women Participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children - United States, 2008-2018.

Among pregnant women, anemia, a condition of low hemoglobin concentration, can increase risk for maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, including premature delivery, and other adverse outcomes (1). Iron deficiency is a common cause of anemia, and during pregnancy, iron requirements increase (2). Surveillance of anemia during pregnancy in the United States is limited. The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Participant and Program Characteristics (PC) data provide an opportunity to establish national and WIC state agency-level* anemia surveillance for WIC participants. National and state agency anemia prevalences among pregnant WIC participants at enrollment were examined using 2008-2018 WIC-PC data. Across all 90 WIC agencies (50 states, the District of Columbia [DC], five territories, and 34 Indian Tribal Organizations), anemia prevalence among pregnant WIC participants at enrollment increased significantly, from 10.1% in 2008 to 11.4% in 2018 (13% increase). Anemia prevalence increased significantly in 36 (64%) of the 56 agencies in states, DC, and territories, and decreased significantly in 11 (20%). Prevalence of anemia overall and by pregnancy trimester were higher among non-Hispanic Black or African American (Black) women than among other racial or ethnic groups. Anemia prevalence was higher among women assessed during the third trimester of pregnancy than among those assessed during first or second trimesters. Routine anemia surveillance using WIC enrollment anemia data can identify groups at higher risk for iron deficiency. Findings from this report indicate that anemia continues to be a problem among low-income women and reinforces the importance of efforts that ensure these women have access to healthier, iron-rich foods before and during pregnancy. This includes ensuring that eligible women are enrolled in WIC early during pregnancy.

PB2246: FEATURES OF THE SECRETION OF HEPCIDIN, A SOLUBLE TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF ANEMIA IN PATIENTS WITH MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS

Background: Anaemia of chronic disease or anaemia of chronic inflammation is the most common cause of anaemia in admitted patients. This anemia can be a consequence of several states such as malignancies, chronic infections and auto-immune diseases, thereby indicating the multiplicity in pathogenetic pathways. Aims: to study the secretion of hepcidin a soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) in patients with malignant neoplasms with anemia of chronic diseases (ACD), iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and an ACD/IDA combination and to investigate their effect on the development of anemia Methods: 106 patients with stage II-IV of solid malignant neoplasms were examined: 84 with anemia (55 men, 29 women, 67.1±9.9 year olds), 22 without anemia (17 men, 5 women, 60.2±14.9 year olds). According to Van Santen and Worwood criteria, by determining the transferrin saturation index (TSI), ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), patients were divided into 4 groups: group 1 - ACD, 31 (20/11 patients (hemoglobin 99.2[IQR,87-118], erythrocytes 3.5[IQR,3.1-3.9], TSI 19.9[IQR,12.6-22], ferritin 443.4[IQR,361.9-574.9], CRP 137.1[IQR,89.7-155.2]), group 2 – ACD/IDA, 28 (18/10) patients (hemoglobin 111[IQR,91-128], erythrocytes 4.02[IQR,3.3-4.5], TSI 12.7[IQR,7.4-20.5], ferritin 220.5[IQR,102.7-370.6], CRP 53.4[IQR,14.5-64.5]), group 3 - IDA, 25(17/8) patients (hemoglobin 107 [IQR,96.5-121.5], erythrocytes 4.1[IQR,3.7-4.5], TSI 7.3[IQR,4.2-12.5], ferritin 19.3[IQR,10-24.1], CRP 14[IQR,6.6-23.9]), group 4(control) - 22 patients without anemia (hemoglobin 135.3[IQR,125-150], erythrocytes 4.4[IQR,3.9-4.9], TSI 16.8[IQR,12.4-21.6], ferritin 111[IQR,25.7-189.2], CRP 11.4[IQR,3.3-16.8]). The significance of differences between several unrelated groups was determined using the Kruskal-Wallis test at a significance level (p) of less than 0.05. To assess the relationship between the variables, the Spearman correlation coefficient (r) was calculated. Results: the ACD group had the highest concentrations of CRP, ferritin in comparison with the other groups (p<0.05). The TSI in the ACD group was higher compared to the IDA and ACD/IDA groups (p<0.05), and did not differ from the control group (p>0.05). The ACD group had the maximum concentration of hepcidin (47.3[IQR,29.7-60.5]) compared with the ACD/IDA group (34.6[IQR, 26.6-50]) (p<0.05), the IDA group (6.16[IQR,1.8-10]) (p<0.05) and the control group (23.5[IQR,4.7-45.4) (p<0.05). The concentration of sTfR in patients with anemia did not differ (p>0.05) and amounted to 26.1[IQR,19.8-28.3] in ACD, 23[IQR,13.3-21.1] in ACD/IDA, 28.4[IQR,16.1-34.4] in IDA, 16.8[IQR,13.7-18.8] in the control group. In all groups with anemia, the concentration of sTfR was higher compared to the control group (p<0.05). A correlation was found between the number of erythrocytes and the concentration of hepcidin (r=-0.57), as well as between the concentration of hemoglobin and sTfR (r=-0.57). Summary/Conclusion: Patients with solid malignancies may have IDA, ACD, or a combination of both. The high concentration of hepcidin in patients with ACD, the presence of a correlation between it and erythrocytes confirms its importance in the development of anemia and the possibility of using it for the diagnosis of ACD. The absence of differences in the concentration of sTfR between patients of the three groups with anemia indicates a low value of this indicator for the differential diagnosis of ACD and IDA. The correlation between sTfR and hemoglobin reflects the importance of sTfR in the pathogenesis of anemia in cancer patients.

