Common Causative Factors Research Articles

Ayurveda Interventions in the Management of Tubal Blockages- Case Studies

Failure to conceive within one or more years of regular unprotected coitus is defined as Infertility. Tubal blockage is one of the most common causative factors in female infertility. The prevalence is 19.1% in the fertility age group. This condition is not described in Ayurvedic classics as itself tubal blocks but Blockages of fallopian tubes can be better correlated with Vandhyatvadue to Artavbijavahasrotavrodha (Blockages in fallopian tubes). All three doshas are responsible for causing blockages. Normalizing the vitiated Vata-kapha-doshaleads to restoration of tubal function and easy conception. Here are two cases with bilateral tubal blockage which were treated successfully with certain Ayushakti herbal remedies and Uttarbasti (Intrauterine enema) with Ksharbasti. Recording and publishing this data is worthwhile as there are minimum chances of complication with assured results. With this treatment we can definitely avoid unnecessary use of hormones and IVF protocol and can give cost effective and promising results

CLINICAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF CKD IN NON-DIABETIC PATIENTS

Introduction: The present study mainly focuses on the causes of chronic kidney disease other than diabetes mellitus. The early diagnosis and proper timely treatment of the diabetic patients will result in early prevention of renal diseases and also results in increase in survival rates. The present study aim was to clinically evaluate and check the demographic profile of the patients with kidney diseases.
 Materials & Methods: In the present study 137 patients diagnosed with chronic kidney disease who are non diabetic attended/admitted to medical hospital affiliated to Bangalore medical college and institute were included.
 Results: The most common etiological factor for the chronic kidney disease was recorded as hypertensive nephropathy. The second most common factor was recorded as glomerulonephritis. The other common symptoms recorded were lower limb swelling and general weakness.
 Conclusions: Most common causative factor for the chronic kidney diseases is hypertension. An early diagnosis and detection off the renal problems will lead to appropriate treatment and proper prevention of the progression. This leads to increase in survival rates.
 Keywords: CKD, Hypertension, Nephropathy, Non diabetic

The Role of Immune Cell Types in Ischemic Heart Disease Progression: A Systematic Review

Introduction: Globally, Myocardial Ischemia or Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) inflicts 126 million individuals, totaling an estimated nine million deaths annually. IHD injury and healing are characterized by recruitment of several immune cell types to the cardiac tissue. In addition, atherosclerosis, a common causative factor of IHD, is initiated by mediators of innate and adaptive immunity, thus providing the rationale for studying the role of immune cell types in myocardial ischemia. Clarifying the functions and interactions among these cell types will inform drug targeting studies and ultimately facilitate development of IHD treatment and prevention approaches. Methods: This systematic review highlights and summarizes pertinent studies evidencing the function and interaction of macrophages, monocytes, lymphocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells in IHD pathology. Electronic databases searched consist of Ovid, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. Keywords include: “immune cells”, “innate immunity”, “inflammation”, “cardiac macrophages”, “adaptive immunity”, “lymphocytes”, “B cells”, “T cells”, “T-regulatory cells”, “myocardial infarction”, “reperfusion”, and additional related keywords. Results: Macrophages, monocytes, lymphocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells interact under innate and adaptive immune responses to initiate and sustain inflammation in cardiac tissue. Sustained inflammation signals for the recruitment of associated molecules to the site of ischemic heart damage which instigate injury and healing processes. Discussion: Building a comprehensive picture of interacting cell types enables the identification of druggable targets and potential treatment and prevention options. Here, we propose several steps of IHD pathology during which further studies with agonist and inhibitor molecules may yield fruitful treatment directions. Lastly, we discuss study limitations and future research avenues. Conclusions: Overall, explicating the immune cell type function and interactions will build a connective understanding of IHD pathology. In turn, elucidating the molecular and cell-specific mechanisms of the inflammatory immune response in cardiomyopathies will aid in the modelling of IHD disease progression as well as facilitate the identification of potential biomarkers and druggable targets to alleviate heart failure disease burden.

