Common Body Research Articles

Migrated and Impacted Foreign Body of Retropharyngeal Space: A Case Report.

Foreign body upper aerodigestive tract is a common presentation but foreign body migrating into retropharyngeal space is not only uncommon, but its management also differs and is challenging too. Here we present a case of a foreign body migrating into the retropharyngeal space which was removed intraorally. A 28- year old male patient presented with complaints of pain while swallowing following consumption of sausage and pork two days earlier to the onset of symptoms. X-Ray Neck AP and lateral view were done which revealed a thin metallic foreign body at the level of the T4 vertebra. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and rigid esophagoscopy were done in which a foreign body was not visualized in the esophageal lumen. NCCT neck was done which gave precise location and was removed intraorally with the patient in Rose position. A repeat x-ray was done on the 5th day which revealed no foreign body, the patient was discharged on the 7th day. Although the upper aerodigestive tract foreign body is common, foreign body migrating to the posterior pharyngeal wall or into the retropharyngeal space is not common and it is difficult to remove a migrated foreign body many cases requiring open procedures, thoracoscopy, thoracotomy.

Video‐Driven 2D Character Animation

Video-driven animation has always been a hot and challenging topic in the field of computer animation. We propose a method of mapping a sequence of human skeletal keypoints in a video onto a two-dimensional character to generate 2D character animation. For a given two-dimensional character picture, we extract the motion of real human in video data, driving the character deformation. We analyze common two-dimensional human body movements, classify the basic posture of the human body, realize the recognition of skeleton posture based on back propagation network, capture human body motion by automatically tracking the position of the human skeleton keypoints coordinates in the video and redirect the motion data to a 2D character. Compared with the traditional method, our work is less affected by video data illumination and background complexity. We calibrate human body motion in videos to a 2D character according to the skeleton topology to avoid motion distortion caused by the difference in skeleton size and ratio. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can generate the motion of two-dimensional characters based on the motion of human characters in video data. The animation is natural and smooth, and the algorithm has strong robustness.

Effect of new filtration medias on water quality, biomass, blood parameters and plasma biochemistry of common carp (Cyprinus Carpio) in RAS

Base on the principle of developing a suitable aquaculture system that will fit the present climate and environmental challenges to enhance breeding and production in aquaculture. Against the backdrop of issues connected to water quality in recirculating aquaculture system which has negative impact on the fish comfort, feeding rate and blood biochemistry, this may later affect its growth performance and general wellbeing. Although, the rate of waste disintegration and the bacteria species present in the filter system determine the physicochemical parameters of the treated water, which further affect the biological characteristics of the fish. This study intends to reveal the effect of biological filtration media (wood coal, rice hulls and wheat hay) on water properties and its further effects on growth performance, plasma biochemistry, liver and gills histopathology of common carp in RAS. After the acclimation interval, 24 tanks were stocked with 8 fish average initial weight of 15.74 g. However, treatments were assigned to each tank at random sampling to make four treatments. The results showed a significant effect on Common carp growth and body biomass, for those with filter media compared to the control. Though, a better growth performance of Common carp culture in water exposed to wheat hay and rice hulls were recorded at significant level with lower FCR. Hence improvement in fish productivity was observed in the treatments compared to the control. Moreover, there are significant changes on cell counts, and plasma biochemistry parameters. In synopsis, the study reveals the benefits in using additional media such as wheat hay and rice hulls as a biological filter media to improve water quality and growth performance of common carp in aquaculture. The use of this new media should be encourage since the installation of this biological filter media is simple, affordable and can be retrofitted into existing systems, to increase water management and aquaculture productivity.

Validation of the optical Aktiia bracelet in different body positions for the persistent monitoring of blood pressure