EVALUATION OF ANEMIA IN RENAL TRANSPLANT PATIENTS

ABSTRACT Background Post-renal transplant anaemia is a common complication among renal transplant patients. Graft dysfunction, medications, and IDA are the most common causes of PTA. Objectives To investigate further the prevalence of anaemia after kidney transplantation in Sulaimani city, determine the risk factors and the association of different socio-demographic characteristics with PTA, and identify the essential causes of anaemia Patients and Methods A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on two hundred renal transplant patients who visited Shar- hospital in Sulaimani city for their regular follow up between January/ 2020-January/ 2021. Results Among the total 200 patients involved in the study, 63% were males, 37% were females, mean age was 45.32±9.28. It demonstrated that PTA was remarkably high (40%). Iron deficiency anaemia is the most common cause of PTA 28.75%, especially in 1st six months after renal transplantation; GFR decline for any reason (rejection, ATN, viral infection) is significantly associated with anaemia; the lower the GFR, the higher number of anaemic patients (p=0.000). Conclusion Our findings showed that anaemia is widespread after renal transplantation. Iron deficiency anaemia is the most common cause of anaemia, followed by acute cellular rejection.

Anemia and Micronutrient Deficiencies in the First Trimester of Pregnancy Among Women in Eastern Maharashtra, India

ObjectivesMaternal anemia during pregnancy increases the risk of a myriad of negative birth outcomes, including maternal mortality, neonatal mortality, and low birth weight. In Eastern Maharashtra, India, the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women has been reported to be > 80%. While the most common cause of anemia is iron deficiency, its relative contribution is often unknown, as are rates of other key micronutrient deficiencies including B12 and folic acid. The primary objectives of this study are 1) to determine the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies (iron, folic acid, and B12) and 2) to quantify the contribution of these micronutrient deficiencies to anemia among pregnant women in Nagpur (Eastern Maharashtra, India).MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study of 200 women from four clusters in Nagpur. In the first trimester of pregnancy, trained nurses collected venous blood samples and we used Hemocue on blood samples collected with a finger prick. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin < 110 g/L, iron deficiency as serum ferritin < 15 µg/mL (adjusted for inflammation), folic acid deficiency as serum folic acid < 3 ng/mL, and B12 deficiency as < 203 pg/mL.ResultsAmong women in our sample, 37.5% were anemic, 40.0% were iron deficient, 30.0% were vitamin B12 deficient, and none were folic acid deficient. Hemocue assessment of capillary blood yielded a prevalence of anemia of 50.0%. Approximately half (53.0%) of women diagnosed with anemia via Hemocue were iron deficient and 31.0% were vitamin B12 deficient. We did not find any folate deficiency in this population.ConclusionsWe found the prevalence of anemia in Eastern Maharashtra to be lower compared to previous studies collecting capillary blood, though still unacceptably high. Furthermore, as only half of anemia cases were associated with iron deficiency, iron and folic acid (IFA) supplementation programs may only partially ameliorate the high prevalence of anemia.Funding SourcesThis study was funded by the Thrasher Research Fund grant.

