Commodity Systems Research Articles

Combined innovations in public policy, the private sector and culture can drive sustainability transitions in food systems.

Global food system analyses call for an urgent transition to sustainable human diets but how this might be achieved within the current global food regime is poorly explored. Here we examine the factors that have fostered major dietary shifts across eight countries in the past 70 years. Guided by transition and food-regime theories, we draw on data from diverse disciplines, reviewing post-World War 2 shifts in consumption of three food commodities: farmed tilapia, milk and chicken. We show that large-scale shifts in commodity systems and diets have taken place when public-funded technological innovation is scaled-up by the private sector under supportive state and international policy regimes, highlighting pathways between commodity systems transformation and food-system transitions. Our analysis suggests that the desired sustainability transition will require public policy leadership and private-sector technological innovation alongside consumers who culturally value and can afford healthy, sustainable diets.

Asymmetric aging effect on modern microprocessors

Reliability, a crucial requirement in any modern microprocessor, assures correct execution over its lifetime. As mission critical components are becoming common in commodity systems, e.g., control of autonomous cars, the demand for reliable processing continues to grow. The latest process technologies have aggravated the situation by causing microprocessors to be highly vulnerable to reliability concerns. This paper examines the asymmetric aging phenomenon, which is a major reliability worry in advanced process nodes. In this phenomenon, logical elements and memory cells suffer from unequal timing degradation over their lifetimes and, consequently, raise reliability concerns. Thus far, most studies approached asymmetric aging from a circuit or physical design viewpoint, but these solutions were quite limited and suboptimal. In this paper, we introduce an asymmetric aging-aware microarchitecture that aims to reduce the phenomenon's impact. The study is mainly focused on the following subsystems: execution units, register files and memory hierarchy. Our experiments indicate that the proposed solutions incur minimal overhead while significantly mitigating asymmetric aging stress.

Strategic foresight for agriculture: Past ghosts, present challenges, and future opportunities

Strategic foresight is systematic means to explore plausible futures. In the agricultural context, strategic foresight allows decision-makers to explore how alternative investments in agriculture research may function given anticipated futures associated with a variety of drivers ranging from climate change to increasing wealth to a changing policy environment. This paper presents an overview and context for six recently published articles in Global Food Security that comprise a virtual special issue on agricultural futures. Each of the papers takes a distinct perspective and addresses key issues from how past trends drive future outcomes to specific commodity systems to issues around employment and rural transformation. While each of the included papers stands on its own merits, the collection presents a unique opportunity to unpack the role of investment in agriculture research from a variety of perspectives. Collectively, the special issue offers insights to support current and future investment planning to better target desired outcomes associated with long-term agricultural research.

Marapu and Farming: How Tourism Shape Rural Development and Ancient Tradition of Sumba Indigenous Community – Indonesia

Tourism National Product during 2016 – 2017. Tourism development has extended beyond “Bali” Island in Eastern Indonesia in recent years. One of the famous and well-known tourism destinations in Eastern Indonesia is located in Sumba Island. This Island settled Indigenous communities practice Marapu belief system that closed related to the traditional practicing farming that attract Tourism. The paper explores Marapu and farming traditions and how recent Tourism promotions of Sumba Island have shaped rural development and ancient traditions. Data for this study were gathered as part of the first Author study on Farming System Research in Sumba Island, East Nusa Tenggara (ENT) province in last 10 years. The study showed that Marapu tradition is still practiced for local communities, however they have been able to incorporate some crops into traditional farming system for the market demand. The paper highlight that mixed-cropping system and diversity of food commodities keeps practiced by local communities of Sumba Island in order to minimize risk in fragile ecosystem. Strategy for Tourism development in Sumba Island should strengthen the local traditions/culture particularly in farming and in the same time protecting local resources/environment.