The diagnosis of hypertension and the adjustment of antihypertensive drugs are evolving from isolated measurements performed at the physician offices to the full phenotyping of patients in real-life conditions. Indeed, the strongest predictor of cardiovascular risk comes from night measurements. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that a wearable device (the Aktiia Bracelet) can accurately estimate BP in the most common body positions of daily life and thus become a candidate solution for the BP phenotyping of patients. We recruited 91 patients with BP ranging from low to hypertensive levels and compared BP values from the Aktiia Bracelet against auscultatory reference values for 4 weeks according to an extended ISO 81060-2 protocol. After initializing on day one, the observed means and standard deviations of differences for systolic BP were of 0.46 ± 7.75 mmHg in the sitting position, − 2.44 ± 10.15 mmHg in the lying, − 3.02 ± 6.10 mmHg in the sitting with the device on the lap, and − 0.62 ± 12.51 mmHg in the standing position. Differences for diastolic BP readings were respectively of 0.39 ± 6.86 mmHg, − 1.93 ± 7.65 mmHg, − 4.22 ± 6.56 mmHg and − 4.85 ± 9.11 mmHg. This study demonstrates that a wearable device can accurately estimate BP in the most common body positions compared to auscultation, although precision varies across positions. While wearable persistent BP monitors have the potential to facilitate the identification of individual BP phenotypes at scale, their prognostic value for cardiovascular events and its association with target organ damage will need cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Deploying this technology at a community level may be also useful to drive public health interventions against the epidemy of hypertension.

Extended longevity of Erwinia amylovora vectored by honeybees under in vitro conditions and its capacity for dissemination

AbstractFire blight outbreaks in Korea were first reported in 2015. Regular outbreaks have occurred since, indicating a continuous cycle of the fire blight pathogen in Korea. We determined the role of Apis mellifera (honeybee) as a vector of Erwinia amylovora by verifying the following: (a) E. amylovora longevity in/on honeybees; (b) the most common body parts that carry the bacteria; (c) the rate of bacterial spread to healthy host organs; and (d) the relationship between dispersal of viable but nonculturable (VBNC) and virulent bacterial cells. E. amylovora survived for 15 days on the exterior of honeybee bodies and was most abundant on the abdomen in comparison to other areas such as the labellum, wings, and hind legs. In the digestive system of honeybees, E. amylovora survived for 7 days, and bacteria were found in faeces for 3 days after exposure. The bacteria are likely to be VBNC on honeybees. Honeybees that were contaminated with bacteria transferred E. amylovora to healthy immature apple fruit, shoots, and flowers for 10 days after exposure. E. amylovora was also transferred from inoculated plant parts to uncontaminated honeybees. In addition, bacteria moved from inoculated plant tissues to unexposed honeybees and then from these honeybees to healthy plant tissues. Therefore, E. amylovora can survive in/on honeybees for extended amounts of time, which contradicts previous reports. The bacteria moved to host tissues via honeybees, suggesting that honeybees are the vectors of E. amylovora and play a role in the development of new outbreaks of fire blight disease in the central regions of Korea.

An empirical investigation of firefighting personal protective equipment and burn injuries in Korea.

This study aimed to investigate the current situation of firefighting burn injuries and personal protective equipment (PPE) in Korea using a questionnaire. A questionnaire was constructed and then distributed to fire stations via the Fire & Disaster Headquarters of Korea. Responses from a total of 536 firefighters who were currently responsible for suppressing fire or doing rescue work were analysed (39.2 ± 8.58 y in age, 173.8 ± 5.0 cm in height, 73.4 ± 8.9 kg in body weight). The results showed that 22% of firefighters had experienced burns but of these 93% of were burns of less than 1% of total body surface area. The most common body site of burn injury was the hands (37%) and the head (face and neck) (34%). There were significant relationships between PPE non-compliance and career years, especially for the hood and boots. According to firefighters their gloves were the most vulnerable part of their PPE. We also elucidated relationships between the body sites most vulnerable to burn injuries and PPE wear compliance by item. The present results suggest that officially-undisclosed minor burn injuries but prevailing among firefighters can be reduced through improving firefighters’ protective helmet, hoods and gloves.

Effectiveness of lactic acid bacteria to increase the body resistance of common carp, Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 against Aeromonas hydrophila

This study aims to find out the right lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates to improve the common carp body's immune system against the attack of the Aeromonas hydrophila bacterium. Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) isolates were obtained from the organs of the common carp intestine. The study used a Completely Randomized Design consisting of four treatments and three replications. The treatment used was immersion of test fish for 24 hours in several isolates of LAB with a density of 108 cfu ml-1, namely A: without LAB isolate (control), B: isolate CcB7, C: isolate CcB8, D: isolate CcB15. Immersion is done three times with a frequency of seven days. Parameters observed included clinical symptoms, survival rate, red and white blood cell counts. The results showed the immersion of LAB isolate CcB15, namely Lactobacillus gasseri was most effective for increasing the body's resistance to Common Carp, which was demonstrated by mild clinical symptoms and faster recovery, high fish survival rate (83.33%), and number of cells the highest white blood count of 147,47x103 cell mm-3 (an increase in white blood cells by 38%).

