Growth Of Common Bean Research Articles

Corrigendum: Impact of mulching treatments on growth, yields, and economics of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Eastern Tanzania

Corrigendum: Impact of mulching treatments on growth, yields, and economics of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Eastern Tanzania

Influences of cerium oxide nanoparticles and salinity on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) growth, physiology, and root system architectural and anatomical traits

Influences of cerium oxide nanoparticles and salinity on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) growth, physiology, and root system architectural and anatomical traits

Efficacy of different bioagents in suppressing Meloidogyne incognita, and evaluation of some physio-biochemical changes in Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Plant parasitic nematodes cause severe damage, reducing plant production. The ability of four various biocontrol agents was surveyed for effectiveness in inhibiting J2 of Meloidogyne incognita in vitro. The study aims to explore the impact of different bio-agents (Bacillus cereus 54-1, Streptomyces erythrogriesus sub sp. 2, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Spirulina platensis) on the root-knot-nematode, M. incognita reproduction, and their influence on plant growth as well as physiological and biochemical parameters in Phaseolus vulgaris L. plants under greenhouse conditions. Effective inoculation of four bio-control agents on growth and physio-biochemical parameters of bean plants infected with root-knot-nematode was also investigated. After 48 hours of exposure to bioagents, mortality was caused by M. incognita J2s. Mortality ranged between 67.3 and 89%. Under experimental conditions, further validating the relative efficacy of different bioagents in control M. incognita on common bean in two successive seasons. All pageants were efficient in preventing nematode reproduction, but with varying efficacy. Oxamyl (Nematicide) was an extremely effective treatment for suppressing total nematode populations. Nevertheless, the second most effective treatment for reducing M. incognita in roots and soil was B. cereus. All treatments significantly enhanced growth as compared to the control. Treatments with four bioagents significantly reduced H2O2 and malondialdehyde levels. While it significantly raised the activity of peroxidase, polyphenol-oxidase, and superoxide dismutase, in addition to raising the content of phenolics and flavonoids in the infected common bean. The tested bioagents were efficient in preventing nematode reproduction, but at various levels of efficacy. In addition, all treatments significantly enhanced common bean growth parameters and reduced the levels of both H2O2 and MDA. While it raised the activity of POD, PPO, SOD, and contents of phenolics and flavonoids in the infected common bean. These results highlight the value of bioagents as a promising biocontrol technique to manage root-knot-nematodes in common beans.

Trichoderma harzianum enhances root biomass production and promotes lateral root growth of soybean and common bean under drought stress

AbstractDrought stress (DS) is one of the main environmental stresses that determines crop productivity. It has been estimated that DS depresses over 40%–60% of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production worldwide, respectively. Although different agronomic strategies are sometimes implemented, the current goal in sustainable agriculture could involve the inoculation with native microorganisms to mitigate DS effects. A potential fungal candidate is Trichoderma, which is recognized as a ubiquitous soil inhabitant with growth‐promoting and biocontrol potentiality. However, its potential for mitigating the stress for water deficit is less well‐documented. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of inoculation with native Trichoderma harzianum strains on soybean and common bean growth under contrasting conditions of water availability. Seeds were independently inoculated (or not) with IB‐J15 and IB‐363 strains, and plants were submitted to DS or were kept under optimal irrigation (well‐watered, WW). In both legumes, the most evident effect after being inoculated was the modification of plant root architecture, the increase in root area and the development of lateral roots in plants under WW and DS conditions. In soybean, both Trichoderma strains had a positive inoculation response, both fresh and dry root biomass increased under WW, and remarkably under DS conditions. The main effect was an increase of about 110% in root dry weight under WW and, about 330% in DS in plants inoculated with IB‐J15 strain, meanwhile, plants inoculated with IB‐363 increased root dry weight 60% in WW and 177% in DS conditions. Notably in soybean, the inoculation with both Trichoderma strains increased the root area more than 70% in both WW and DS conditions. Common beans inoculated with IB‐363 under WW conditions, reached a positive inoculation responsiveness of around 247% in shoot dry weight biomass, and under WW both strains increased the root area more than 50%. Further, IB‐363 increased leaf area by 25% in WW and 72% in DS. Additionally, the in vitro co‐culture between both Trichoderma strains and nodulating Rhizobium etli and Bradyrhizobium japonicum E109 showed compatibility between microorganisms, since no inhibition of their growth was observed. We emphasize that plants inoculated with Trichoderma showed better resistance to water deficit, as seen by redistribution of photosynthates, prioritizing mainly, the development of the root system. © 2024 Association of Applied Biologists.