Fast DRAM PUFs on Commodity Devices

Intrinsic physical unclonable functions (PUFs), which derive hardware identifiers from components already present in a system without modification, are an appealing way to add a layer of hardware rooted security into a system. This is evidenced by the fact that the majority of PUF designs in commercial use today are intrinsic. However, as each intrinsic PUF design is reliant on specific hardware their use is limited to a subset of systems. It is therefore desirable to have practical intrinsic PUF designs for as wide a range of underlying hardware as possible. Most intrinsic PUF designs to date have used memory as the entropy source, with the most well studied type being based on SRAM. More recently designs based on DRAM have been proposed, an appealing prospect considering the ubiquity of that technology. While previous research has demonstrated that entropy can be extracted from DRAM there has not yet been a substantive demonstration of such a PUF operating in real-time on a commodity system. In this article, we present a novel set of algorithms for deriving PUF responses in-runtime from DRAM by altering timing parameters using only software. These algorithms reduce the critical period of system disruption by 96% from 88 ms to 3 ms on average compared to existing designs. We present a large scale dataset derived from 1824 DRAM chips characterized using the proposed design on commodity off-the-shelf desktop hardware running a Linux OS. An analysis of the data shows that in addition to the speed improvements the proposed design shows near ideal (>44%) uniqueness and good (>88%) reliability.

The State of the Art of Agricultural Research on Maize Crop in Mozambique

This study mapped the agricultural researches on maize crop in Mozambique. A bibliographic research in the internet was carried out. Thus, we selected 72 studies related to maize crop in Mozambique. Descriptive statistics was used to group the studies according to year of publication and region that they cover. The main themes of the studies were grouped based on Commodity System Approach (CSA). The results point out that the scientific production on maize has relatively increased since 2011. 29% of studies address maize crop in entire country while 26% include other countries, mainly those neighbors of Mozambique. At the provincial level, Manica with 14%, Maputo with 7% and Tete with 7% are the provinces with relative high percentage of studies. Therefore, there is not relationship between the percentage of studies and the agricultural potential of the provinces in the country. The main themes of scientific production on maize are agronomic techniques for maize production (50%) and maize market issues (22%). Although post-harvest losses of maize are significant in Mozambique, only 2.8% of the studies analyzed this theme. Recently, some research on maize crop address transversal issues as environment, gender and nutrition. But the percentage of studies analyzing these themes is still low. Future studies are suggested to address themes linking transversal issues and maize crop. Maize storage and its market are other themes that deserve to be studied in the future.

Integrated approach to the use of logistics and marketing in the system of commodity markets

Aim and tasks. The purpose of the research is to substantiate the methodological approach to the impact of the integration model of logistics marketing on the effectiveness of reproduction processes in the system of commodity markets. The main objectives of the study are: to determine the essence of the interaction of logistics and marketing at the level of commodity markets, substantiation of the phased scheme of eliminating problem areas as part of the leading characteristics of commodity markets, outlining the impact of integrated logistics marketing model on the theoretical foundations of commodity markets.
 Results. With the proposed methodological approach to the use of an integrated model of logistics marketing becomes relevant to situations that are associated with radical transformational shifts in the strategic commodity markets associated with the diversification of foreign markets, the formation of complete supply chains, innovative economic development. etc. The proposed scheme of overcoming the problematic characteristics of certain types of commodity markets indicates the presence of significant reserves for the use of marketing research on the formation of effective logistics chains in the system of reproductive processes of trade.
 Conclusions. It is concluded that the main indicators of the effectiveness of taking into account the logistical factor in making marketing decisions are determined - the factor of availability of goods for use, accessibility to the place of use and time of use of goods. The influence of marketing on the formation of logistics chains of the commodity market is determined by the adaptation of logistics to the leading characteristics of commodity markets.