Multiple behavioral risk factors causing cancer in rural women of Mysuru

Background: Cancer has affected humans since pre-historic times, but in recent years its occurrence has sharply increased. The common causative factors are an individual’s diet, decreasing physical activity, consumption of tobacco and alcohol. Cancer deaths are increasingly popular as the world is ignorant of its harmful lifestyle habits. Interventions focusing on behavior change are key to curb diseases caused by behavioral risk factors. The aim of the study was to identify the association between multiple behavioral risk factors and cancer in rural women.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Bharat hospital and Institute of oncology for a period of 5 months (February 2021-June 2021). A total of 380 rural women diagnosed with cancer were included in the study. A structured proforma was used to collect data about behavioral risk factors. The data was coded and entered in MS Excel and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistical analysis was done. Crosstables were constructed, Chi square test was done to find the association of behavioral risk factors causing cancer.Results: Significant association was found between the frequency of dairy products intake/week, frequency of fruits intake/week, frequency of vegetable intake/week, frequency of sweets intake/week, the frequency of tea, coffee consumption/day, frequency of smoking/week, frequency of snuff, sun protection practices and various cancers.Conclusions: Multiple behavioral risk factors like diet, physical activity, tobacco consumption, alcohol use, sun exposure, etc., are can be modified and treated. Proper education and health promotion are the keys to decrease non-communicable diseases.

Absence of coding somatic single nucleotide variants within well-known candidate genes in late-onset sporadic Alzheimer's Disease based on the analysis of multi-omics data

Somatic mutations arise randomly or are induced by environmental factors, which may increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Identifying somatic mutations in sporadic AD (SAD) may provide new insight of the disease. To evaluate the potential contribution of somatic single nucleotide variations (SNVs), particularly that of well-known AD-candidate genes, we investigated sequencing data sets from four platforms: whole-genome sequencing (WGS), deep whole-exome sequencing (WES) on paired brain and liver samples, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and single-cell whole-genome sequencing (scWGS) of brain samples from 16 AD patients and 16 non-AD individuals. We found that the average number, mean variant allele fractions (VAFs) and mutational signatures of somatic SNVs have similar distributions between AD brains and non-AD brains. We did not identify any somatic SNVs within coding regions of the APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, nor in APOE. This study shows that somatic SNVs within the coding region of AD-candidate genes are unlikely to be a common causal factor for SAD.

Determine the Clinical Presentation and Outcomes of Thoracostomy in Children with Complicated Pneumonia

Objective: To examine the clinical presentation and outcomes of thoracostomy in patients presented with complicated pneumonia. Study Design: Descriptive/Observational Place and Duration of Study: Department of Paediatric Surgery, DHQ Teaching Hospital Sahiwal from 1st January 2019 to 31st December 2020. Methodology: Fifty patients of both genders with ages 0 to 12 years presented with complicated pneumonia were included. All the patients received chest tube intubation. Outcomes of thoracostomy were examined. Radiological examination was done. Results: Thirty eight (76%) patients were males while 24% were females. Majority of patients 64% were ages less than 5 years. Fever, cough, shortness of breath and chest pain were the common symptoms. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common causative factor found in 56% cases followed by streptococcus in 24% cases. 84% cases were successfully removed chest tube. Recollection found in 8% cases, pneumothorax found in 4% patients and 4% patients had pneumatocele. Conclusion: Chest tube intubation was the safe and effective treatment modality for complicated pneumonia with fewer rates of complications. Keywords: Complicated pneumonia, Thoracostomy, Empyema, Pneumothorax, Outcomes

Edible Solanum trilobatum chloroform extract modulates CCL4 induced toxic changes in rat liver by enhancing the antioxidant activity

Liver diseases are one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality all over world. Environmental chemicals and pesticides are one of the most common causative factors for liver injury. Since there are no reliable hepatoprotective drugs available, many plant extracts are frequently utilized to treat liver disease. Therefore, searching for effective and safe plant based drugs for liver disorders is a matter of interest. In this study, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of the polyphenol rich chloroform extract of Solanum trilobatum (CST) was evaluated on CCl4 induced acute hepatotoxicity in Sprague Dawley rats. METHODS: Cytotoxic effect of CST on cancer cells as well as primary rat hepatocytes and proliferative effect on human peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) were evaluated in vitro. Animals were divided into 4 groups control group (received only normal saline), CCl4 group (received only CCl4 (2.0g/kg body weight), CST group (received 50 mg/kg and CCl4 (2.0g/kg body weight), CST group (received 100mg/kg and CCl4 (2.0g/kg body weight). After 14 consecutive days of treatment, the levels of hepatic biochemical markers, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, peroxidase and catalase activities were measured. The histopathological study of control and treated animals were also performed. RESULTS: Administration of CST prior to CCl4 was found to significantly inhibit the hepatotoxicity produced by CCl4 since CST restored the elevated activities of serum and liver marker enzymes and also enhanced the antioxidant enzyme levels. Histological changes caused by CCl4 were found to be significantly reversed by CST, which further confirms the dual effect of CST on CCl4-induced acute liver injury as a hepatoprotectant and antioxidant. CONCLUSIONS: The present study clearly demonstrates that CST contains therapeutic components which in combination/alone possess hepatoprotective and in vivo antioxidant effect.