Agronomic performance of plant growth-promoting microorganisms and nitrogen sufficiency index in common bean

This work aimed to assess Rhizobium tropici, Azospirillum brasilense, and Trichoderma asperellum co-inoculation effects, besides N-fertilizer supplementation as determined by the nitrogen sufficiency index (NSI) on the development of common bean. Field trials were carried out in a randomized block design with four replicates at three different locations. Treatments consisted of sole or combined inoculation of R. tropici, A. brasilense, and T. asperellum, besides N-fertilization. Seeds were inoculated with R. tropici and/or T. asperellum using 10 g of each inoculant kg−1 of seed. At the phenological stage V2/V3 A. brasilense was inoculated using 300 ml ha−1. Nitrogen sufficiency index (NSI), number of nodules (NN), nodule dry mass (NDM), root dry mass (RDM), shoot dry mass (SDM), number of pods (NP), number of grains (NG), and grain yield (GY) were assessed. NN and NDM were higher under R. tropici, A. brasilense, and T. asperellum co-inoculation. This same co-inoculation provided RDM and SDM similar to the use of 120 kg ha−1 of N. R. tropici, A. brasilense, and T. asperellum co-inoculation supplemented with N-fertilizer at the phenological stage R5, provide NP and NG similar to 120 kg ha−1 N, and to 80 kg ha−1 N supplemented with N at the phenological stage V4. NSI was effective to determine the N needs of common bean. The co-inoculation of two doses ha−1 of R. tropici, three doses ha−1 of A. brasilense and two doses ha−1 of T. asperellum, supplemented with N-fertilizer at phenological stage V4 based on NSI, stimulated growth and yield components of common bean, providing GY equivalent to the N-fertilized treatments.

Influence of native rhizobacteria co‐inoculation and formulation of bacterial inoculants on the growth and yield of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

AbstractIntroductionIncorporation of inoculum in different carrier materials may increase the efficacy of bacterial inocula.Materials and MethodsField experiments were conducted using two strains of rhizobium and phosphate‐solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and their respective combinations using different carrier materials in common bean‐growing regions in three soil types in Kenya. The field experiment was laid out in a split‐plot arrangement with the strain inoculations as the main plot while the subplots consisted of the carrier materials (filter mud, peat moss and yeast extract mannitol broth [YEMB]). Each main plot included two controls: uninoculated negative control and uninoculated controls that received N and P fertilizer. The experiment was conducted for two cropping seasons. Data were collected on the nodulation, shoot and root biomass and yield.ResultsCo‐inoculation of the common bean with Rhizobium phaseoli + Bacillus aryabhattai strains had significantly higher number of nodules (55 nodules per plant) compared to single R. phaseoli inoculation (38 nodules). The co‐inoculation of the rhizobia and the PSB yielded statistically at par with the application of diammonium phosphate (18:46:0) across the soil types and seasons. The use of filter mud as a carrier material led to a higher number of nodules for most of the rhizobia strains inoculation and their respective co‐inoculation with the bacillus strains. Significantly higher yield was obtained with the filter mud (1.64 Mg ha−1) while there was no significant difference in the yield of common bean between peat moss and YEMB as carrier materials for the bacterial strains.ConclusionThe solid carrier material, specifically filter mud, showed potential for use in the formulation of inoculants. Specific co‐inoculation of rhizobia (R. phaseoli and Rhizobium pusense strains) and PSB (Paenibacillus polymyxa and B. aryabhattai) increased the growth, nodulation and yield of common bean more efficiently than the control.

Comprehensive analysis of the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene family in Phaseolus vulgaris L. and their response to saline-alkali stress.

Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) scavenges toxic aldehyde molecules by catalyzing the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids. Although ALDH gene family members in various plants have been extensively studied and were found to regulate plant response to abiotic stress, reports on ALDH genes in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are limited. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of neutral (NS) and basic alkaline (AS) stresses on growth, physiological and biochemical indices, and ALDH activity, ALDH gene expression of common bean. In addition, We used bioinformatics techniques to analyze the physical and chemical properties, phylogenetic relationships, gene replication, collinearity, cis-acting elements, gene structure, motifs, and protein structural characteristics of PvALDH family members. We found that both NS and AS stresses weakened the photosynthetic performance of the leaves, induced oxidative stress, inhibited common bean growth, and enhanced the antioxidative system to scavenge reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, we our findings revealed that ALDH in the common bean actively responds to NS or AS stress by inducing the expression of PvALDH genes. In addition, using the established classification criteria and phylogenetic analysis, 27 PvALDHs were identified in the common bean genome, belonging to 10 ALDH families. The primary expansion mode of PvALDH genes was segmental duplication. Cis-acting elemental analysis showed that PvALDHs were associated with abiotic stress and phytohormonal responses. Gene expression analysis revealed that the PvALDH gene expression was tissue-specific. For instance, PvALDH3F1 and PvALDH3H1 were highly expressed in flower buds and flowers, respectively, whereas PvALDH3H2 and PvALDH2B4 were highly expressed in green mature pods and young pods, respectively. PvALDH22A1 and PvALDH11A2 were highly expressed in leaves and young trifoliates, respectively; PvALDH18B2 and PvALDH18B3 were highly expressed in stems and nodules, respectively; and PvALDH2C2 and PvALDH2C3 were highly expressed in the roots. PvALDHs expression in the roots responded positively to NS-AS stress, and PvALDH2C3, PvALDH5F1, and PvALDH10A1 were significantly (P < 0.05) upregulated in the roots. These results indicate that AS stress causes higher levels of oxidative damage than NS stress, resulting in weaker photosynthetic performance and more significant inhibition of common bean growth. The influence of PvALDHs potentially modulates abiotic stress response, particularly in the context of saline-alkali stress. These findings establish a basis for future research into the potential roles of ALDHs in the common bean.

Effects of Inorganic Phosphorus and Organic Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of Common Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) under Kabul Conditions

In Afghanistan, the main reasons for low crop yields are low soil fertility. Growing human populations has resulted in shrinking land areas and decreased soil fertility. Also, the overuse of chemical fertilizers is considered to be the main cause of soil characteristics deterioration, such as soil fertility, soil biology, and soil physical properties. On the other hand, no research has been done to find the ideal phosphorus and organic (ORGOFERT) fertilizer rate for improving common bean production in Afghanistan. Thus, it is pertinent to determine the optimum phosphorus and organic fertilizer dose for common bean cultivation in Afghanistan, where this crop is grown expensively. In 2020, a field trial took place at the agriculture faculty research farm of Kabul University during the growing season. The trial utilized a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Each plot measured 200cm x 300cm, with plants spaced 40 cm apart in rows and 20 cm apart within rows. Different amounts of phosphorus and organic fertilizer were applied in the experiment. The results indicated that employing 50 kg of ORGOFERT and 80 kg of P2O5 fertilizers per hectare led to enhanced growth parameters such as plant height, number of branches per plant, and number of green leaves per plant, as well as improved yield attributes including the number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, 100-grain weight, and total grain yield per hectare. The ideal amount of phosphorous and ORGOFERT fertilizer to improve the growth and production of common beans under field conditions might be the rate of 80kg P2O5 + 50 kg ORGOFERT fertilizer ha-1 under Kabul's agro-ecological conditions.

Effectiveness of Rhizobium tropici sp. Strain UD5 Peat Biofertilizer Inoculant on Growth, Yield, and Nitrogen Concentration of Common Bean

