Types Of Commodities Research Articles

Exploring the Differences in Types of Commodities and Delivery Methods among Online Shoppers during the Early Stage of the COVID-19 Pandemic

During the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, the temporary limitations to in-store shopping during the lockdown period generated a significant increase in online shopping. During that period, the total spending amount and the number of online purchases increased across the whole population, although with rather heterogeneous patterns among various groups of consumers. This research examines the factors that can help explain the differences between users and non-users of online shopping in the U.S.A. during April and May 2020 to help understand the barriers to home-based shopping accessibility. The study uses data collected in the first survey wave of a longitudinal mobility study to analyze individual commodities and delivery options chosen for goods purchased online. Binomial logistic regression and Poisson regression models reveal differences in adopting e-shopping across various delivery channels, the frequency of purchase, and shipping used across commodities. In addition, a latent class cluster analysis identifies three heterogeneous groups of shoppers whose members differ mainly in income, age, education, neighborhood type, and technology attitudes. The results also highlight several differences in usage across crowdshipping markets and novel delivery options, such as in-store or locker pickup. The results also show variation in home-based accessibility across numerous factors during the pandemic.

Operational and production determinants contributing towards commercialization among female Agripreneurs in Vhembe district

This study investigates operational and production determinants that significantly influence small-scale transitioning to commercial farming among female agripreneurs, the implications for food security and gender equality with various elements impacting the commercialization of agricultural production in emerging economies. A quantitative research design was used in this research. This study was conducted in the emerging economic zone, the Vhembe district of Limpopo province where agricultural activities dominate. A purposive sampling was used to select 149 female agripreneurs. Structured questionnaires were handed to the participants during the in-person interview sessions. The study results reveal that the sample was dominated by elderly agripreneurs who primarily relied on permission to occupy arrangements for land security. The study findings exhibit that operation determinants such as type of farming and record keeping were positive contributors towards commercialization among female agripreneurs. Meanwhile, production elements such as commodity types regressed the commercialization effort among female agripreneurs. The study findings imply that policy tools should advocate for land security among female agripreneurs as they enhance the implementation of their long-term agricultural plans. The study findings suggest that emerging female agripreneurs should be made aware of various farming types that propel commercialization within a shorter period due to their lifecycle.

Comparison of the Use of Plant Growth Regulators (PGR) of Red Onion and Shallot Extracts on the Growth of Green Spinach Plants (Amaranthus sp.)

Green spinach is one type of vegetable commodity that the people of Indonesia most widely consume because it has a relatively high nutritional content such as iron, vitamin C, protein, and carbohydrates. However, currently, there is a decrease in green spinach vegetable productivity in Indonesia due to several things, including cultivation techniques that could be more optimal, low seed quality, and limited application of agricultural technology. For this reason, agrarian intensification is needed by using natural plant growth regulators (PGR) to increase the growth of green spinach. Red onions and shallots are part of the allium genus, which has growth phytohormones, namely auxin and gibberellins, which have the potential to be natural PGR. This study aims to compare the use of red onion and shallot extracts in increasing the growth of green spinach plants. The research design used was a randomised group design (RGD) with variations in extract concentrations (0%, 15%, 30%, 45%). Parameters of observation of green spinach plant growth are plant height, number of leaves, leaf circumference, and wet biomass of harvested plants. The application of red onion and shallot extracts was carried out on green spinach plants aged seven days after planting (DAP) with a time interval of 1 week until 28 DAP. Observation of green spinach plant growth parameters began at the age of 14-35 DAP. Statistical analysis of the data using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and then the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) further t-test a 5% significance level. The results showed that red onion and shallot extracts affected all observed growth parameters of green spinach plants. Shallot extract with a concentration of 45% gave the best results on all green spinach plant growth parameters.