Study of Management of Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea

AbstractCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea is a condition where the protective fluid that surrounds the brain finds its way into the nose and sinuses, often appearing as a very watery runny nose. In this study, we are looking for clinical picture, various available investigation and treatment modalities, and their outcomes. In this study, we include 60 patients diagnosed with CSF rhinorrhea irrespective of cause. Patient having similar clinical picture but ruled out by investigation are not included. We obtain result in terms of most common causative factor, common site, and efficacy of treatment, and can decide a favorable line of management with respect to different circumstances.

Antioxidant and antiapoptotic paracrine effects of mesenchymal stem cells on spermatogenic arrest in oligospermia rat model

BackgroundOligospermia is one of the common causative factors of male infertility. Some medical and hormonal therapy for male infertility is typically with unsatisfactory outcome. Stem cell therapy has become a new therapeutic strategy for restoring function in addition to inducing proliferation and differentiation of malfunctioning germ cells. This work aims at investigating the potential ability of BM-MSCs to repair the spermatogenic arrest in oligospermic rat model. MethodsIn this work, a rat model of oligospermia was induced using two intraperitoneal injections of busulfan (15 mg/kg) with two weeks interval. Rats were divided into (i) donor group [source of the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) that were labelled and transfected with green fluorescent protein (GFP)] and (ii) experimental groups that were subdivided into: GpI (control), GpII (spermatogenic arrest model), GpIII (untreated rats), and GpIV (BM-MSCs treated rats). Estimation of the testicular weight, sperm count and motility % were performed. Histological and immunohistochemical staining for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and caspase-3 (Cas-3) were conducted. Besides, the level of the testicular malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and testicular testosterone were estimated by ELISA. ResultsOligospermic rats illustrated hypospermatogenesis of the seminiferous tubule with spermatocyte and spermatid arrest, focal thickening of the basement membrane and significant increase in germ cells apoptosis and testicular oxidative stress. Compared with the control, MDA and TNF-α were markedly elevated with marked suppression of the testicular testosterone. Intra-testicular injection of BM-MSCs substantially ameliorated these changes and effectively improved the sperm count and motility %. ConclusionsBM-MSCs improved the induced-spermatogenic arrest in the rat model mainly through anti-apoptotic and antioxidant paracrine effects.

AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY REGARDING VARIOUS AETIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN VATARAKTA

Objective: The prime causative factors of Vatarakta are Vata Dosha and Rakta Dhatu which vitiates by their own different Nidana simultaneously and later on vitiates each other. This study mainly aims to assess the aetiological factors in Vatarakta patients and to identify the common causative factors that causes Vatarakta which are already mentioned in the Samhitas.
 Methods: An observational study was conducted in Rishikul Ayurvedic Hospital among 30 patients. Data was obtained by assessing the diet and lifestyle related etiological factors of the patients.
 Results: Majority of the patients (60%) were in the age group of 30-40 years. Most common Aharaj aetiological factors observed in this study were Katu Bhojan (60%) and Lavan Bhojan (67%) while Viharaj aetiological factors were Ratrijagrana (24%) and Achankramansheela (50%). 
 Conclusion: It is concluded that life style and food habit changes are responsible for the disease Vatarakta. A proper wholesome diet and physical activity must be adopted to fight with this disease.