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) ranks among the most produced and consumed legume crops and contains essential macro- and micronutrients. Grain yield of the food crop is markedly decreased by poor management, especially a lack of additional essential nutrient elements through the application of fertilizers. In addition to the application of fertilizers, scholarly research and crop farmers have shown that the use of biofertilizer inoculants improves the yield of legume crops. The objective of this research study was to assess the effectiveness of peat-based Rhizobium tropici sp. UD5 on the growth, yield, and nitrogen concentration of common bean. The peat inoculant contained 6.5 × 109 viable cells/g. The experiment was conducted in two climatic zones, as described by the Koppen–Gieger climatic classification system. Treatments involved the peat-based inoculant Rhizobium tropici (T0 = 0 g without inoculation, T1 = 250 g of peat inoculant of strain UD5 for 50 kg seeds, T2 = 500 g of inoculant of strain UD5, and T3 = 200 g of comparative peat inoculant). The results indicated that common-bean-inoculated formulation of R. tropici sp. strain UD5 increased the following parameters compared to the controls: plant height (T1 = 18.22%, T2 = 20.41%, and T3 = 19.93% for bioclimatic zone 1; T1 = 16.78%, T2 = 20.71%, and T3 = 19.93% for bioclimatic zone 2), root length (T1 = 13.26%, T2 = 21.28%, and T3 = 19.38% for zone 1; T1 = 15.06%, T2 = 23.70%, and T3 = 19.20% for zone 2), number of nodules (T1 = 1162.57%, T2 = 1166.36%, and T3 = 1180.30% for zone 1; T1 = 1575%, T2 = 1616.5%, and T3 = 1608.25% for zone 2), size of nodules (T1 = 224.07%, T2 = 224.07%, and T3 = 208.33% for zone 1; T1 = 166.4%, T2 = 180%, and T3 = 140% for zone 2), and yield (T1 = 40.49%, T2 = 47.10%, and T3 = 45.45% for zone 1; T1 = 62.16%, T2 = 54.05%, and T3 = 58.55% for zone 2). R. tropici sp. UD5 peat inoculant formulation also increased the nitrogen concentration in leaves compared to the control (T1 = 3.75%, T2 = 1.12%, and T3 = 8.72%) in both bioclimatic zones. The findings of this study provide significant information on the positive effect of R. tropic UD5 strain peat inoculant application in the improvement of plant growth, development, and yield through the formation of nodules.

Evaluation of Enhancing Biochar and the fungus Glomus mosseae in the Growth of Common Bean, Phaseolus vulgaris infected with Rhizoctonia solani

Abed, R.M. 2024. Evaluation of Enhancing Biochar and the fungus Glomus mosseae in the Growth of Common Bean, Phaseolus vulgaris infected with Rhizoctonia solani. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 42(2): 215-223. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-001232 The possible role of biochar and its interaction with the fungus Glomus mosseae in promoting the growth of the common bean plant, Phaseolus vulgaris L., grown under biological stress of infection with the pathogenic fungus, Rhizoctonia solani was investigated. The results showed that the addition of biochar and the treatment with mycorrhizal fungus, and the interaction between them, led to a significant reduction in the seedling mortality and the severity of root rot disease of the common bean plant. The results obtained showed that the mycorrhizal traits, which included infection rate, severity of infection, and number of spores, were affected by the presence of the pathogenic fungus, as all the studied mycorrhizal traits decreased, compared to the treatment of the mycorrhizal fungus in the absence of the root rot fungus. The results obtained also showed that the decrease in the disease had a positive effect on the vegetative and root plant growth and nutrients content. The results obtained encourages the application of biochar as an alternative to chemical pesticides for the control of common bean root rot. Keywords: BioChar, common bean, Rhizoctonia solani, Glomus mosseae, mycorrhiza

Potassium Copper Sulfate Hydrate Nanoparticles Modulated Salinity Stress through Improving Germination, Growth, and Biochemical Attributes of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Potassium Copper Sulfate Hydrate Nanoparticles Modulated Salinity Stress through Improving Germination, Growth, and Biochemical Attributes of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Application of Bacillus spp. Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria Improves Common Bean Production Compared to Conventional Fertilization.

The use of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) can be a sustainable strategy to increase phosphorus availability and promote satisfactory crop yields. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether inoculation with PSB in common bean increases (i) growth, (ii) nutrition, (iii) yield, and (iv) grain quality, and (v) reduces the chemical phosphorus application dose to obtain maximum yields. The experiment was conducted in an Oxisol using a randomized block design in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme, with four replicates, using the cultivar IAC 2051. The first factor was four doses of P2O5 (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg ha-1), and the second factor was four doses of PSB (0, 100, 200 and 300 mL ha-1). For leaf area and leaf chlorophyll content, the association of PSB inoculation with a P2O5 dose of 40 kg ha-1 promoted the best conditions for the common bean. P2O5 application increased yield by 79 kg ha-1 for each 10 kg ha-1 added. PSB inoculation at a dose of 192 mL ha-1 promoted P export of 15.3 kg ha-1, and the PSB dose of 159 mL ha-1 increased yield by 389 kg ha-1 (12%) compared to the control. Grain quality remained within the standards required by the consumer market, being little affected by the treatments. Improvements in common bean growth and nutritional and physiological status promoted by P2O5 application and PSB were essential in increasing yield, so these are sustainable production strategies.