Demand study of freight transportation via railway of four commodity groups: A case study on Costa Rica's Pacific Coast Route

Having railway mobility as an option among transportation modes is of prime importance for the freight logistics of a country and the overall performance of its commerce sector. This work presents a case study in Costa Rica, where freight transportation via railway was formerly available during the last century but has not been in full service since 1995. Specifically, this paper assesses the link connecting the capital city of San Jose to the port of Caldera on the Pacific Ocean coast, henceforth referred to as the “Pacific Coast Route”. Although government institutions and industries alike have stressed the importance of its reactivation in recent years, few efforts have been made to specifically study this route with a level of detail that enables them to understand the composition of freight markets.This study presents a novel demand estimation differentiated by four types of commodities developed to calculate the potential amount of goods that could flow through this corridor, measured in monetary terms and as volumes. Trends in the expected share were analyzed to identify variables that may improve the attractiveness of the railway service and the participation of clients along the route from the country's main economic activities which includes the following: agriculture & livestock, manufacturing, minerals, and forestry.The four-step transportation model was chosen for its suitability towards this case study; where available data sets were limited, the information was aggregated into yearly values, and the network was defined with few transportation zones. Activity-based models were not feasible in this case due to the lack of information on complete routes and volume flows. The model evaluated a first scenario given the present design of the route and a second scenario involving improvements in the alignment and the addition of a new segment.Regarding the opportunities of moving goods according to their type, in terms of volume, minerals (48 %) and agricultural (31 %) have the largest shares of participation in this region, followed by manufacturing (20 %) and forestry products (1 %). However, the manufacturing sector stands out in financial terms, accounting for 71 % of the total value of goods mobilized in the study area.It was found that the demand is most sensible for changes in the service fare, while the benefits of shorter travel times and a larger attraction area in scenario 2 were not significant. A service fee of $USD 2.35/ton in average is recommended to reach a 30 % modal shift towards the railway (following the European Commission's goals to reduce CO2 emissions from freight transportation in 2030).Finally, recommendations for public policies are provided to the entities in the country in the sectors of Agriculture, Health, Energy and Environment, Transportation, and Public Services. The suggestions aim to develop the new railway project with a holistic perspective, considering the inclusion of less profitable economic activities of the surrounding communities that require connectivity, compliance with environmental commitments, and design for resilience while aiming for a financially feasible business model.

Analisis Komparatif Penentuan Komoditas Hortikultura Pada Lahan Rawa Dataran Rendah Di Kabupaten Banyuasin Sumatera Selatan

Achieving optimal commodity diversification returns requires reference to the most profitable commodity types. Not all types of annual crops are suitable for development. Lebak swamp land is one of the lands that can be utilised for the development of horticultural commodities. The amount of authority in implementing regional policies has both positive and negative impacts on agricultural development. Most local regulations are made with the aim of increasing local government revenues. With planning, an estimate (forecasting) is made of the potential, prospects, obstacles and risks faced. The aim is to provide an opportunity to select the best alternatives and choose the best combination. Location Quotient (LQ) analysis is used to determine comparatively base or non-base activities in an area. Based on the results of the LQ analysis in Banyuasin Regency, it is known that long beans are the base in 11 sub-districts followed by chillies as the base commodity in 9 sub-districts, watermelon is the base in 8 sub-districts, and eggplant is the base in 7 sub-districts. Curly Chillies and Cucumbers are the base in 5 sub-districts followed by Tomatoes which are the base of horticultural production in 4 sub-districts in Banyuasin Regency. The development of horticultural commodities needs to consider chilli as a priority commodity to review Banyuasin Regency is one of the areas included in the Save the Swamp to Improve the Farmers (SERASI) programme in South Sumatra. The development of horticultural commodities in Banyuasin Regency must be supported through capital formation, new innovations, research and development, and improvement of human resources and infrastructure.

