Common Behavioral Problems Research Articles

Physical health and emotional and behavioral problems in maltreated children according to family economic status: Health problems of maltreated children in Korea.

Low family income is a risk factor for child maltreatment. However, there has been no comparative study on the association between child maltreatment and family income. The objective of this study was to investigate the physical health and emotional and behavioral problems of maltreated children according to the economic status of their family.Cross-sectional nationwide studyData from 2012 to 2014 was extracted from the Korean National Child Abuse Registry (age <18 years) operated by the National Child Protection Agency (NCPA). Demographic characteristics and 34 physical health and emotional/behavioral problems of maltreated children were compared by family economic status. Family economic status was classified into 2 groups: families receiving the National Basic Livelihood Guarantee (NBLG) and those not receiving the guarantee (non-NBLG group).A total of 17,128 children were registered in the system. Mean age was 9.3 years (SD 4.8 years), 44.4% were females, and 29.2% were in the NBLG group. Poor hygiene, anxiety, and attention deficit were frequently reported physical and emotional health problems. Common behavioral problems included running away, rebelliousness/impulsivity/aggressiveness, maladjustment in school, learning problems at school, and frequent unauthorized absenteeism and truancy. Physical health problems (7 of 8 items) occurred more often in the NBLG group, and behavioral problems (6 of 17 items) occurred more often in the non-NBLG group.Children in Korea who are maltreated have different physical health, emotional, and behavioral problems depending on their family income level. These results can be useful in approaching the recognition of and interventions for child maltreatment.

Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Management of Common Behavioral Problems of School Children among Primary School Teachers

Infancy and childhood are of supreme importance in determining the future behavior. Behavioral problemsalways require individual attention. Teachers spend most of the school hours with children so that they candetect the signs and symptoms of these problems at the earliest.The Title of the Study: Effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge regarding managementof common behavioral problems of school children among primary school teachers in selected school inErnakulumObjectives;1.Assess the knowledge of primary school teachers regarding the management of commonbehavioral problems of school children.2. Evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching program onknowledge of primary school teachers regarding the management of behavioral problems of schoolchildren.3.Associate the socio demographic variables with the pretest &amp; post test knowledge scoresMethodology: The research approach used in the present study was quantitative and research design wasone group pre test post test design. The study was conducted among 30 teachers with the eligibility criteriafollowing purposive sampling technique. The tools used for the study were structured questionnaire.Results : The mean post- test knowledge score (16.18) is significantly (p = 0.001) higher than the mean pretest score(13.7).This shows that structured teaching programme was effective in improving the knowledgeof teachers regarding behavioral problems. There is no association between pretest &amp; post test knowledgescores with demographic variables.Conclusion: The study finding point out the responsibilities of a health professional to enlighten and educatethe teachers regarding management of behavioral problems of school children

STUDI KASUS PERILAKU TEMPER TANTRUM ANAK DALAM BERSOSIALISASI DI TK DHARMA WANITA KEMPLENG II

Tantrum tempering is a common behavioral problem experienced by preschoolers by expressing anger by sleeping on the floor, thrashing, screaming. Tantrum temperatures usually occur in children who are active and have abundant energy. This arises because at the age of 4-5 years children are still easily provoked by emotions that can be caused by not fulfilling the physical needs of children in terms of eating patterns and resting children. Factors causing children to experience temper tantrum is actually one form of emotional development of children that cannot be controlled. Based on preliminary observations of case studies that have been conducted by researchers found that there is one child who has a unique behavior on Dharma Wanita Kempleng II Kindergarten, Kediri Regency with the initials AFN. AFN is a 5-year-old child who studies in kindergarten group A. AFN tends to be angry, does not care when reprimanded by people around AFN, and shows a cool face towards friends. The behavior exhibited from AFN is quite common when at school or at home. AFN when he feels he does not like what others do to him and feels not according to expectations AFN will show a cool face, hit, say rude, the child sometimes even laughs when he sees his friend crying, if AFN's desire is not fulfilled AFN will scream and ruffle things those around it will cry. At this exposure if a child who has not been able to control his emotions will automatically inhibit the child's emotional social development. This can have an impact on social skills. Socialization in learning in PAUD is an interaction that occurs between children, parents or adults, and educators in a particular environment. Based on the results of the reduction carried out by researchers. Children who experience temper tantrums experience some obstacles in socializing because children can behave aggressively to friends or others who make it become shunned by friends for fear of the child hurting friends or others around him.