The Difference of Iron Level Based on the Cooking Time and Methods Applied on the Tempeh and Beef Liver: An Experimental Study

Iron deficiency is a common cause of anemia, so it is necessary to consume adequate food sources of iron to prevent anemia. One way that can be used to fulfill iron intake is by minimize the loss of iron in the cooking process. Beef liver and tempeh are the common iron food sources in Indonesia. This study aimed to analyze the effect of cooking methods and cooking times on the iron levels of beef liver and tempeh. This study was an experimental. There are three cooking methods used in this study: boiling, boiling + stirring, and steaming, and two cooking times were applied for each treatment: 10 and 15 minutes. We were measured the iron level using the Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) method. The study results showed that boiling decreased the iron content of tempeh and beef liver by a range of 22.43-34.61%, boiling+stirring decreased the iron content by a range of 42.24-49.64%, and steaming decreased the iron content by a range of 11.93-19.09%. Based on cooking time, cooking for 15 minutes showed a higher reduction in iron content than cooking for 10 minutes. However, cooking methods and cooking times significantly affect the iron level of beef liver and tempeh while steaming for 10 minutes has the highest iron level.

Causes of Anemia in Patients Seen in a Rural Community Hematology Clinic.

IntroductionAnemia is a common medical disorder seen in consultation by hematologists. This study was performed to determine the incidence of the etiologies causing anemia in patients referred to the hematologists at Tammy Walker Cancer Center (TWCC) in the rural Kansas community of Salina. An additional goal of the study was to compare the frequencies of different etiologies for anemia in this cohort of patients with those previously reported by four academic medical centers.MethodsA retrospective review of the medical records of 152 patients seen at TWCC between August 2015 and May 2019 was performed. The patient’s history and physical exam, complete blood count, and various additional hematologic studies ordered at the discretion of the TWCC hematologist were used to determine the etiology of each patient’s anemia.ResultsThe most common causes of anemia found in the chart review were iron deficiency (48.7%), hematologic malignancy (14.5%), chronic inflammation (13.8%), renal insufficiency (11.2%), and unexplained anemia (9.9%). While the incidences of anemia due to hematologic malignancy, chronic inflammation, and renal insufficiency were like that reported previously by four academic medical centers, significantly more iron deficiency and less unexplained anemia were found in the patients referred to TWCC.ConclusionsThe causes of anemia in patients seen at TWCC were similar to those reported by academic medical centers; however, the incidences were different. The differences in findings may reflect dissimilarities in the demographics of referral populations, the duration, and extent of the evaluation at TWCC, or referral patterns.

Iron Supplementation at the Crossroads of Nutrition and Gut Microbiota: The State of the Art.

Gut microbiota has received significant attention owing to its decisive role in human health and disease. Diet exerts a significant influence on the variety and number of bacteria residing in the intestinal epithelium. On the other hand, as iron is a key micronutrient for blood formation and oxygen supply, its deficiency is highly prevalent worldwide. In fact, it is the most common cause of anemia and thus, iron supplementation is widespread. However, there is concern due to some potential risks linked to iron supplementation. Therefore, we have reviewed the available evidence of the effects that iron supplementation exerts on the gut microbiota as well as its potential benefits and risks. The compiled information suggests that iron supplementation is potentially harmful for gut microbiota. Therefore, it should be performed with caution, and by principle, recommended only to individuals with proven iron deficiency or iron-deficiency anemia to avoid potential adverse effects. In any case, large and long-term population studies are urgently needed to confirm or refute these results, mainly focused on vulnerable populations.