The occurrence and human health risk assessment of total and aflatoxin B1 in selected food commodities in Bhutan

Aflatoxins are mycotoxins that contaminate staple foods globally and pose a significant health risk. To the best of our knowledge, information on the occurrence of aflatoxins in Bhutanese diets is scarce. This study aimed to estimate the aflatoxin levels in selected foodstuffs in Bhutan and determine the health risk associated with aflatoxin exposure. Ten different types of food commodities were randomly collected from farmers’ markets, shelves of supermarkets, and wholesale and retail shops from 20 districts of the country. The samples were subjected to analysis by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for both total aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) and aflatoxin B1. Among the 315 samples included, 48.81% and 79.35% were positive for total aflatoxins and aflatoxin B1, respectively. The overall mean total aflatoxin concentration was 11.49 ± 12.83 µg/kg, and that for B1 was 17.62 ± 23.99 µg/kg. The most prevalent food commodity with the highest aflatoxin contamination was chili products. In addition, the estimated daily intake and margin of exposure to aflatoxin B1 via the consumption of chili products ranged from 0.98 to 5.34 ng kg−1 bw day−1 and from 74.90 to 408.10, indicating a risk for public health. The liver cancer risk was estimated to be 0.01 and 0.007 cancers per year per 100,000 population resulting from the consumption of chili products. The present findings revealed the presence of total aflatoxins and aflatoxin B1 in the selected samples. The margin of exposure values was exorbitant, demanding a stringent public health measure. Notably, these results suggest the need for routine monitoring of aflatoxin contamination in the region and stress rigorous safety management strategies to reduce exposure.

Time-frequency co-movements between commodities and global economic policy uncertainty across different crises

Commodity futures constitute an attractive asset class for portfolio managers. Propelled by their low correlation with other assets, commodities begin gaining popularity among investors, as they allow to capture diversification benefits. This comprehensive study examines the time and frequency spillovers between the Economic Policy Uncertainty [1] and a broad set of commodities encompassing ferrous, non-ferrous, and precious metals, food, and energy commodities over a period from December 1997 to April 2022, which includes various political, economic and health crises.The novelty of this research lies in its extensive temporal and categorical coverage, providing an understanding of how different types of commodities respond to various crises. Furthermore, our study breaks new ground by employing wavelet analysis to gain detailed insights in both time and frequency domains in the financial time series of interest, providing a deeper understanding of the co-movements and lead-lag relationships. Specifically, we introduce the Cross Wavelet Transform (XWT) and Wavelet Coherence (WTC) analysis.Our findings demonstrate that not all crises uniformly impact commodities. Notably, during the global financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic, co-movements between commodities became significantly stronger. These results highlight the heterogeneity within the commodity asset class, where individual commodities exhibit diverse underlying dynamics. Importantly, the proposed methodology facilitates the extraction of robust results even when dealing with nonlinearities and nonstationary time series data. Consequently, our work offers valuable insights for policymakers (including regulatory bodies), investors, and fund managers.

Analytical Study on the Settings and Fire Spreading Characteristics of Representative Rack Structures in Korean Logistics Facilities

Racks are prone to catching fire and causing the fire to spread intensely owing to the vertically stacking of commodities. Their flexible characteristics, influenced by various components such as rack structures, commodity types, and loading methods, make it is challenging to establish effective fire prevention measures and countermeasures. In this study, representative rack structures were established based on the systems/guidelines derived from field surveys of approximately 40 logistics facilities in Korea. Fires were analyzed based on fire spreading characteristics, such as temperature, mass loss rate of commodities, and heat release rate of the unit racks. This series of processes and results can serve as a reference for research and development of related technologies aimed at reducing the spread of rack fires.