Effect of Different Seeding Rates on Growth and Yield of Common Bean

Legumes are one of the most important sources of protein in the diet of many people in developing countries. The protein content of legumes is about twice that of grains, and plant based production of legumes has numerous advantages over animal protein supply in terms of cost and consumer health; the best plant based protein belongs to the common bean, which contains all essential amino acids for the human body. The experiment laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications; a field experiment was conducted at the agriculture faculty of Kunduz University farm during the cropping season of 2023; the study aimed to investigate the effect of different seeding rates on the growth and yield of common bean viz. 125 kg/ha, 150 kg/ha, 175 kg/ha, 200 kg/ha and 225 kg/ha. The result showed that the best seeding rate was 200 kg/ha, which resulted in significantly higher plant height (39.87cm), leaf area (335.88cm2), brunches/plant (9.89), dry Matter (6.43 gr/plant), pods/plant (13.27), seeds/pod (5.26), 100 seed weight (30.80gr), grain yield (2210.99 kg/ha), Stover yield (4500.00 kg/ha), gross return (265319 AFN/ha), net return (229233 AFN/ha) and B: Cost of Ratio (6.33) followed by seeding of 175 kg/ha, the minimum growth and yield were in seeding rate of 125 kg/ha. It can be concluded that selecting the appropriate seeding rate is crucial for optimizing the growth and yield of common beans.

Effect of Phosphorus Fertilizer and Seed Rates on Growth and Yield of Common Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L) in Kunduz, Afghanistan

A field experiment was conducted on the Effect of phosphorus fertilizer and seed rates on the growth and yield of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) at the Farm of the agriculture faculty of Kunduz University during the spring season of 2023 to determine the optimum rates of phosphorus fertilizer and seed rates for maximum yield of common bean in the northeast of Afghanistan (Kunduz province). The treatment consists of three phosphorus levels (0kgP2O5ha-1, 40kgP2O5ha-1 and 80kgP2O5ha-1) and four combined seed rates (125 kgha-1, 150 kgha-1, 175 kgha-1 and 200 kg ha-1) laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results revealed that phosphorus levels and different seed rates significantly affected on growth, yield attributes and yield of common bean on plant height, Leaf area/plant (cm2), Brunches/plant, Root dry weight/plant(g), Nodules/pant, No. of notes/plant, Pods/plant, Seeds/pod, 100 seed weight, seed yield/plant(g) and Grain Yield t/ha, the highest plant height (44.10cm), Leaf area/plant (217.18cm2), Brunches/plant(11.75), Root dry weight/plant (2.282g), Nodules/pant (12.16), Leaves/plant (47.833), No. of notes/plant (7.88), Pods/plant (16.98), Seeds/pod (6.97), 100 seed weight(34.536), seed yield/plant(8.83g) and Grain Yield (2.20t/ha) was in treatments 80kgP2O5ha-1 respectively. Seed rates were also significantly affected in treatment 200 kg ha-1 except for harvest index; all other yield attributes and yield was significant; the highest yield attributes and yield was in seed rate 200 kg ha-1. Thus 80kgP2O5ha-1with 200 kg ha-1 was found to be the best combination under northeast of Afghanistan agro-ecology as it gave higher values for yield and most yield related traits.