Loss of PTPN2 Activity Alters Iron Handling Protein Expression in IBD Patients and Causes Iron Deficiency in Mice

BackgroundAnemia is the most common extraintestinal complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and is a risk factor for Crohn’s disease (CD) onset. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia in IBD; however, the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of the IBD risk gene, protein tyrosine phosphatase non‐receptor type 2 (PTPN2), in regulating iron homeostasis.MethodsProteomic analyses were performed on serum from IBD patients genotyped for the IBD‐associated loss‐of‐function rs1893217 PTPN2variant (n=10/genotype). Constitutive Ptpn2 wild type (WT), heterozygous (Het), and knockout (KO) 3‐week‐old mice were analyzed for serum iron content, liver non‐heme iron and liver expression of the iron regulatory hormone, hepcidin (Hamp1). Protein and RNA from duodenal epithelial cells (DECs) were assayed by western blotting and qPCR. Localization of the brush border ferrous iron transporter, DMT1, in duodenal tissue was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC).ResultsIron homeostasis genes, the iron carrier transferrin (TF) and the transferrin receptor (TFRC), were reduced (‐log p‐value = 10.7) in CD patients with the PTPN2 risk variant. Ptpn2‐KO mice had reduced i) serum iron (p&lt;0.001; n=11); ii) serum TF saturation (p&lt;0.01; n=9); and iii) liver non‐heme iron levels (p&lt;0.01; n=10), vs. Ptpn2‐WT and Het mice. This indicated that PTPN2 loss decreased serum and liver iron storage. Moreover, Ptpn2‐KO mice had reduced liver expression of Hamp1 (p&lt;0.01; n=7), likely suppressed by low serum iron. DEC gene expression of ferritin (Fth1), an intracellular iron storage molecule, was reduced (p=0.048; n=5) while Tfrc1, a mediator of basolateral cellular iron uptake, was significantly increased (p=0.0048; n=6) in Ptpn2‐KO mice. Reduced FTH1 expression (p=0.007; n=12) in DECs of Ptpn2‐KO mice was confirmed by western blot, indicating reduced intracellular iron storage. DMT1 expression was unchanged (n=6), whereas IHC showed reduced apical membrane DMT1 in duodenal epithelium of Ptpn2‐KO mice (n=6), suggesting a possible mechanism of impaired intestinal non‐heme iron uptake.ConclusionsCD patients with the PTPN2 loss‐of‐function rs1893217 SNP display alterations in serum iron handling proteins. Loss of PTPN2 activity in mice causes features of anemia including iron deficiency associated with mislocalization of the duodenal transporter DMT1. These findings identify a major role for PTPN2 in regulating iron homeostasis.

Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy

This article examines the effects of maternal anemia and iron deficiency on pregnancy outcomes. The effects of iron supplementation on the health of the mother and her baby during pregnancy and after childbirth are still well understood. Anemia is a common problem in childbirth and maternity care. True anemia is defined as a hemoglobin level below 10.5 g/dL, excluding the age of pregnancy. Malnutrition, viral and bacterial infections, and congenital red cell illnesses like Thalassemia are the most common causes of anaemia during pregnancy. In pregnant women, iron deficiency is a prevalent cause of anaemia. Eliminated iron reserves, iron-free erythropoiesis without anaemia, and iron deficiency anaemia, which is the most common form of iron shortage, are the stages of iron insufficiency. Conclusion: Iron supplements should be given in the most efficient way. Oral metal formulas are widely used due to their performance and low cost. Parental therapy should only be used in the treatment of reasonable and severe anaemia when quick iron rehabilitation is required. The World Health Assembly has proposed the goal of reducing maternal anaemia by 5025 by 2025, and the U.S. Global Health Effort's Feed the Future has focused on maternal blood loss as a major concern.