Injury pattern based on player positions in Japanese university handball: a cross-sectional study of 2056 players.

Although it is evident that the risk of injury in handball varies according to player position, it is unclear whether the characteristics of these injuries also differ. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the position-associated injury profiles of university handball players in Japan. A total of 2056 participants who played in the 2018 and 2019 Japanese National University Handball Championships were included in this cross-sectional study. A self-reported injury questionnaire regarding demographic and injury-related information was administered. The overall prevalence of injury during the one-year period preceding the questionnaire was 44.1%, and back (47.9%) and line (49.2%) players exhibited a higher proportion of injuries than players in other positions (P<0.001). The ankle, knee, and shoulder/clavicle were the most common body regions affected by traumatic injuries, and knee and shoulder/clavicle injuries differed based on player positions (P=0.033). Conversely, overuse injuries predominantly affected the lumber spine/lower back, knee, and foot/toe, although there were no significant differences between player positions (P=0.188). In terms of injury mechanism, line players exhibited a higher proportion of contact injuries and goalkeepers had a higher proportion of non-contact injuries than that of other positions (P<0.001). Back and line players experienced more injuries than players in other positions. Depending on the player position, there were significant differences in the prevalence and patterns of injury. Therefore, injury prevention measures need to consider the characteristics of injuries based on player positions.

Frequency and Types of Foreign Body Airway in Children

Aim: To determine the frequency and types of airways foreign body in children undergoing bronchoscopy. Study Design: Cross-sectional/descriptive study Place and Duration of Study: Department of ENT, Sheikh Zayed University Medical College Khost Province Afghanistan from 1st January 2018 to 31st March 2021. Methodology: Ninety patients of both genders and aged between 6 months to 15 years were enrolled. Patient’s details demographics like age, sex and weight were recorded after taking informed consent from the patient’s guardian. Patients with foreign body aspiration presented within weeks of aspiration. Patients were subjected to rigid bronchoscopy under general anaesthesia after doing chest X-ray. Clinical and radiological findings were observed among all cases. Results: Mean age of the patients was 4.52±6.35 years. Sixty five (72.22%) were males and 25 (27.8%) were females. Mean time interval between foreign body aspiration and admission to hospital was 1.04±0.9 weeks. The right main bronchus was the most common site 50 (55.55%) followed by left bronchus 35 (38.9%), and trachea found in 5 (5.55%). Most common foreign body retrieved was pine nut (Chilgoza) found in 77 (85.6%) followed by peanut in 5 (5.56%), seeds 4 (4.4%), whistle 2 (2.2%) and stone pieces in 2 (2.2%) cases. Conclusion: Foreign body aspiration in male children is more common, mainly under the age of four years. It has been found during the bronchoscopy that the foreign body was commonly lodged in the right main bronchus. The most common foreign body was pine nut. Keywords: Children, Pine nut (Chilgoza), Tracheobronchial, Rigid bronchoscopy, Children, Foreign body aspiration

A Retrospective Analysis of Non-Sharps-Related Injuries in a Dental School

ObjectivesWorkplace non-sharps injuries are a common occurrence in a dental school setting. In dentistry, the importance of preventing non-sharps injuries is often overlooked due to emphasis on sharps-related injuries. The aim of this research was to analyse the incidences of non-sharps injuries over an 11-year period in a dental school to identify trends and the possible causative factors for these injuries.MethodsInjury reports lodged with the University of Queensland Workplace Health and Safety databases between 2009 and 2019 were categorised and analysed.ResultsOf 1156 incidents reported, 35.7% (n = 413) were non-sharps injuries, and the most common type of non-sharps injury was general incidents (48.4%, n = 200). The most common body site for injury was the hands (19.4%, n = 80), and the most common location where an injury occurred was in clinical patient care (53.8%, n = 222). The personnel type most at risk of a non-sharps injury fluctuated between students and staff throughout the study period.ConclusionsAll personnel, including students and staff, are at similar risk of experiencing a non-sharps injury within a dental school setting. The equipment and facilities of a dental clinic as well as the level of adherence to safe working procedures are contributing factors. Continuous quality improvement is essential for minimising these injuries.