Brain Abscesses in Children: A Study of Microbiological Spectrum and Outcome of 80 Cases

Objective: Brain abscess is a focus of pus in the brain due to infection somewhere else in the body. It is common in males than females and the average age in children ranges from 4 to 7 years. It develops by skull trauma or contiguous or hematogenous spread of infection. The study aimed to identify the pattern of microbiological involvement in the etiology of pediatric brain abscesses and the outcome so as to enable us to ensure definitive treatment with the appropriate and specific antimicrobial regimen.
 Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted in 80 pediatric patients of brain abscess admitted to the Pediatric Neurosurgery Department, Children Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan.
 Results: The median age was 5.2 years with a predominance of males (60%). The most common presentation was fever (72.5%) and then fits (35%). Congenital heart disease was the commonest factor in 32% of cases. Streptococcus was a commonly isolated pathogen in 17% cases out of 70% of culture positive cases. Recovery was seen in 70% of cases and the mortality was 7.5%.
 Conclusion: Congenital heart disease is the most common causative factor in pediatric brain abscesses and most of the abscesses were found culture negative. There is a pressing need to carry out multicenter studies over a large sample size over extended study duration in developing countries to help establish guidelines in treating pediatric brain abscesses.

Comorbid conditions at chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the questions under investigation and discussion

Today, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is considered as a multifactorial disease with systemic extrapulmonary manifestations and a high level of comorbidity. Differentiation of the polymorbidity and comorbidity concepts for patients with this pathology is very important. The common trigger factors and/or pathogenetic mechanisms lay in the basis of comorbid conditions, and their progression is comparable in time with the underlying disease. This determines the necessity for appropriate integrated management of such patients. The presence of other diseases that are not related to the main pathological process through common causative factors and/or pathogenetic mechanisms should be regarded as concomitant and lying in the basis for polymorbidity. The domestic and foreign scientific literature data on the mechanisms of potential comorbid pathology in this group of patients have been summarized. Information concerning the leading role of oxidative stress and systemic inflammatory process of low intensity in the development of comorbidity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is presented. The mechanisms of their influence, relationship, discussion questions and actual data on genetic and molecular mechanisms of development of these pathological processes are highlighted. Special attention is paid to the metabolic processes that develop as a result of oxidative stress and systemic inflammation. In particular, it has been shown that systemic inflammation leads to the development of insulin resistance, diabetes and other metabolic disorders. Data is outlined, supporting rationale for stratification of the metabolic profiles or phenotypes, as well as the pathogenetic significance of endotoxemia. Endothelial dysfunction and associated diseases of the cardiovascular system are also the consequences of oxidative stress and systemic inflammation. The analysis has been performed for the peculiarities of the manifestations of some of them in this group of patients.

AYURVEDIC MANAGEMENT OF INFERTILITY DUE TO TUBAL BLOCKAGE- A CASE STUDY

Infertility is defined as failure to conceive within one or more years of regular unprotected coitus. Tubal blockage is one of the most common causative factors for female infertility. The prevalence of fallopian tubal obstruction was 19.1% in the fertility age group. In this case study patient suffered from infertility since 3yrs and diagnosed as primary infertility due to right tubal blockage after allopathic consultation. IUI has done thrice which went unsuccessful and was advised for IVF. But she was reluctant to do the same. So she approached OPD of GAVCH for W&C, Poojappura, Kerala for Ayurvedic management. Patient was managed with Ayurvedic treatment protocol including internal medications and purification therapies. The line of treatment was to normalize the Vata-kapha dosha and removes the Sroto avarodha in the fallopian tube. Uttaravasti delivers medicines close to Garbhashaya & Yoni especially in fallopian tubes. Taila can help to clear the Sroto rodha due to its Vyavayi, Vikashi and Sookshma property. Just after one cycle of treatment patient came with positive urine pregnancy test after one week of missed period. Then she took regular antenatal care from an allopathic hospital and delivered a healthy male baby of 2.8 kg.

Acute and Chronic Ophthalmic Involvement, Severity, and Sequelae in Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.