Comparison of daily oral iron replacement therapy with every other day treatment in female reproductive age patients with iron-deficiency anemia

Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) is accepted as the most common cause of anemia in the world. The main goals of iron replacement therapy are to normalize the hemoglobin level and to replace iron stores. Current guidelines for treating iron deficiency recommend daily divided doses of iron to increase absorption. Hepcidin is a key regulator of systemic iron balance and acts in harmony with intracellular iron metabolism. Daily dosing and divided doses may increase serum hepcidin and decrease iron absorption. In this study, it was aimed to compare the effectiveness of daily and every other day oral iron replacement therapy in women of reproductive age with iron-deficiency anemia. We included premenopausal female patients aged between 18 and 50years with iron-deficiency anemia. Forty patients were given oral iron therapy at a daily dose of 2*80mg (iron sulfate). Forty-three patients were given iron treatment at a dose of 2*80mg (iron sulfate) every other day. After 2months of oral iron therapy, there was a significant improvement in hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, and transferrin saturation in both groups. The values of hemoglobin, serum iron, transferrin saturation, and ferritin significantly increased at the end of the treatment for both groups. Although the median hepcidin level on the 15th-day measurement in the every other day treatment group was higher than that in the daily treatment group, there was no significant difference. As a result, the patients' compliance with the treatment can be increased by offering treatment every other day instead of daily, since it provides similar treatment effectiveness.

Evaluation of safety and tolerability of iron amino acid chelate therapy in pregnant women

Background: Anemia is a major health problem. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia during pregnancy. It can be associated with increased preterm labor, preeclampsia, and maternal sepsis. It can also lead to fetal loss or even perinatal deaths. The aim of the study was to monitor the oral iron therapy [Iron Amino Acid Chelate (IAAC) equivalent to elemental iron 30 mg] administered according to hospital practice and to determine the safety, and tolerability of IAAC in pregnant women.Methods: The data of pregnant women attending the outpatient department of the hospital for antenatal care between March 2020 and February 2021 and prescribed IAAC was retrospectively analyzed. It was of interest to note the changes in the Hemoglobin (Hb) levels and serum ferritin levels. These parameters were considered as the primary efficacy parameter and were analyzed by the paired t-test.Results: The data indicated very well tolerance to IAAC preparation with increase in Hb levels. After 12 week of treatment, there were significant increases in hemoglobin levels with mean rise in Hb level was 7 to 9 gm/dL. A statistically significant difference was observed at the 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks from the baseline value to each evaluation in the Hb level due to the supplementation of oral iron. The change in the serum ferritin levels was found to be statistically significant at the 12th week from the baseline values. Most of the women tolerated the oral IAAC preparationConclusions: This retrospective analysis showcased a significant improvement in the Hb and serum ferritin levels of pregnant women after 12 weeks.

A Cross-sectional Study of Iron Deficiency Anemia and Hemoglobinopathy Carriers among School Children in Two Different Cities in KSA

Aim: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common cause of anemia in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Thalassemia and sickle cell disease (SCD) are major concerns in several nations, including KSA. This study sought to investigate the prevalence of IDA, sickle cell trait (SCT), and B thalassemia trait (BTT) among school children in Al-Khobar and Makkah, Saudi Arabia.&#x0D; Methods: A multistage random sample of 570 school children aged 12–18 years from both cities were educated about these illnesses and tested for CBC, serum iron, TIBC, reticulocytosis, and sickling. In some circumstances, hemoglobin electrophoresis and HPLC were used.&#x0D; Results: Overall, 13% of people had IDA, 3.2 percent had SCT, and 2.5 percent had BTT. The hematological parameters of students with IDA and BTT differed significantly from those of normal students in each city, but not between normal students and those with SCT. There were no significant differences between the sexes for all blood parameters except iron and TIBC.&#x0D; Conclusion: Strengthening public health education, dietary initiatives, and school-based hemoglobinopathy carrier screening is proposed to help detect anemia early.

Ayurveda in Management of Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Case Report

Nutritional iron deficiency anemia is the most common cause of anemia and a global public health problem among young children and pregnant women. Blood loss, malabsorption is the common cause of iron deficiency anemia. Pandu roga is a clinical entity with great resemblance to iron deficiency anemia. Pandu roga is Pitta pradhan vyadhi. In Pandu roga tissue metabolism gets affected due to vitiated Doshas which in turn into Dhatu- shyathilya in all Dhatu. There is a predominance of paleness all over the body. Rasavaha and Raktavahasrotasas are chiefly involved in the pathogenesis of Pandu. So, here is a case report of 21 years old female patient with iron deficiency anemia who was given Ayurvedic formulations in the line of treatment of Pandu roga along with dietary supplements rich in iron for a period of one month and marked improvement in symptoms (i.e., swelling was reduced, pallor absent, she was feeling energetic, hair fall (10 strands/day), palpitation had also decreased) with increase in hemoglobin level (i.e., from 8.6g/dl to 12.7g/dl) in a very short duration of time. The formulations help in breaking the Samprapti of Pandu roga. This shows the efficacy of Ayurvedic medicine in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia (Pandu).