Parental Stress and Parenting during COVID-19 Pandemic in Pakistan

Objectives: As COVID-19 spreads around the globe, parents are being presented with new challenges to meet their children needs. We investigated parental stress and its impact on their parenting practices during COVID-19 outbreak in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: Following ethical approval, using web-based cross-sectional survey, data were collected in April 2020–May 2020. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were assessed among parents by the patient health questionnaire and generalized anxiety disorder scale. Respondents also reported on parenting practices and emotional and behavior changes noticed in their children. Results: Three hundred and fifty-five parents participated in the survey with a mean age of 35.3 years (standard deviation = 8.2) with 55% having at least one child between the ages of 1 and 5 years and 9% had children with special needs. The prevalence of depressive symptoms and anxiety was 25.6% and 21.6%, respectively. A significant proportion (77%) of parents were concerned about the outbreak fearing about family/self-being infected, losing love ones, and financial difficulties. Fifty percent of participants reported more than usual use of consequences (shouting at children, taking privileges away, and slapping child) in the past 1 month. However, the positive impact of parents spending more time with their children was also reported. Unhealthy eating and sleeping patterns (24.5%), irritability (21.1%), anxiety (16.3%), and aggression (14.6%) were the most common behavior and emotional problems noticed in children. Conclusions: Parental stress observed during COVID-19 outbreak can adversely impact the parenting practices and child's mental health. Provision of effective strategies to support parents to care for children is urgently needed.

Guide to behavioural issues in rabbits

Background: For many veterinarians, focusing on rabbit behavioural issues may not seem like a top priority in their practice. However, a willingness to engage owners on this topic will significantly improve the welfare and health of the UK's third most popular mammalian pet.Aim of the article: This article details a simple approach that can be used for the most common behavioural problems encountered in rabbits, and also suggests some tips for what to do if you are out of your depth.

Youth Risky Sexual Behavior: Prevalence and Socio-Demographic Factors in North-West Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

Despite, risky sexual behavior behaviors adversely affect the health of youth people, youth has been start sexual lives during teenager is increasing, thus youth has been engaged in risky sexual behaviors. However, almost all the previous studies are institutional based and did not considered out school youth. Therefore, this community based study among youth was implemented to identify sociodemographic determinants of risky sexual behaviors among youth. The community based cross-sectional study design was conducted from March 15 to April 15, 2019, among youths. Data were extracted from data collected for project on assessments of common health problem and risky behaviors in central, north and west Gondar zone, Northwest Ethiopia. A bivariable and multivariable logistic regression model was fitted. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval were used to determine the presence of an association between independent variables and risky sexual behavior. The overall prevalence of risky sexual behavior was 27.5%, 95%CI: (25-29). Age 20-24 years (AOR = 1.8,95% CI:1.3-2.5), female (AOR = 1.6,95%CI: 1.2-2.1), had no formal education (AOR = 1.9,95% CI:1.1-3.4), not schooling during data collection year (AOR = 1.8,95%CI:1.3-2.6), family wealth index status; lowest (AOR = 2.3,95%CI:1.3-3.9), low (AOR = 2.1,95%CI:1.2-3.5), medium (AOR = 1.9,95%CI:1.2-3.0) and high (AOR = 1.8, 95%CI:1.1-3.0), having common mental disorder (AOR = 2.0,95% CI: 1.4-2.7), and watching pornography materials (AOR = 1.6, 95%CI: 1.2-2.1) were factors associated with risky sexual behaviors. Findings of this study revealed that one every four youths aged 15-24 years old had risky sexual behaviors. Hence, working on economic development of the family and prevention of violence can contribute to reducing risky sexual behavior among youths.

Childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Family therapy from an attachment based perspective

Abstract Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a common presenting problem in the mental health profession, occurs in about five percent of children and has a high heritability factor. It is, therefore, common for clients with ADHD to have another family member also diagnosed with ADHD and/or display typical ADHD behaviors. ADHD is often correlated with emotion regulation difficulties and problematic family functioning. One way to address emotion regulation problems and problematic family functioning is through attachment-based interventions. Among research supported therapeutic interventions for children with ADHD, few, if any, treatment practices include overtly addressing attachment in treatment. Treating child ADHD through attachment in family therapy may be beneficial in reducing common behavioral problems that accompany ADHD (i.e., hyperactivity, inattentiveness, impulsivity, etc.). We suggest a Family Therapy Attachment Based (FTAB) therapeutic module (this module has yet to be empirically supported) to implement alongside common evidence-based treatment for treating child ADHD.