Upaya Perbaikan Penanganan Anggur (Vitis vinifera L. Var. Alphonso lavallee) dalam Distribusinya dari Petani Desa Kalianget Buleleng ke Denpasar

Efforts to improve are expected to minimize the damage to grapes during the distribution process. The aims of this study were to find out the number channel and the distribution of grape from farmers of Kalianget Village on Buleleng to Denpasar, to determine the handling of grape in distribution and to analysis the impact of postharvest repairs on grape damage from farmers of Kalianget Village on Buleleng to Denpasar with improvement treatment replacement and addition of packaging materials in the form of plastic containers, the addition of PE plastic films and pieces of paper. The method used to determine the distribution lines is the snowball sampling method in the form of surveys and interviews with the Commodity System Assessment Method (CSAM). There are four lines in the distribution, that is line I (Farmer-Middleman-Retailer-Consumer), line II (Farmer-Middleman-Restaurant-Consumer), line III (Farmers-Middleman-Wholesaler-Retailer-Consumer) and line IV (Farmer-Middleman-Wholesaler-Wine Industry-Consumer). Postharvest improvement was carried out on the distribution channel which have the most loss, namely on line I with a percentage of damage of 3.90%. Postharvest handling from the farmer to the retailer includes the process of harvesting, sorting, weighing, packaging, storage, distribution and displaying. The impact of handling postharvest loss of grape on the sorting process at the farm level is 1.81% (non significant), middleman level is 1.13% (non significant), wholesaler level is 2.41% (non significant) and retailer level is 8.36% (significant). Improvement efforts made can reduce the level of loss in grape. Replacement and addition of grape packaging materials in the form of PE plastic film, pieces of paper and the use of plastic container can reduce the percentage of damage which is 7.5%.
 Keywords : Grape, packaging, postharvest, CSAM, handling improvements

ASSESSMENT OF LABORATORY COMMODITY SUPPLY CHAIN SYSTEM AT PUBLIC HEALTH FACILITIES OF JIMMA ZONE AND JIMMA TOWN ADMINISTRATION, SOUTH WEST ETHIOPIA

Background: Laboratory commodity management (LCM) is a formidable challenge because of various reasons. Poor LCM could produce wrong laboratory result. However, the status of laboratory commodity supply chain system in Jimma zone is not clearly known. Thus, we aimed to assess the overall supply chain system of laboratory commodity in selected public health facilities of Jimma zone, south west Ethiopia.
 Methods: A facility based cross-sectional study within 3 different strata of health facilities: hospitals, A-level health centers, and B-level health centers were conducted. About 40 basic laboratory commodities as well as all pharmacy and laboratory professionals were included for the assessment. Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance with 95% confidence interval using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was performed.
 Results: A total of 34 facilities having totally 146 professionals were included. Among these 146 professionals only 2 pharmacy professionals took LCM training. In 16(47.1%), 12(35.3%) and 1(2.9%) facilities only 1 pharmacy, 1 laboratory and 0 pharmacy professionals, respectively were available. About 40% of facilities were found to be stocked-out (SO) on the day of visit and the mean day of SO was 51 days. The mean month-of-stock (MOS) on-hand was 5.51. Health centers were more SO than hospitals. Around 31(91.2%), 30(88.2%), 29(85.3%), and 1(2.9%) facilities responded using report and requisition form, internal facility report and requisition form, bin card, and stock card, respectively, however, practically 15(44.1%) had no report on the tools. About 33(97.1%) facilities never received all ordered quantities from their main source, pharmaceuticals fund and supply agency, and 23(67.6%) received products near to their expiry date. Six (17.6%) facilities were resupplied within 2-4 weeks lead time. Sixteen (47.1%) facilities were supervised within last month, 3(8.8%) have never been supervised and in 23(67.6%) the supervision did not include laboratory commodities. About 9(26.5%) facilities were not doing demand forecast. Thirty-three (97.06%) facilities didn`t have separate budget for laboratory commodities. 
 Conclusion: Stocks availability in Jimma zone was found very low. However, MOS on hand showed a better result, though it may not be an indication of good practice. Facilities’ storage practice was less than the minimum value.

Information System of Agricultural Commodities Mapping Based on Machine Learning

Climate change that occurs from year to year affects the agricultural sector. People who work in agriculture need to know the compatibility of plants with climate conditions in the region. Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) is a multilayer Artificial Neural Network (ANN) that is used to train neural networks with input in the form of precipitation, relative humidity, and temperature data. The training produced a model that was able to classify climate data based on plant growth requirements. The model for Soybean got the highest average accuracy of 96.53% and 90.87% for Rice. Variables that influence training include the number of neurons in the hidden layer, the value of learning rate, the number of folds, and the number of epochs. Prediction results generated from the model are used as a reference to display markers on maps that can be accessed by users.