Status of Land Carrying Capacity for Agricultural and Environmental Sustainability in the Nusa Penida Tourism Area

Land resources are very important in supporting tourism activities. As a developing tourism area, Nusa Penida requires sufficient land resources. The increasing population and tourists have triggered new activities affecting land use patterns, negatively impacting land availability and agricultural sustainability. This study aims to calculate the availability, needs, and status of land-carrying capacity to support the sustainability of agriculture in the Nusa Penida Tourism Area until 2028. The research method uses a quantitative approach by collecting primary data obtained directly in the field, secondary data originating from previous research, and data originating from official sources. The result of the calculation of land requirements based on the ecological footprint is the number of inhabitants multiplied by the ecological footprint (gha/capita); the land requirement for 2020 is 49,849 people multiplied by 0.36958702, which is 17,724.283 hectares, while the availability of land in Nusa Penida is 9,894 hectares. This shows that the carrying capacity of land in Nusa Penida has exceeded the threshold or a deficit of 7,830.283 hectares. The area of land in Nusa Penida reaches 20,284 hectares. In contrast, the availability of land in Nusa Penida is based on calculations using the actual production of each type of commodity and the price of rice at the producer level, the unit price of each commodity at the producer level, and the productivity of rice in Nusa Penida is only 9,894 hectares. The projection of land needs until 2028 is 24,640 hectares, so the land carrying capacity in Nusa Penida is a deficit. The results of the calculation of land requirements based on the ecological footprint are 14,746.283 hectares, while the availability of land in Nusa Penida is 9,894 hectares. This shows that the land carrying capacity in Nusa Penida has a deficit of 12,374.283 hectares.

Bursa Suq Al Sila Framework Analysis

In Malaysia, Tawarruq was introduced in Islamic financial system to replace the bai ai-inah concept. Hence, Tawarruq is the most popular product in Islamic Banking and finance sector. The ideas of Tawarruq came from the classical perspectives of jurists that want to assist the development of Islamic economic, banking and finance and replacing the old concept which is clearly prohibited in Islam. Therefore, to overcome this issues and facilitate the implementation of Tawarruq, Suq al-Sila’ (BSAS) was introduce in Islamic financial system. However, many scholars has discussed from a difference views about the implementation of Tawarruq and BSAS. This study refer to BSAS as a case study to complete this research. The objectives of this study is to understand the framework of BSAS, explain the types of commodities and specification of commodity authorizing by Bursa Malaysia Islamic Services (BMIS), participants in the BSAS platform and analyze issues that exist on the BSAS platform. Meanwhile, this research use the secondary data such as collect data from the sources from library and data from internet and primary data by interviewing Vice President, Bank Shariah Officer and Shariah Officer Hong Leong Islamic Bank to obtain primary data. This paper will explain in more detail the BSAS transaction flow and present the Shariah issues involved. The results of this study found that there are several aspects of the implementation of the BSAS platform that raise some Shariah issues. Therefore, this paper is expected to improve BSAS platform and Tawarruq principles.

ANALISIS SISTEM TRANSPORTASI LOGISTIK (STUDI KASUS: PERGUDANGAN KOTA PAREPARE)

Parepare is a commercial city that distributes various types of commodities and industrial products every day to lots of whether inside or outside South Sulawesi. Therefore, the role of warehousing is very important to support the distribution process. This research aims to determine the characteristics and choice of transportation modes for goods and warehouse commodities using the Analytical Hierarchy Process method based on surveys and interviews with 200 respondents. The results of the research show that the characteristics of the transportation modes that used are pick up, 2 axle trucks, 3 axle trucks and trailer trucks, dominated by commodity yields of 56.50%, load prices of 85 - 120 million by trailer trucks and loads above 30 tons with more than 15 hours of travel time. The choice of the most efficient mode of transportation for distributing goods and warehousing commodities is a 2 axle truck with a priority weight percentage of 0.30%.

The Salvage Frontier: Place, Nature, and Neoliberalism in a Small Northern Town

AbstractThe transition to a neoliberal economy that has been happening in Northern Canada has promised increasing control over resources to residents. Yet, the neoliberal approach carries significant risk, especially as it attempts to extract profit from failed and abandoned public projects—what Anna Tsing calls “salvage accumulation”. In Churchill, Manitoba, the primary economic drivers—shipping and tourism—have turned the town as a place into a particular type of salvage commodity. Built upon abandoned infrastructure, non‐human nature, the collapse of other industries, and the changing climate, these industries rely upon the overall place image of Churchill to bring non‐market goods into the commodity process. This process removes local control of place image (and experience) yet still embeds the risk of the venture in the location itself. Salvage accumulation as an entrepreneurial practice unequally distributes the risk onto residents while allowing the profits to accrue elsewhere.