علاقةُ المشکلات السلوکیة بالتحصیل الأکادیمیِّ عند طلاب ذوی صعوبات التعلُّم من وجهة نظر معلمیهم The Relationship Between Behavioral Problems and Academic Achievement of Students with Learning Disabilities as their Teachers’ Perspectives

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى معرفة المشکلات السلوکية الأکثر انتشارا لدى طلاب صعوبات التعلم، ومعرفة المشکلات السلوکية الأکثر تأثيرا على تحصيل الطلاب ذوي صعوبات التعلم من وجهة نظر معلميهم، وتحديد العلاقة بين المشکلات السلوکية والتحصيل الأکاديمي، ولتحقيق هذه الأهداف؛ استخدم الباحثان المنهج الوصفي الارتباطي، کما استخدم استبانة لسماح بشقة کأداة للبحث، واستخدم الباحثان أسلوب العينة العشوائية البسيطة. وتوصل الباحثان إلى مجموعة من النتائج؛ کان أبرزها ما يلي: أن أفراد عينة الدراسة موافقون بشدة على المشکلات السلوکية لدى طلاب ذوي صعوبات التعلم، کما تبين أن المشکلات السلوکية الأکثر تأثيرا في التحصيل الأکاديمي للطلاب من وجهة نظر معلميهم هي المشکلات المتعلقة بالسلوک الانسحابي، ثم المشکلات المتعلقة بالسلوک العدواني، ثم المشکلات المتعلقة بالنشاط الزائد. وکشفت النتائج عن وجود علاقة عکسية بين المشکلات السلوکية وبين التحصيل الأکاديمي في القراءة والکتابة والرياضيات. وفي ضوء هذه النتائج؛ يوصي الباحثان بـ (تطوير برامج تدريبية تقلل من تأثير المشکلات السلوکية المتعلقة بالطلاب ذوي صعوبات التعلم وبالتالي تساعدهم على تحسين تحصيلهم الأکاديمي). This study aims to identify the most common behavioral problems among students with learning disabilities. It also aims to identify the behavioral problems most likely to affect the achievement of students with learning disabilities, from their teachers’ point of view, and to find the relationship between the behavioral problems and academic achievement. To achieve these objectives, the researcher used the correlational descriptive approach. He also used a questionnaire, prepared by Samah Beshaka, as a tool for his study. The researcher used the simple random sample method. The study concluded a group of results, notable among these are:-Results showed that the study sample individuals responded with “strongly agree” on the most common behavioral problems among students with learning disabilities. It was also revealed that behavioral problems most likely to affect the achievement of students with learning disabilities, from their teachers’ point of view, are problems related to the withdrawal behavior, followed by problems related to the aggressive behavior, then problems related to hyperactivity. Results revealed that there is a negative correlation between the behavioral problems and the academic achievement in reading, writing and mathematics. Considering these results, the study recommended the following:(develop training programs that reduce the impact of behavioral problems related to students with learning disabilities and therefore help them to improve their academic achievement).

A Study to Assess the Knowledge of Primary School Teachers Regarding Behavioral Problems and their Prevention among Children in Selected Government Primary Schools in Chamarajanagar District with a View to Develop an Information Guide Sheet

Background of Study: School age children have a growing need for privacy, autonomy and when separation fromtheir parents, children are most like adults emotionally. Children face transition such as entering schools, takingnew subjects, changing class rooms and teachers, making new friends, trying new activities etc. They also undergolosses, which are painful at times, at this stage of life, they lack the intellectual ability to understand pain like adultsand control it. Hence, they are more vulnerable because they have not developed the cognitive skills necessary tounderstand their problems and causes. This study was conducted to assess a study to assess the knowledge of primaryschool teachers regarding behavioural problems and their prevention among children in selected Government primaryschools in Chamarajanagar district with a view to develop an information guide sheet.Objectives of Study: To assess the knowledge of primary school teachers regarding behavioral problems and theirprevention in school children. To find association between knowledge of the primary school teachers regardingbehavior problems and their prevention with selected variables. To prepare an information guide sheet regardingbehavioral problems and their prevention in children for primary school teachers.Methods: The study involved descriptive survey approach, and non-experimental descriptive research design withpurposive sampling technique. To collect the data from respondents, a structured questionnaire was administered to50 primary school teachers who teach from 1st standard to 7th standards in selected Government Primary Schools ofChamarajanagar District following inclusion and exclusion criteria. The tool consisted 55 items regarding knowledgeassessment. The results were described by using descriptive and inferential statistics.Results: The overall mean knowledge score obtained by the respondents was 46.1% regarding common behavioralproblems among children. With regard to participants there is significant association between knowledge and selecteddemographic variables like gender (X 2=4.43) at 5% level. There is no significant association between demographicvariables such age (X 2= 0.45), religion (X 2= 0.18), respondent’s children age (X 2= 4.62), Educational qualification(X 2= 0.45) Teaching experience (X 2= 2.86), contact hours (X 2= 1.27), Identified students behaviours (X 2= 0.19)Educational programme attended(X 2= 0.19) and parent teachers association(X 2= 0.08)Interpretation and Conclusion: The overall findings of the study clearly showed that The overall knowledge scoresof respondents regarding behavioural problems is 46.1% and about 60% of respondents had inadequate knowledgeon behavioural problems. Hence information guide sheet may enhance the knowledge of Primary School Teachers Regarding Behavioural Problems and their Preventionamong Children