Distribusi dan Perbaikan Pasca Panen Bunga Potong Sedap Malam (Polianthes tuberosa) dari Petani Desa Tunjuk, Tabanan ke Denpasar

The aims of this study were 1) to find out the type and distribution path of tuberose cut flowers from farmers in Tunjuk Village to retailers in Denpasar, 2) to analyze the system and the impact of postharvest handling to tuberose cut flowers on each distribution path, 3) to find out the impact of postharvest improvements, by conducting an experiment which soaking the tuberose cut flower in holding solution. The snowball sampling method was used to find out the types and distribution paths of tuberose cut flowers, while to analyze the system and the impact of improvements on each distribution line the Commodity System Assessment Method (CSAM) was used through survey and interview directly to stakeholders. The holding solution used for soaking treatment is sucrose, silver nitrate and citric acid.The results showed that there were only two distribution path, namely line I (Farmer – Wholesaler – Retailer - Consumer) and line II (Farmer – Retailer - Consumer). Postharvest handling along distribution lines includes harvest, sorting, binding, wrapping, soaking, storage, packaging, distribution and display. The impact of handling on postharvest losses at the sorting stage at the farm level is 2% (insignificant), the level of wholesalers at 3% (insignificant), and at the retail level of 6% (significant). Soaking treatment in holding solution can prolong the freshness of flowers. Tuberose cut flowers can last 3.98 days when soaked using water and can last up to 6.85 days when soaked in sucrose, silver nitrate, and citric acid solutions.
 Keywords: tuberose flower, sucrose, silver nitrate, citric acid, CSAM

Assessment on post-harvest losses of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentem Mill.) in selected districts of East Shewa Zone of Ethiopia using a commodity system analysis methodology

One of the main challenges facing Ethiopia today is to ensure food security for its rapidly growing population. Although Ethiopia's production is much lower than the national demand, there are high post-harvest food losses. In meeting a country's food demand, increasing production by itself is not enough unless what has been produced is properly managed. In line with this, extensive assessment of post-harvest losses of tomato along the supply chain and the associated factors were evaluated in four purposively selected districts of East Shewa Zone of Ethiopia. The assessment was made using Commodity System Assessment Methodology from “farm-to-fork” to investigate the status of post-harvest losses of tomato along the supply chain and the associated factors in the pursuit of recommending appropriate mitigation strategies. Information was gathered from a total of N = 408 sampled chain actors (producers to consumers) and related institutions. Results revealed that losses of tomato due to improper care and handling of the commodity regardless of its high production in the study area were common problems for all chain actors. A loss of 20.5%, 8.6%, 2.9%, and 7.3% at the producer, wholesalers, retailers, and hotel and café level was recorded respectively with a total loss of 39.3%. Total losses across districts ranged from 17.2-33.3. Field, transportation and market display were major critical loss points identified. Practices such as market fluctuation, lack of temperature management, no/poor sorting and mixed handling of the crop, carelessness on the loss prevention and its impact were identified among the common causes for observed losses. Therefore, creating awareness on the effect of all causes of food loss and minimizing economic loss is recommended. Moreover, affordable and appropriate technology adaptation is needed to reduce observed food losses across the districts.

Multi-Game Modeling for Counter-Smuggling

International trade provides an avenue for terrorists to smuggle illicit materials into a target country. Policymakers need models and decision support tools that are both reliable and germane to inform their responses to this. Game theoretic approaches have been used in the analysis of counterterrorism strategies, but the models involved have often been small and abstracted. To address this need, we have developed a multi-game model to account for both security-related and economic aspects of counter-smuggling interdiction efforts. We use different games to represent different types of interactions, and these games are then coupled to each other to form an integrated model. In this paper, we demonstrate the model’s capabilities on a representative system of ports (both foreign and domestic), trade routes, and commodities. We specifically investigate the impacts of changes in screening policies at domestic ports, detection device capabilities, shipping subsidies, and worldwide corruption levels. In these studies, we find that economic factors play a large role in the interdiction task and provide correspondingly important tools for deterrence.