Experimental study on stiffness degradation and monotonic response of reconstituted volcanic ash induced by internal erosion

Volcanic ash soils are a common geological body in earthquake prone regions, and they are widely used as construction materials. The present study discusses the contribution of initial density, stress state and seepage time on seepage-induced internal instability, stiffness degradation, and monotonic response of volcanic ash collected from Satozuka, Japan. Reconstituted specimens are tested using an erosion triaxial apparatus. The results exhibit that the rate of erosion is influenced by initial density, stress state and hydraulic gradient. The mercury intrusion porosimeter tests are conducted to explore the distribution of constriction sizes after erosion. Post-erosion stress-strain responses are also affected by the stress state during erosion, initial density and seepage time. Particularly, internal erosion affects the dilatancy response of relatively loose specimens and has an impact on the critical state line, brittleness, and peak strength. Further, the maximum shear modulus of eroded soil is found to be greater than that of non-eroded soil, mainly due to the particle rearrangement and removal of fines. However, a sharp reduction in stiffness during monotonic shearing is maybe evidence that temporary reinforced soil packing collapses at a large strain. This indicates that the elastic yield surface has expanded for eroded soils.

Understanding the career dynamics of IT professionals in digital transformation times: a systematic review of career anchors studies

The concept of career anchors has long been a reference model to guide Human Resources Management (HRM) practices within the information technology (IT) discipline. However, as the digital transformation phenomenon grows increasingly disruptive, the misalignment of human resources is becoming more apparent as IT professionals are faced with mixed job demands requiring multidisciplinary skillsets. Along with the lack of workforce diversity and high turnover rates, these HRM challenges are impacting career dynamics and talent management practices. A systematic literature review of 20 empirical studies reveals three broad themes: debunking the dual-ladder construct of traditionally opposing technical and management career paths, fostering a diverse workforce through a variety of demographic profiles, and understanding the response strategies of IT professionals. While career anchors proved to be a useful model, it falls short in the context of the current structural changes of professional career choices and talent requirements, which requires a more diverse and dynamic model. This finding leads to a new research agenda emphasizing the study of Business Technology Management (BTM). This new concept refers to an emerging transdisciplinary profession, uniting Project Management (PM), Information Systems (IS) and IT competencies within a common body of knowledge for leading digital transformation projects.

Laboratory interpretative comments and guidance: clinical and operative outcomes on moderate to severe hyponatraemia patient management

AimsHyponatraemia is the most common body fluid disorders but often goes unnoticed. Our laboratory incorporated a standardised procedure to help clinicians detect moderate/severe hyponatraemia. The study aims were to evaluate...

Dynamic response law and instability mechanism of steep inclined soft-hard interphase bedding slope under strong earthquakes

China has a vast land area with complex topography and landforms, of which the mountain area accounts for more than 60% of the total area. China is located between the Pacific Rim seismic zone and the Mediterranean-Himalayan earthquake zone, causing frequent earthquake disasters. Earthquake-linked secondary disasters cause far greater damage than themselves, and often cause geological disasters such as landslides and slope collapses in mountainous areas. The secondary disaster caused by the earthquake is closely related to the dynamic response of the slope and the dynamic characteristics of the slope. Geological structure of different slopes and the conditions of ground motion loading have different influences on the pressure and stability of the steep layer between soft and hard phases. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to explore the main modes and processes of slope instability induced by strong earthquakes based on the dynamic response characteristics and laws of slopes, to explore the model deformation and failure phenomena during the test, and to analyze the different results of different lithological slope bodies. This article will use the research methods of specific problems and specific analysis to compare the data and draw conclusions. The research results show that under the common slope body, the acceleration of the falling object is different with different angle and height. Therefore, combined with the investigation of the deformation and failure of the slope in the earthquake zone, the dynamic response law of the rock slope is obtained, which provides a reasonable explanation for the collapse of many large landslides during the earthquake, and provides a theoretical basis for the future design of seismic structures and field slope monitoring and protection against disaster. Combined with physical simulation and numerical simulation methods, the instability and damage characteristics and mechanism of layered slopes under strong earthquake conditions are analyzed and demonstrated.