A retrospective analysis of the women hospitalized and treated due to anemia caused by gynecological pathologies: the role of intravenous iron (ferric carboxymaltose) and blood transfusion in clinical practice.

Gynecological pathologies are an important cause of anemia in women. In this study, we aimed to evaluate women who had been hospitalized because of anemia (Hb level <10 g/dL) caused by gynecologic pathologies and treated with either intravenous iron (ferric carboxymaltose) or blood transfusion. This retrospective cross-sectional study was performed in a tertiary care center. Women who were hospitalized with the diagnosis of anemia with Hb level<10 g/dL and abnormal uterine bleeding between March 2015- September 2017 in the gynecology clinic were enrolled in the study. Hemoglobin levels, hemoglobin changes, uterine pathology and treatment of patients were recorded and compared. One hundred and fifteen women received red blood cell transfusion and 100 women were treated with intravenous ferric carboxymaltose. The mean age of the women was 45.1±6.1 (22-57) years. Although the mean Hb levels were higher in the iv-iron replacement group at the end of the one month (P=0.001), the mean increase in Hb levels was similar between two treatment modalities (P=0.101). Among the anemic women who required surgery, iv iron replacement was the first choice in 75.9% of women; 34.1% received red blood cell transfusion in the preoperative period. Gynecological pathologies are a common cause of anemia in reproductive age women and intravenous carboxymaltose treatment is a safe and cheaper alternative of blood-transfusion in appropriate cases to elevate the Hb levels in the preoperative period.

Frequency of Common Causes of Severe Anemia in Children under 5 Years of Age Admitted in Children Hospital, Lahore

Objective: To determine the frequency of common causes of severe anemia in children under 5 years of age admitted in children hospital, Lahore Design of the Study: Cross sectional study Study Settings: The study was conducted at Department of Pediatric Medicine, Children Hospital, Lahore from 5 Sep 2018 to 5 March 2019. Material and Methods: Patients were evaluated for the severity of anemia by the Hb level, baseline investigations, CBC with peripheral film and retics count, Hb electrophoresis, osmotic fragility test, G6PD assay, serum bilirubin, coomb’s test and bone marrow biopsy ,if required. The demographic characteristics of patients and WHO criteria for Hb level was noted on the specifically designed study proforma. A blood sample was drawn and was sent to hospital laboratory for analysis of related causes of severe anemia. The collected data was entered and analyzed using SPSS software version 17.0. Results of the Study: The mean age of patients was 30.41 ± 18.60 months with minimum and maximum age as 1 and 60 months. There were 169(46.3%) boys and 196(53.7%) girls with slightly higher female to male ratio. The mean Hb level was 5.15 ± 1.06 g/dL with minimum and maximum Hb as 3.40 and 6.90 g/dL. The common causes of anemia were assessed that showed 232(63.6%) patients had iron deficiency, 7(1.9%) cases had Sickle cell anemia, 37(10.1%) cases had Septicemia and 89(24.4%) cases had malaria Conclusion: According to the findings of current study, the common causes of severe anemia in local children are found to be, iron deficiency anemia in 232(63.6%) cases, Sickle cell anemia in7(1.9%) cases ,septicemia in 37(10.1% ) cases and malaria in 89(24.4%) cases. So during clinical evaluation of patients it must be kept in mind that these factors can contribute to severe anemia. So, preventive and therapeutic strategies must be ensured to minimize the risk of severe anemia in these children Keywords: Anemia, Prevalence, Nutritional status, Risk factors, malaria, iron deficiency, Septicemia, sickle cell anemia

Iron Deficiency And Associated Factors Among Pregnant Women’s Attending Antenatal Care In Butajira General Hospital, South Ethiopia 2020