Effects of Organic Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)

A field experiment was conducted in Zaqom Khail village, Baraki Barak district of Logar province, Afghanistan, during the summer cropping season in 2020 and 2021. The study focused on organic fertilizers at rates of 300 kg/ha, 450 kg/ha, and 600 kg/ha. The NPK (100:100:50) and zero treatment were served as positive and negative controls, respectively. A dosage (100 and 50%) of organic fertilizer was applied during sowing time, at the last harrowing. The experiment followed a randomized completely block design with three replications and five treatments. Each plot had a size of 2m x 1.5m, resulting in an area of 3m², and the gaps between adjacent plots and blocks were maintained at 0.50 meters and 1 meter, respectively. Bean seeds were sown with a spacing of 0.40 m (row-row) x 0.20 m (plant-plant) and at a depth of 6 cm. The plant lines were arranged in a north-south direction, with a population of 60 plants per plot. Each plot consisted of four lines, with 15 plants in each line. The total experimental area was approximately 110 m2. The results showed that the growth parameters (number of plant branches and plant height) and yield attributes (number of plant pods, number of seeds per pod, dry matter weight per plot, and grain yield per hectare) were highest with the application of 600 kg of organic fertilizer per hectare in both 2020 and 2021. This treatment resulted in a maximum plant height of 51.0 and 49.4 cm, a higher number of plant branches (6.0 and 5.93), the maximum number of pods per plant (8.20 and 8.08), a number of seeds per pod (5.60 and 5.53), dry matter weight (30.77 and 29.30 grams), and grain yield per hectare (2.563 and 2.535 metric tons), respectively, compared to the control group. These findings indicate that the optimal dose of organic fertilizers for promoting the growth and improving the yield of common beans in the field may be a rate of 600 kg of organic fertilizer per hectare under the agro-ecological conditions of Logar.

Nano-zinc and plant growth-promoting bacteria is a sustainable alternative for improving productivity and agronomic biofortification of common bean

Background and aimsNano-zinc (Zn) fertilizer is an easily adaptable and environmentally safe alternative option that can effectively improve growth, yield and biofortification of common bean. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPBs) could promote plant growth and nutrients availability in sustainable manner. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the influence of foliar nano-Zn application in association with seed co-inoculations of PGPBs on growth, yield, biofortification and Zn use efficiencies in common bean cultivation. Two field experiments were performed with seven co-inoculations of PGPBs and three foliar nano-Zn doses applied 50% at R5 and 50% at R8 stages of common bean to determine plant height, shoot dry matter, grain yield, Zn concentration and uptake in shoot and grains, Zn partitioning index, daily Zn intake and Zn use efficiencies for agronomic biofortification.ResultsThe combined foliar nano-Zn application and co-inoculation of R. tropici + B. subtilis enhance grain yield, leaf chlorophyll index, total protein content, grain Zn concentration and uptake, daily Zn intake, Zn use efficiency, applied Zn recovery and Zn utilization efficiency in common beans in 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons. Foliar nano-Zn application at a dose of 1.5 kg ha−1 increased plant height, shoot dry matter, shoot Zn uptake, Zn partitioning and agro-physiological efficiency under co-inoculation with R. tropici + B. subtilis in both cropping years.ConclusionsThe treatments with foliar nano-Zn application at a dose of 1.5 ha−1 and co-inoculation with R. tropici + B. subtilis improved performance, chlorophyll index, protein content, grain yield, and Zn efficiencies that can lead to better biofortification of common bean in tropical savannah. Therefore, it is recommended that applying nano-Zn via foliar along with co-inoculation of PGPBs could be the better option for productivity and biofortification of common bean.Graphical

THE EFFECTS OF BACILLUS ssp. ON GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF COMMON BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria are capable of promoting seed germination, plant growth and development by synthesizing phytohormones and enhancing plant nutrient acquisition and utilization. This study was carried out to determine the effects of Bacillus simplex, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis and 6 unidentified Bacillus ssp. on seed germination and seedling growth of common bean (Phaseolus valvaris). Surface sterilized bean seeds were inoculated with bacteria in centrifuge tubes for 30 minutes. The inoculated seeds were placed in the plates and replaced in a germination chamber at 25 °C for 21 days. At the end of germination test, germination rate, shoot length, root length, dry shoot and root weights were determined. The results showed that Bacillus spp. SZF135 had the highest germination rate, shoot length, root length, dry shoot and root weight. It was concluded that Bacillus spp. had a great potential to enhance seed germination and seedling growth. Further studies are needed to determine the effects of Bacillus spp. on seed yield in bean plants growing under field condition.