Declining common toad body size correlated with climate warming

Abstract Accumulating evidence shows that the body size of organisms in many taxa is declining in response to global warming. We investigated the potential effect of rising temperatures on the body size of a common toad (Bufo bufo L.) population in southern England between 1983 and 2020. The body length (SVL; in millimetres) and body mass (in grams) of 15 550 males and 4004 females arriving at their breeding pond for the first time were recorded. Toad body condition was estimated using a scaled body mass index (SMI). Over the study period, the mean annual temperature increased by ~1.3 °C, whereas the mean SVL and SMI of both sexes declined. Multiple regression analysis showed that female and male SMI were negatively correlated with increases in mean summer temperatures, with females also being impacted minimally by mean winter rainfall. Mean body size (SVL) was positively correlated with toad abundance over the period between emergence as toadlets and arrival at the pond to breed for the first time. Common toads exhibited phenotypic plasticity in response to warming environmental conditions, resulting in a reduction in SMI and subsequent reductions in SVL and overall egg production, which occurred over a period of 10 years.

Local plant knowledge and its variation among farmer\u2019s families in the Napf region, Switzerland

BackgroundLocal plant knowledge typically is unevenly distributed within a community. This knowledge variation is important in understanding people’s relationship with their environment. Here we ask about knowledge variation among farmers’ families in the Napf region of Switzerland.MethodsIn 2008 and 2009, 60 adults and children living on 14 farms were interviewed about known and used plant species, and the data analyzed for knowledge variation. The farms were chosen by random stratified sampling, and freelisting and semi-structured interviews were conducted individually in the local idiom. The data were organized in an access database and analyzed with descriptive statistics, correlations, Mann–Whitney U tests and cultural domain analysis.ResultsTotally, 456 folk taxa were listed, whereas frequently listed species are common meadow and forest species. Uses were indicated for 391 taxa, most of them culinary, followed by fodder, wood, medicinal and ornamental uses. Local plant knowledge correlates with age and gender. Due to professional specialization, adults above 20 years have broader plant knowledge than children and adolescents. This is true for almost all examined habitat and plant use categories except for toy uses. Women and men share a common body of plant knowledge especially about herbaceous grassland species and woody species. Specialized knowledge of men is linked to cattle fodder and the processing of wood, specialized knowledge of women concerns edible, medicinal and ornamental plants, often garden species, but also herbaceous forest species.ConclusionIn a rural region like the Napf, people retain a solid basis of plant knowledge. The variation of plant knowledge within farmers’ families of this region reflects sociocultural patterns. As these patterns are changing and as (agro)biodiversity is declining, local plant knowledge in the Napf region is suspected to undergo a mainstreaming process.

294Epidemiological characteristics of falls among older people: results from Chinese National Injury Surveillance System

Abstract Background Falls are among the most frequent critical health problems for older people. Fall-related injuries are a significant cause of mortality in older people. Understanding the epidemiological characteristics of falls among older people in China is an important basis for falls prevention. Methods Descriptive analysis was applied on general information, injury occurrence and injury clinical characteristics by using the data of people □ 60 years of age from National Injury Surveillance System (NISS). Results In total, 205 670 cases of falls were collected by NISS from 2015 to 2018, with the gender ratio of 1.37. Falls mainly occurred during 10:00-10:59 AM (11.9%). The top three major places where falls might occur were home (56.4%), the road (17.2%) and public residence (14.4%). Leisure activities (37.6%), housework (24.2%) and walk (15.1%) were top three activities when falls occurred. The most common body parts of falls involved were low limbs (31.4%), head (22.5) and truncus (20.7%). Bruise/ scrape (42.2%), fracture (31.8%) and sprain/ strain (14.6%) were the major nature of injury. Moderate and severe injuries accounted for 37.2% of all cases. Conclusions The number of falls among people □ 60 years of age from NISS has increased from 2015 to 2018. Further scientific research on the epidemiological characteristics, risk factors and falls prevention should be conducted. Key messages This data is from Chinese National Injury Surveillance System and results can provide basis for the formulation of corresponding policies.