Paraprofessionals’ Perceptions of Behavior Problems in Elementary School Classrooms

Paraprofessionals are increasingly being hired to support students with special needs in schools and are key implementers of behavior interventions for students. However, research is limited on how paraprofessionals perceive the management of student behavior. Using a mixed-methods design approach, the current investigation assesses paraprofessionals’ perceptions of common student behavior problems in elementary school classrooms. Results indicate coached paraprofessionals had a greater likelihood of reporting operationally defined behavior concerns than those in a control group. A qualitative constant comparative method of analysis of paraprofessionals’ behavior reports revealed themes of disruptive academic behaviors (off task, peer/verbal interactions, physical interference), aggressive behaviors (physical aggression toward people/objects, verbal aggression), noncompliance (physical/verbal refusal), and “other” behaviors (unclear/opposite or positive actions). Implications for practice and future research are discussed.

Assessment of association of BDNF rs6265 polymorphism with apathy in Parkinson's Disease

Background: Apathy is a common behavioral problem in Parkinson's disease, with important clinical consequences for patients and their families. The neurobiology of this disorder is still unclear. The polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene is associated with various neuropsychiatric diseases. Data from neuroimaging studies suggest an association between BDNF rs6265 (Val66Met) polymorphism and brain atrophy in regions, which have been linked to the pathogenesis of apathy.

Tatton-Brown-Rahman syndrome associated with the DNMT3A gene: a case report and literature review

This article reports the clinical and genetic features of a case of Tatton-Brown-Rahman syndrome (TBRS) caused by DNMT3A gene mutation. A girl, aged 8 months and 14 days, had the clinical manifestations of psychomotor retardation, hypotonia, ventricular enlargement, and tonsillar hernia malformation. Gene analysis identified a novel heterozygous mutation, c.134C>T(p.A45V), in the DNMT3A gene, and the wild type was observed at this locus in her parents. This mutation was determined as a possible pathogenic mutation according to the guidelines of American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, which had not been reported in previous studies and conformed to autosomal dominant inheritance. This child was diagnosed with TBRS. TBRS often has a good prognosis, with overgrowth and mental retardation as the most common clinical manifestations, and behavioral and psychiatric problems, scoliosis, and afebrile seizures are possible complications of TBRS. The possibility of TBRS should be considered for children with overgrowth and mental retardation, and genetic diagnosis should be conducted when necessary.

A 'parallel pandemic': The psychosocial burden of COVID-19 in children and adolescents.

The widespread restrictive measures used to control the transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection include but are not limited to social distancing and temporary shutdown of schools, companies, and recreational facilities. These dramatic shifts in lifestyle implemented in a short time-frame, have inadvertently exposed a darker social scenery that challenges the well-being and development of a generation of children and adolescents globally. The pandemic has stretched the capacity of healthcare providers and home caregivers in resource-rich and resource-limited economies, leaving many children in circumstances that offer limited physical, infrastructural, emotional, and social support.

Predicting problematic pornography use among male returning US veterans

Problematic Pornography Use (PPU) is the most common problem behavior among individuals with compulsive sexual behavior (CSB). Previous research suggests US veterans are at a greater risk of engaging in PPU. The present study sought to investigate further PPU among male military veterans. Data from 172 male veterans who endorsed ever watching pornography and completed the Problematic Pornography Use Scale (PPUS) were included in the study. Participants completed self-report questionnaires, including demographic information, psychiatric co-morbidities, impulsivity, as measured by the UPPS-P, pornography-related behaviors, and pornography craving as measured by Pornography Craving Questionnaire (PCQ). Younger age and lower educational attainment were associated with higher PPUS scores. Depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), insomnia, and impulsivity were positively associated with higher PPUS scores. There was no statistically significant association between PPU with suicidal ideation or alcohol use disorder. In the multivariable hierarchical regression, depression, frequency of use, and higher PCQ scores were associated with higher PPUS scores, although only the latter two remained significant in the final model. Understanding the risk factors via more frequent screening for PPU will help with the development of treatment protocols for this problematic behavior.