Yield and economics of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as affected by blended NPS fertilizer rates and inter row spacing at maenitgoldia, Southwest Ethiopia

The common bean is one of Ethiopia's most economically important legumes. However, its national average yield remains lower than the potential yield obtained at research stations. This is because of low soil fertility, inappropriate plant spacing, disease and insect pest problems. As a result, this experiment was carried out during the 2021 to investigate the impact of blended NPS fertilizer rates and spacing between crops on the growth and yield of common bean and to analyze the economic feasibility of blended NPS rates with common bean spacing. A four-factorial combination of mixed NPS levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1) and three row spacing (30, 40, and 50 cm) were used in a three-replicate randomized complete block design. After collecting plant phenology, growth, yield, and yield attribute parameters were analyzed by using SAS version 9.3 software. The results revealed significant differences for the main effect of the NPS blended fertilizer, row spacings, and their interaction on most of the measured phenological, growth, yield, and yield attributes of the common bean, however, neither the main effect nor the interaction effects affected seedling emergence. The combined use of 150 kg of mixed NPS ha-1 with a row spacing of 40 cm resulted in a higher grain yield (2.5 t ha-1) and maximum net benefit (41775 ETB ha-1). Hence, it can be established that earlier mentioned NPS fertilizer rate and row spacing isa better choice for farmers in the area and similar agro-ecologies in order to achieve the highest possible grain yield and a higher net return.

Glutathione-mediated changes in productivity, photosynthetic efficiency, osmolytes, and antioxidant capacity of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) grown under water deficit.

Globally, salinity and drought are severe abiotic stresses that presently threaten vegetable production. This study investigates the potential exogenously-applied glutathione (GSH) to relieve water deficits on Phaseolus vulgaris plants cultivated in saline soil conditions (6.22 dS m-1) by evaluating agronomic, stability index of membrane, water satatus, osmolytes, and antioxidant capacity responses. During two open field growing seasons (2017 and 2018), foliar spraying of glutathione (GSH) at 0.5 (GSH1) or 1.0 (GSH1) mM and three irrigation rates (I100 = 100%, I80 = 80% and I60 = 60% of the crop evapotranspiration) were applied to common bean plants. Water deficits significantly decreased common bean growth, green pods yield, integrity of the membranes, plant water status, SPAD chlorophyll index, and photosynthetic capacity (Fv/Fm, PI), while not improving the irrigation use efficiency (IUE) compared to full irrigation. Foliar-applied GSH markedly lessened drought-induced damages to bean plants, by enhancing the above variables. The integrative I80 + GSH1 or GSH2 and I60 + GSH1 or GSH2 elevated the IUE and exceeded the full irrigation without GSH application (I100) treatment by 38% and 37%, and 33% and 28%, respectively. Drought stress increased proline and total soluble sugars content while decreased the total free amino acids content. However, GSH-supplemented drought-stressed plants mediated further increases in all analyzed osmolytes contents. Exogenous GSH enhanced the common bean antioxidative machinery, being promoted the glutathione and ascorbic acid content as well as up-regulated the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione peroxidase. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of exogenous GSH in alleviating water deficit in bean plants cultivated in salty soil.

A Simple Formula of the Endophytic Trichoderma viride, a Case Study for the Management of Rhizoctonia solani on the Common Bean.

The utilization of beneficial endophytic microorganisms presents a promising and innovative strategy for attaining environmental sustainability and fostering development. The majority of microbial bioagents are unsuitable for preparation in a suitable granular formula, and few are prepared in complicated formulas. In this work, Trichoderma viride was simply prepared in a marketable granular formula to manage Rhizoctonia solani and improve common bean growth. The GC-MS analysis showed several antimicrobial compounds in the fungal filtrate. T. viride was able to suppress the phytopathogenic R. solani in the laboratory. The formula had up to 6 months of shelf-life viability. Under greenhouse conditions, the formula improved plant resistance against R. solani. Moreover, the vegetative plant growth and physiological performance (peroxidase, polyphenol, total phenols, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and photosynthetic pigments) of the common bean showed obvious promotion. The formula reduced the disease incidence by 82.68% and increased the yield by 69.28%. This work may be considered a step in the right direction for producing simple bioactive products on a large scale. Moreover, the study's findings suggest that this method can be considered a novel approach to enhancing plant growth and protection, in addition to reducing costs, improving handling and application, and maintaining fungal viability for enhancing plant growth and protecting against fungal infections.