Background: Iron deficiency during pregnancy is major nutritional problem in worldwide in both developing and developed country because it increases iron requirement during pregnancy and it is the most common cause of anemia this nutritional problem directly and indirectly has effect on many women during lack sufficient iron store that lead to anemia and also reduce iron store in the new born. However, there is limited evidence on iron deficiency and its associated factors among pregnant women in low-income countries like Ethiopia including the study area. Objectives: To assess the magnitude of iron deficiency and its associated factors among pregnant women in public health facilities of Butajira town, Guragey Zone, southern Ethiopia, 2020. Methods: Hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted on 407 pregnant women in Butajira general hospital of Butajira town, Gurage Zone, SNNPR region from April 10 to 30, Pretested and structured questionnaire was used to collect the data, MUAC was done, venous blood was collected to determine serum ferritin level Clinical related data was collected from patient medical record by using structured checklist. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 20 software. Bivariable and multivariable logistics regression analysis was done. Adjust odds ratio with 95% CI was estimated to measure the strength of association. Level of statistical significance was declared at p-value &lt; 0.05. Result: The magnitude of iron deficient was 48.9%, data was collected 407 pregnant women of which 199(48.9%). Dietary diversity [AOR: 4.06, 95% CI: (2.08,7.95)], Habit of drinking coffee and tea before 30 min [AOR=8.39, 95% CI: (4.62,15.22)], MUAC [AOR=8.87, 95% CI: (5.12,15.37)] were significantly associated with iron deficiency. Conclusion: Data was collected 407 pregnant women of which 199(48.9%) were iron deficient, 208(5.1%) were normal. The magnitude iron deficiency was found to be major public health problem in the study area. These results suggest screening and supplementation of at-risk pregnancies may be evaluated as a preventive strategy. Early diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency is recommended for those pregnant women’s having inadequate dietary diversity and low MUAC will be very important for prevention and control of iron deficient

Rare causes of anemia in liver diseases.

Anemia is a common finding among patients with liver diseases. Patients who suffer from anemia are at a higher risk of liver function decompensation and hospitalization. It affects significantly their quality of life and contributes to mortality. Anemia is present in 70% of patients with liver cirrhosis and with varying incidence accompanies other liver disorders. As the etiology of anemia in liver diseases is multifactorial, various cases represent different clinical entities. Anemia accompanying hepatic disorders can be broadly divided into several types, such as anemia associated with blood loss, as well as aplastic, hemolytic and micronutrient deficiency anemia. However, it is sometimes difficult to delineate between those types in the clinical practice, as several pathophysiological causes can be present in one patient. It is reported that the most common cause of anemia in liver disease is blood loss and iron deficiency. Still, the incidence of unclear cases reaching over 50% suggests that other types of anemia can be underdiagnosed. This review comprehensively describes less frequent types of anemia associated with liver disease, namely hemolytic and aplastic anemia (AA). Hemolytic anemia can complicate autoimmune liver diseases or be a manifestation of membranopathy of red blood cells, dependent on severe hepatic function impairment or alcoholic liver disease. Aplastic anemia is best known as a sequela of viral hepatitis, but some degree of bone marrow inhibition can complicate virtually all advanced liver diseases.

An Analysis of relation between Malaria and Anaemia

In tropical regions, Malaria is one of the most common causes of anemia. Malaria causes haemolysis in diseased and healthy red cells, and also myeloid does rather, this inhibits anemia recovery. Almost all newborns and young kids, and many adolescent kids and people, possess low haemoglobin levels in areas where malaria is endemic. P. falciparum severe anemia requiring transfusions in early childhood is a common reason for hospitalization in these areas, due to monsoon winter days where toxoplasmosis is at its highest. Falciparum malaria mortality increases significantly below 3 g/dL at admittance, but that also rises with rising hemoglobin concentrations as they approach the regular pattern. The bleeding thresholds for primary infection therapy are unclear. Control strategy, use of pyrethroid invasive devices, rapid and precise illness diagnosis, and adequate prescription of efficient pro government drugs all help to lower the prevalence of anaemia in tropical countries.