Using an adaptive modeling framework to identify avian influenza spillover risk at the wild-domestic interface

The wild to domestic bird interface is an important nexus for emergence and transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. Although the recent incursion of HPAI H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b into North America calls for emergency response and planning given the unprecedented scale, readily available data-driven models are lacking. Here, we provide high resolution spatial and temporal transmission risk models for the contiguous United States. Considering virus host ecology, we included weekly species-level wild waterfowl (Anatidae) abundance and endemic low pathogenic avian influenza virus prevalence metrics in combination with number of poultry farms per commodity type and relative biosecurity risks at two spatial scales: 3 km and county-level. Spillover risk varied across the annual cycle of waterfowl migration and some locations exhibited persistent risk throughout the year given higher poultry production. Validation using wild bird introduction events identified by phylogenetic analysis from 2022 to 2023 HPAI poultry outbreaks indicate strong model performance. The modular nature of our approach lends itself to building upon updated datasets under evolving conditions, testing hypothetical scenarios, or customizing results with proprietary data. This research demonstrates an adaptive approach for developing models to inform preparedness and response as novel outbreaks occur, viruses evolve, and additional data become available.

Clustering and Trend Analysis of Priority Commodities in the Archipelago Capital Region (IKN) using a Data Mining Approach

The policy of moving the capital from Jakarta to East Kalimantan planned by the President of the Republic of Indonesia Joko Widodo has caused a lot of polemic among the public. There are quite a few positive and negative comments on social media regarding the policy of moving the capital. The process of moving the capital requires careful preparation. One thing that needs to be considered is food security in IKN. This research provides recommendations for the main food commodities in IKN by applying data mining. We collect food productivity data available on the official website for East Kalimantan province. These data are processed and grouped into two groups, namely horticulture and livestock products using the K-Means method. After grouping, we predict the increase in productivity of each group using the ARIMA method. This research produces output in the form of grouping commodities into horticulture and livestock products. Productivity results for each type of commodity are displayed from 2016 to 2020 based on data on the official East Kalimantan Province website. Based on this data, predictions are made using the ARIMA method to predict productivity results from 2021 to 2025. Commodities with total productivity are grouped into high-priority commodities. Grouping the amount of productivity is carried out using the clustering method by comparing the amount of productivity for each commodity and producing commodities that are low priority, middle priority, priority and top priority based on the highest to lowest productivity numbers. The cluster quality for grouping horticultural commodities is 99.1%, while the cluster quality for grouping livestock commodities is 87.5%. Hasil prediksi terbaik yaitu ketika memprediksi produksi salak dan slaughter cattle dengan model ARIMA (0, 1, 0) dan ARIMA (2, 2, 2).

A non-linear and interaction effect analysis of various risk factors influencing mobile phone use while driving among long-haul truck drivers travelling across India

Mobile phone use while driving (MPWD) is one of the most critical behaviours contributing to distraction related fatalities and injuries. However, MPWD is not well understood among long-haul truck drivers (LHTDs) especially in developing countries like India. The present study aims to develop a prediction model for MPWD and attempts to identify the underlying factors and patterns affecting MPWD among LHTDs travelling across India. A total of 756 valid samples were collected utilising a questionnaire in Salem city, Tamil Nadu, India. Machine learning algorithms including Decision tree, Random Forest, Adaptive Boosting, and Extreme gradient boosting were employed to model MPWD. A split ratio of 70:30 was adopted for training and testing purposes. A 10-fold cross validation procedure was carried out during model development. The analysis results showed that XGBoost demonstrated superior performance than other models (accuracy = 0.82, F1 score =0.8, and AUROC = 0.82). In addition, SHapley Additive explanations (SHAP) were implemented to reveal the importance of predictors contributing to MPWD. The findings of the study showed that type of commodity, pressured delivery, calls received during driving, smoking habits, educational level, and continuous driving duration as major factors contributing to MPWD among LHTDs. SHAP values were also utilised to investigate hidden patterns and interaction effects for major factors affecting MPWD. Parcel and food items coupled with frequent pressured delivery and middle aged LHTDs driving continuously for 5–6 h are some of the interactive risk factors enhancing MPWD. These findings are useful for road safety authorities and truck companies to draft suitable policies and help to introduce effective interventions for reducing MPWD among LHTDs.