Dog bites dog: The use of news media articles to investigate dog-on-dog aggression

Dog-on-dog aggression is a common behavioral problem and has the potential to result in dog and/or human injury, the need for veterinary treatment and financial and legal repercussions. Despite this, few studies of dog-on-dog aggression have occurred. News reports of dog-on-dog aggression provide a method of understanding the demographics of these attacks. National and local news articles between September 2016 and February 2020 were identified through Yahoo and Google news. Information was retrieved including victim/attacker dog information (age, breed, size, sex, injury, veterinary treatment, on/off a lead, with/without the owner/walker), situation, intervention, owner injury, and outcome. In the majority of these attacks, one dog initiated the attack and this dog tended to be a medium-sized breed and off-leash. The most reported attacking breed was the Staffordshire bull terrier. The victim tended to be a small-sized dog, and these attacks often had adverse psychological and physical effects. Costs as a result of the attack ranged from £75 to £9,000 (∼$98-11,800 USD). The owner intervened in just under half of cases and often suffered injuries defending their dog. Based on the results of this study, we advise that further guidance on dog bite prevention, management, and education is needed for all dog owners, in particular those who own dogs with a history of aggression. The limitations of using news articles are discussed, and further research on dog-on-dog bite incidents via combining the data from news reports with other information resources is suggested to be beneficial.

Eating Behavior of Children and Feeding Attitudes of Mothers

Aim: Nutritional problem is one of the most common behavioral problems in children. This study was carried out as a descriptive study in order to determine the eating behavior problems of infants and children and to determine the mothers' feelings, thoughts and approaches about feeding process. Method: The population of the study consisted of mothers of children aged 9-72 months who applied to the children's outpatient clinics of a state hospital between April and June 2019; and the sample consisted of 217 mothers who agreed to participate in the study and met the selection criteria. Data were collected using the “Mother-Child Information Form”, “Behavioral Pediatric Feeding Assessment Scale” and “Mother’s Attitudes Towards the Feeding Process Scale”. Number, percentage distribution, mean and Pearson correlation analysis were used to evaluate the data. Results: The total score of the mothers from the Behavioral Pediatric Feeding Assessment Scale was 84.16±16.10; and the total score of the Mother’s Attitudes Towards the Feeding Process Scale was 75.20±17.49. It was found that there was a statistically significant relationship between the mean Behavioral Pediatric Feeding Assessment Scalescore of the mothers and the mean Mother’s Attitudes Towards the Feeding Process Scale score. Conclusion: The results of the study indicated that children have moderately problematic eating behavior and feeding habits. On the other hand, it shows that mothers have moderate problems related to their attitudes towards feeding process. It was also concluded that, as children's eating behavior problems increased, mothers' negative attitudes towards feeding process also increased. Keywords: mothers, feeding, attitude, child, feeding behavior

Effect of greeting and departure interactions on the development of increased separation-related behaviors in newly adopted adult dogs

Canine separation anxiety is a common problem behavior with little known about the factors that lead to its development. This study investigated whether high arousal/excited departures and greetings with a dog may lead to the development of increased frequency of separation-related behavior in newly adopted dogs. In experiment 1, we exposed two groups of dogs to a series of either high or low arousal human experimenter interactions. We hypothesized there would be an increase in activity, vocalizations, and time in proximity to door for the dogs in the high arousal condition compared with the low arousal condition, when left alone, and that these behaviors would increase across 10 sessions. Our results did not show this, indicating high arousal departures and arrivals may not play a role in the development of increased separation-related behavior. In experiment 2, we used a survey to ask owners of dogs with, and without, canine separation anxiety about their arousal levels during arrivals and departures at home with their pet dog. We hypothesized dogs with reported canine separation anxiety would have been exposed to higher arousal levels during departures and arrivals. Our results showed a small difference between the groups, in the opposite direction of our hypothesis, where the dogs with reported canine separation anxiety were exposed to slightly lower arousal levels than dogs without, but the difference was small. From both experiment 1 and 2, our results indicate that high excitement and playful levels of owners during departures and arrivals is not associated with the development of increased separation-related behavior in newly adopted dogs. It is important to make the distinction, however, that low arousal departures and arrivals are a well-documented treatment for separation-related behavior, and our results only reflect that these arousal levels do not appear to play a causal role in the development of an increased frequency of them.