PurposeTo study the ocular manifestations, its severity and sequelae in patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN).MethodsProspective study of 44 consecutive patients (30 SJS and 14 TEN) presenting in the acute phase of the disease. Patients were evaluated by dermatologist as well as physician for systemic status, skin lesions and mucosal involvement. Detailed history taking, visual acuity, ophthalmic evaluation (lid margin, corneal, conjunctival changes, tear film and ocular surface). Ocular severity score (OSS) was assessed at baseline (acute) and at 6 months (chronic / OSS6), graded as mild, moderate and severe.ResultsMean age was 28.15 ± 15.78 years. Sixty-five eyes of 33 patients were included for final analysis. Thirty-eight patients (86.4%) had ocular manifestations. Drugs were the most common causative factor (95.4%). At base line mild, moderate, and severe OSS was seen in 43.1%, 44.6%, and 12.3% eyes. At 6 months mild, moderate, and severe OSS was seen in 44.6%, 7.7%, and 6.2% of eyes. There was a significant correlation between age of the patient and OSS at 6 months (p = 0.02). Younger age had higher chronic OSS. Patients with TEN had higher acute (p = 0.001) and chronic (p = 0.001) OSS than SJS. Three mucosal surface involvement associated with higher acute and chronic OSS (p = 0.001). No long-term ocular complications observed in 27 / 65 (41.5%) eyes. Acute OSS correlated significantly with chronic OSS, at 1 and 6 months (p = 0.001).ConclusionsGreater severity of the disease, more number of mucosal surfaces involved and shorter symptom lag correlated with more severe acute and chronic ocular manifestations. The severity of lid margin involvement and corneal involvement in acute stage were good predictors of severity of chronic ocular findings. Initial severity of ocular involvement correlated with severity of ocular sequelae.

Effect of green tea and omega-3 on aluminum chloride neurotoxicity in rabbits

Background/aim Aluminum chloride is one of the most common causative factors in many neurodegenerative disorders. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of green tea and omega-3 on aluminum chloride-induced neurotoxicity in rabbits. Materials and methods Twenty-four male rabbits were divided into four groups: control group, aluminum chloride group, in which rabbits were administered aluminum chloride at a dose of 300 mg/kg/day orally for one month, green tea-treated group, in which rabbits were given aluminum chloride plus green tea extract at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day orally for one month, and the omega-3-treated group, in which rabbits were administered aluminum chloride plusomega-3 at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day orally for one month. Then, the brain tissues were examined for histopathological and immunohistochemical changes. Results Aluminum chloride-induced distortion in histological structures of the dentate gyrus with a significant increase in caspase-3 antibody reaction compared with the control group, indicating neuronal cell apoptosis. Green tea and omega-3 reduced the neurotoxin effect of aluminum chloride. However, administration of omega-3 led to more improvement in aluminum chloride neurotoxicity than green tea. Conclusion Omega-3 administration diminishes the neurotoxin effect of aluminum chloride on the dentate gyrus more than green tea.

Apamargkshar Taila Uttarbastiin the Management of Secondary Infertility Due to Tubal Blockage -A Case Study

Secondary Infertility occurs when a couple is fails to conceive for several years after the first delivery. Ayurveda plays important role to treat infertility for years without the help of modern medical system, as it provides ability to infertile women or couples through treatment to become fertile and also to enhance theoverall health. Tubal blockage is most common causative factor for infertility which constitutes nearly one third of total infertility cases. In presence of tubal blockagethere are only two options in modern medical system,re-construction of the tube, IVF.These procedures are invasive, time consuming and much costly. This article presents tubal blockage was treated with certain Ayurvedic drugs and procedures in present case. In Ayurveda probably Vataand Kapha doshas are responsible for tubal blockage, hence Shodhan Chikitsawas administered.Uttarbastiperformed with Apamargkshar tailaused as treatment part for tubal blockage in female infertility.

Association of Exosomal miR-34a with Markers of Dyslipidemia and Endothelial Dysfunction in Children and Adolescents with T1DM

Objective:Dyslipidemia and endothelial dysfunction are common disorders and major causative factors for atherosclerosis in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). However, their pathophysiology in young patients with T1DM is still under evaluated. We aimed, for the first time, to assess the expression of exosomal micro-RNA 34a (miR-34a) in serum of children and adolescents with T1DM and correlate this expression with markers of dyslipidemia and endothelial dysfunction.Methods:The study included 120 T1DM patients and 100 control subjects. Assessment of miR-34a was performed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Lipid profile was assessed on an automated analyzer and serum endoglin and intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) concentrations were measured using immunometric methods.Results:Relative expression of miR-34a and serum endoglin and ICAM concentrations were higher in patients than controls (p=0.001) and in patients with dyslipidemia (42 patients) compared to patients without dyslipidemia (78 patients) (p=0.01). Linear regression analysis revealed a strong independent association between exosomal miR-34a expression and total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, serum endoglin and serum ICAM after adjustment for other cofactors. The utility of miR-34a as an indicator for associated dyslipidemia was tested using receiver operator characteristic curve analysis which revealed area under the curve: 0.73 with confidence interval: 0.63-0.83 and p=0.001.Conclusion:This was the first study to show the altered expression of exosomal miR-34a among children and adolescents with T1DM. Moreover, association of miR-34a with markers of dyslipidemia and endothelial dysfunction was identified, suggesting that it could play a role in regulation of lipid metabolism and endothelial function in T1DM.