The N270 as an index of consumer commodity color preference in the S1-S2 paradigm.

Affective decision-making is a prominent topic in consumer psychology research, with its core assumption being that consumers tend to purchase brands and commodities they like. However, the reasons behind why we develop emotional responses of liking or disliking toward certain commodities, as well as what the underlying neural mechanisms are, remain largely unknown. This study utilized the S1-S2 paradigm in an experiment wherein S1 presented 12 types of commodities and S2 displayed 48 distinct colored squares. Participants were instructed to assess whether they "Like" or "Dislike" the commodity in S1, which was colored with the S2 color. Electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings were obtained during the reaction process and subsequently analyzed to examine the components of S2-induced event-related potentials (ERPs). The analysis revealed that S2 elicited a significant N270 in the prefrontal scalp area under both the "Like" and "Dislike" conditions. Interestingly, the amplitude of the N270 was significantly higher during the "Dislike" condition compared to the "Like" condition. The N270 component was shown to reflect the conflict in physical attributes between S1 and S2, as well as the conflict between commodity and color. This highlights the potential utility of this component as an objective EEG indicator of consumer commodity color preferences in future marketing research.

A systematic map of evidence on the relationship between agricultural production and biodiversity in tropical rainforest areas

BackgroundThe tropical rainforest biome plays a significant role in providing habitats for terrestrial biodiversity and delivering ecosystem service values, contributing to agricultural production. However, the increasing demand for tropical commodities with high economic value threatens this humid ecosystem and its biodiversity. To our knowledge, no studies have systematically mapped the relationship between the impacts of agricultural production on biodiversity and the effects of biodiversity on agricultural production in tropical rainforest areas.MethodsSince we were interested in systematically mapping the evidence measuring the impact of tropical agriculture on biodiversity (Map 1), and the vice versa relations, the influence of biodiversity on tropical agriculture production (Map 2), we developed a respective set of search strings, eligibility criteria, and subsequently performed independent searching, screening, and data coding processes. We searched articles from six peer-reviewed databases and 22 gray literature sources. Articles were screened based on the inclusion criteria at the title, abstract, and full-text levels. Individual articles that passed full-text screening were coded and synthesized to create heatmaps. Selected information of interest was also extracted and visualized in the graphics which were clustered based on the year of publication, geographical distribution, type of rainforest, exposure, outcome, farm commodity, and study comparators.Review findingsTwo heatmaps were generated from a contrasting number of references, with heatmap 1 extracted from 222 studies and heatmap 2 derived from 10 times fewer references (n = 20). In heatmap 1, impacts of land conversion to aboveground biodiversity and wild species and ecosystem functions in natural ecosystems were the most common relationships examined, with 115 articles and 62 articles, respectively. Conversely, heatmap 2 showed evidence that focused predominantly on the examination of the links between the impacts of genetic resource diversity on environmental factors and soil management in tropical agricultural production, with four articles each exploring these relations.ConclusionsThese systematic maps reveal that while studies investigating the impacts of tropical agricultural production on biodiversity were abundant, studies examining the impacts of biodiversity on tropical agricultural production were lacking despite both systematic maps experiencing an increasing trend of publication during 2000–2020. Map 1 emphasized the examination of the effects of land conversion on aboveground biodiversity, and on wild species and ecosystem functions. Map 2 highlighted the influence of crop genetic resources on environmental factors, and on soil management as the most frequently studied. The evidence cluster identified here can be the starting point for further systematic review study (to assess, for example, their cause–effect significance).