Gamifying Parenting Education Using an App Developed for Pacific and Other New Zealand Families (Play Kindly): Qualitative Study.

BackgroundPlay Kindly is a gamified animated app designed to address common behavioral problems in childhood. The interface is designed to appeal to Pacific people, a population group with a higher risk of developing clinically significant behavioral problems than most other ethnic groups in New Zealand.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to explore the opinions of parents and professionals about the acceptability, usability, and content of Play Kindly.MethodsWe used qualitative and Pacific and Māori research methodologies. A total of five focus groups with 45 parents and 12 individual interviews with professionals were conducted. The five focus groups consisted of 2 pan-Pacific groups, 1 Māori group, 1 open group, and 1 group of young Pacific adults or prospective parents. The professionals were from a range of disciplines, and the majority had expertise in early childhood, parenting interventions, or research in this field.ResultsPlay Kindly appealed to both parents and professionals. Participants related to the scenarios, which were created in collaboration with a playwright and animator. Although most participants liked the Pacific feel, there was some disagreement about how culturally specific the app should be. A range of issues with usability and gamification techniques were highlighted, likely attributed to the low budget and lack of initial co-design with parents as well as professionals with specific expertise in parenting. A number of parents and professionals felt that the parenting strategies were overly simplified and did not take into account the context in which the behavior occurred. Professionals suggested narrowing the focus of the app to deliver two important parenting messages: playing with your child and positively reinforcing desired behaviors.ConclusionsPlay Kindly is the first culturally adapted parenting app of its kind designed for Pacific parents and other New Zealanders with children 2-5 years of age. This app has potential in Pacific communities where there are limited culturally specific parenting resources. The results of this study will guide improvements of the app prior to testing it in an open trial.

Between-teacher variance of students' teacher-rated risk for emotional, behavioral, and adaptive functioning

As schools increasingly adopt universal social, emotional, and behavioral screening, more research is needed to examine the effects of between-teacher differences due to error and bias on students' teacher-rated screening scores. The current study examined predictors of between-teacher differences in students' teacher-rated risk across one global and three narrow domains of behavioral functioning. Participants included 2450 students (52.1% male, 54.2% White) and 160 teachers (92.1% female, 80.3% White) from four elementary schools in one Southeastern U.S. school district. Teachers rated student behavior on the Behavior Assessment System for Children (Third Edition) Behavioral and Emotional Screening System (BESS)-Teacher Form and completed a survey about their training and perspectives of common behavior problems. Results of multilevel linear regression found between-teacher effects to be greater for internalizing risk scores (intraclass correlation = 0.23) than for externalizing risk scores (intraclass correlation = 0.12) or adaptive behavior scores (intraclass correlation = 0.14). Statistically significant student predictors in most models included student grade, gender, race and/or ethnicity, office discipline referrals, and course grades. We also detected effects of several teacher-level variables in one or more of the models, including teacher gender, teacher ratings of problem severity and concern for hypothetical children displaying behavior problems, and the covariance of random teacher intercept and teacher random slopes for students' office discipline referrals. Although these factors explained some teacher-level variance in students' risk scores, a notable amount of variance between teachers remains unexplained. Future research is needed to fully understand, reduce, and account for differences between teacher ratings due to error and bias.

Feline behaviour problems in Brazil: a review of 155 referral cases.

Geographical variations in feline behaviour problems exist. The occurrence of feline behaviour problems in different regions are therefore important to prepare professionals for the emerging needs of cat owners. One-hundred and fifty-five feline behaviour cases that were referred to a veterinary behaviourist in São Paulo (Brazil) during the period 2008-2014 are described. Inter-cat aggression was the main behavioural complaint reported (31%), followed by housesoiling (26.4%). Unlike other international studies, inter-cat aggression was more frequently seen than inappropriate elimination. Oral repetitive behaviours, including problems such as psychogenic alopecia and pica, were also a prevalent problem (ie, 16.8% of the cases). Human-directed aggression accounted for 13.5% of the cases, taking fourth place in the list of the most common feline behavioural problems. Female and male cats were equally likely to be presented (51% and 49% of cases, respectively). This study highlights potentially geographical or temporal variation in the behavioural problems that need to be recognised by veterinary behaviourists in order to meet the emerging needs of owners.