Delayed Endoscopic Management of Esophageal Sharp-Pointed Food Impaction: An Analysis of 829 Cases in China.

Esophageal foreign body impaction is the most common cause of endoscopic emergency. However, there are limited available data on delayed endoscopic management of esophageal sharp-pointed food impaction. To investigate cases of esophageal sharp-pointed food impaction with endoscopic removal findings. This single-center retrospective study collected medical records to identify patients with esophageal sharp-pointed food impaction who underwent endoscopic removal between April 2018 and April 2020. The patients were divided into the early (endoscopic removal <12h) and delayed intervention (>12h) cohorts. Overall, 133 and 696 patients received early and delayed intervention, respectively. The success rate of endoscopic foreign body removal was 96.45%. The most common foreign body was fish bone (66.90%), and the most common shape was "I" (56.26%). Patients from the delayed intervention cohort received general anesthesia with a higher risk for perforation, and no foreign body was identified. The duration of endoscopy, distance between the foreign body/wound and the incisor, and longest diameter of the foreign body were not different between the groups. In multivariate analysis, male sex (odds ratio = 1.792 [1.159, 2.771]; P = 0.009), longer duration of impaction (odds ratio = 2.212 [1.121, 4.365]; P = 0.022) and endoscopy (odds ratio = 1.502 [1.253, 1.800]; P < 0.001), and longest diameter of the foreign body (odds ratio = 1.632 [1.329, 2.003]; P < 0.001) were associated with a higher incidence of perforation in patients with foreign body impaction. Endoscopic removal is a safe and effective treatment method for sharp-pointed food impaction. Delayed endoscopic removal can increase the risk of esophageal perforation.

Post deposition aging of bloodstains probed by steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy.

Blood is one of the most common body fluids discovered at crime scenes involving violent actions. It is one of the most important types of forensic evidence since it allows for the identification of the individual providing that there is a match with a known DNA profile. Determining the time since deposition (TSD) can assist investigators in establishing when the crime occurred or if a bloodstain present is actually related to the investigated event. To develop a forensically sound method for determining the TSD of a bloodstain, it is necessary to understand the underlying biochemical mechanisms occurring during aging. As biochemical processes occurring in blood are necessary for the continued survival of living organisms, they are important subjects of human biology and biomedicine and are well understood. However, the biochemistry of bloodstain aging ex vivo is primarily of interest to forensic scientists and has not yet been thoroughly researched. This preliminary study utilizes steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy to probe the changes in fluorescence properties of peripheral and menstrual blood up to 24-h post deposition. Peripheral and menstrual blood exhibited similar kinetic changes over time, assigned to the presence of the fluorophores: tryptophan, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), and flavins in both biological fluids. The biochemical mechanism of blood aging ex vivo is discussed.

Frequency of Foreign Body Bronchus in Patients with Pneumothorax

Aim: To determine the frequency of airways foreign body bronchus in children pneumothorax. Study Design: Cross-sectional/descriptive study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sandeman Provincial Hospital Quetta from 1st January 2020 to 31st December 2020. Methodology: Forty five patients of both genders and aged between 1 to 15 years were enrolled. Patients details demographics age, gender, residence and body mass index were recorded after taking informed consent. Chest computed tomography and X-ray to bronchus were performed to examine the nature and site of foreign body. Bronchoscopy was performed and outcomes were analyzed. Results: There were 30 (66.67%) males and 15 (33.33%) females. Majority of patients 27 (60%) were ages &lt;6 years. Mean body mass index was 12.08±6.33 kg/m2. Mean time interval between foreign body aspiration and admitted to hospital was 4.08±2.08days. Foreign body bronchus was found in 14 (31.11%) patients. The right main bronchus was the most common site in 9 (64.28%) followed by left bronchus in 5(35.71%).Most common foreign body retrieved was seeds found in 9 (64.28%), piece of plastic in 3 (21.43%), peanut in 1 (7.14%) and nuts in 1 (7.14%) patients respectively. Bronchoscopy performed in 14 patients and none of patients had developed any complication. Conclusion: Foreign body bronchus was found in 31.11% patients presented with pneumothorax and most common foreign body aspiration was seeds. Bronchoscopy was safe and effective with no major complication. Keywords: Children, Foreign body aspiration, Bronchus, Pneumonia