COMPREHENSIVE CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF SHUKRAVAHA SROTAS AND KSHEENASHUKRA (OLIGOSPERMIA) – AN OVER REVIEW

Health and disease state of an individual is based on normalcy of a Srotas. Knowledge of Srotas plays an important role in diagnosing and management of every disease. The channel which carries Shukra is called Shukravaha Srotas. Srotosanga and Srotovaigunya are causes of Shukra Dusti and Shukra Kshaya. These are major reproductive issues result in male infertility. Acharya Charaka while listing qualities of Phalavat Shukra, Bahu (large in quantity) is one of the properties attributed to Shukra dhatu. Sufficient quantity of Shukra (Semen and Sperms) needed for reproduction. Deficient condition of Shukra is labeled as Ksheenashukra, is one of Shukra Dusti and correlates to Oligospermia- one of the seminal disorders and common causative factor for male infertility. Abnormal structures and functions of Shukravaha Srotas al-ter the production and ejaculation of Shukra. Hence an insight into Shukravaha Srotas is essential to treat Ksheenashukra. The present review elaborates relation between Shukravaha Srotas, Shukrajanana and Ksheenashukra.

A Review on the Triggers of Pediatric Migraine with the Aim of Improving Headache Education.

Although migraines are common in children and adolescents, they have a robustly negative impact on the quality of life of individuals and their families. The current treatment guidelines outline the behavioral and lifestyle interventions to correct common causative factors, such as negative emotional states, lack of exercise and sleep, and obesity; however, the evidence of their effectiveness is insufficient. To create a plan for disseminating optimal pediatric headache education, we reviewed the current evidence for factors correlated with migraine. We assessed three triggers or risk factors for migraines in children and adolescents: stress, sleep poverty, and alimentation (including diet and obesity). While there is a gradual uptick in research supporting the association between migraine, stress, and sleep, the evidence for diet-related migraines is very limited. Unless obvious dietary triggers are defined, clinicians should counsel patients to eat a balanced diet and avoid skipping meals rather than randomly limiting certain foods. We concluded that there is not enough evidence to establish a headache education plan regarding behavioral and lifestyle interventions. Clinicians should advise patients to avoid certain triggers, such as stress and sleep disorders, and make a few conservative dietary changes.

Investigating the Six-Month Incidence Rate of Burn Disease in Children in Greece.

IntroductionBurns in children are painful, can be fatal, and involve a significant risk of complications, along with physical and psychological consequences. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of burns in children, for six months, and the most common causative factors, along with the existing correlations between demographic data and the characteristics of burn injuries.MethodsThe study was descriptive and prospective, and the sample consisted of minors up to 14 years old with burns in any areas of the body. The research was carried out in the Attica pediatric hospitals’ selected departments for six months (from July to December 2018). Sources for completing the created database were the patients, their guardians, and their medical-nursing documentation and records.ResultsThe cumulative six-month incidence rate of childhood burn disease was 4.9%. The most affected age group appeared to be younger than two years (60%), while liquid heat appeared to be the primary form of the burn factor (76%). The average duration of hospitalization for children with a deep partial-thickness to a total-thickness burn degree was 16.5 days. The correlations that emerged related to the extent of the burn were directly related to the accident’s site, and patients with an increased likelihood of future additional surgeries had an increased mean total body surface area that was burned.ConclusionContinuous surveillance and removal of hazardous materials from the home environment is of utmost need. Early education/understanding of correct behaviors and proper attention to outdoor activities or excursions can significantly reduce burns. Training courses on burn prevention for parents are needed, as the best form of treatment is prevention.