Commodity Dynamic Pricing and Replenishment Decision Model Based on Cosine Annealing

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between commodity sales volume, commodity types, sales time, etc., and propose a decision model to predict future sales data through historical sales data to determine a reasonable pricing strategy. First, the collected data is preprocessed. Through correlation analysis, the most important influencing factors of commodity sales are obtained. Through the construction of XGBoost model to model the influence factors obtained, the wholesale prices of chili products (yuan/kg) from July 1 to 7, 2023 are 3.63, 6.68, 6.90, 5.44, 6.62, 6.90, 5.44, respectively. In order to further develop a reasonable pricing strategy, this paper constructs a model based on cosine annealing algorithm combined with dynamic pricing algorithm. Through this model, it is calculated that from July 1 to 7, 2023, the restocking quantity (kg) of chili products is 234.20, 95.85, 110.04, 179.77, 176.60, 110.04, respectively. 179.77. Profit (Yuan) is 148.81, 298.96, 347.82, 370.75, 287.54, 356.33, 383.00. By comparing the model with the actual data, the error of the model is small and the robustness is high, which provides an effective decision-making model for supermarkets to formulate commodity sales strategy.

Shark Fin City: transitional marine wildlife economies in Global Hong Kong

ABSTRACT Hong Kong has historically been the epicenter of the global shark fin trade. Despite this legacy, recent public outreach campaigns highlighting the effects of consumption on marine ecosystems have precipitated shifts in the market. Fish maw and sea cucumber have emerged as substitutes in wildlife markets, marking an understudied phenomenon from urban geographical perspectives. This article investigates the transitional nature of social value systems underpinning Hong Kong's marine wildlife market through interviews with retailers, conservation organizations, and government officials, as well as visual surveys of market displays. Hong Kong's marine wildlife market, this article contends, brings into sharp relief how transitions in social value systems that substitute one type of non-fungible wildlife commodity for others can amplify biodiversity loss and reproduce expressions of social difference in urban space. The article illuminates how social value systems embedded in urban wildlife markets are related to human health, aging, gifting, and relationship building. Furthermore, it analyzes how the possession, consumption, and display of high-value wildlife commodities in cities reflects classed and gendered forms of social difference. The article further examines the challenges of regulating the market and shaping public values and actions in the face of escalating global biodiversity loss.

Rice land agroecosystem in supporting the development potential of duck-rice integration

The agroecosystem of paddy fields in the Tondano Lake area was an environmental system that has been managed directly by farmers for the benefit of food production, namely rice, fiber and various other food products such as ducks. The types of commodities that can be developed in paddy field ecosystems were more limited than those in dry land ecosystems. In fact, the farmer community in paddy fields generally had weak capabilities, especially with regard to capital, there was a rice farming culture that is not aware of damaging the environment and low technology adoption. Farmers use paddy fields for the development of duck livestock. The problem was how far the paddy field agroecosystem supports the potential for the development of duck-rice integration (INTIP). The purpose of this study was to analyze the biophysical characteristics, management of land resources and duck livestock resources. The research method used was a survey method with locations around Lake of Tondano. The number of respondents was 30 farmers who developed local ducks in paddy fields. Data analysis used was descriptive analysis. The results showed that the area of rice fields in District of Remboken was 323 Ha, South Tondano was 457 Ha, West Kakas was 664 Ha, East Langowan was 663 Ha and West Tondano was 693 Ha. The population of ducks for the five districts was respectively 8177 ducks, 6525, 4311, 4277 and 9240 ducks. Paddy fields are used as duck grazing land after the rice harvest. The feed consumed was the remains of rice that has fallen out, small animals in the fields after harvest and added with “renga”. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that duck had the potential to be developed in paddy fields with agroecosystems that were only planted with rice plants.