EngineCL: Usability and Performance in Heterogeneous Computing

Heterogeneous systems have become one of the most common architectures today, thanks to their excellent performance and energy consumption. However, due to their heterogeneity they are very complex to program and even more to achieve performance portability on different devices. This paper presents EngineCL, a new OpenCL-based runtime system that outstandingly simplifies the co-execution of a single massive data-parallel kernel on all the devices of a heterogeneous system. It performs a set of low level tasks regarding the management of devices, their disjoint memory spaces and scheduling the workload between the system devices while providing a layered API. EngineCL has been validated in two compute nodes (HPC and commodity system), that combine six devices with different architectures. Experimental results show that it has excellent usability compared with OpenCL; a maximum 2.8% of overhead compared to the native version under loads of less than a second of execution and a tendency towards zero for longer execution times; and it can reach an average efficiency of 0.89 when balancing the load.

Oxygen-Resistant Electrochemiluminescence System with Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane.

We report the oxygen-resistant electrochemiluminescence (ECL) system from the polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-modified tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) complex (Ru-POSS). In electrochemical measurements, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), it is shown that electric current and ECL intensity increase in the mixture system containing Ru-POSS and tripropylamine (TPrA) on the indium tin oxide (ITO) working electrode. The lower onset potential (Eonset) in CV is observed with Ru-POSS compared to tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) complex (Ru(bpy)32+). From the series of mechanistic studies, it was shown that adsorption of Ru-POSS onto the ITO electrode enhances TPrA oxidation and subsequently the efficiency of ECL with lower voltage. Moreover, oxygen quenching of ECL was suppressed, and it is proposed that the enhancement to the production of the TPrA radical could contribute to improving oxygen resistance. Finally, the ECL-based detection for water pollutant is demonstrated without the degassing treatment. The commodity system with Ru(bpy)32+ is not applicable in the absence of degassing with the sample solutions due to critical signal suppression, meanwhile the present system based on Ru-POSS was feasible for estimating the amount of the target even under aerobic conditions by fitting the ECL intensity to the standard curve. One of critical disadvantages of ECL can be solved by the hybrid formation with POSS.

APLIKASI COMMODITY SYSTEM ASSESSMENT METHOD (CSAM) PADA DISTRIBUSI SELEDRI (Apium graveolens L.) DARI PETANI DI KECAMATAN BATURITI KE PENGECER.


 The purpose of this research is 1). to determine the number of distribution paths celery (Apiumgraveolens L.), the type of distribution lines 2). postharvest handling of celery, and the impact of postharvest losses and the value of the damage of farmers to retailers Baturiti district. The method used in this research is survey method with the application of the Commodity Systems Assessment Method in the form of questionnaires distributed to farmers, collectors, wholesalers, suppliers and retailers of celery. There are four lines of celery distribution, there are, the first (I) is farmers ? retailers, the second (II) is farmers ? collectors ? retailers, the third (III ) is farmers ? collectors ? wholesalers ? retailers, and the last (IV) is farmers ? collectors ? wholesalers ? suppliers ? retailers. Post-harvest handling at the farm level include harvesting, sorting and cleaning, packaging and transportation. Post-harvest handling at the level of collectors, and wholesalers include weighing, sorting, and transporting, postharvest handling at the retail level covering inspection, packaging, and display, postharvest handling at the level of suppliers includes weighing, sorting, packaging and transportation, postharvest handling level includes supermarkets weighing, inspection, and display. Impact on celery postharvest losses at the farm level, namely the harvest reached 14,53% (significant), at the level of the collectors in the transport process is reached 0,44% (insignificant), at the level of big traders when transporting reached 0% (insignificant), at the retails level in sorting reached 0% (insignificant), at the sorting supplier level reached 1,55% (significant).
 Keyword: Distribution line, CSAM, postharvest, celery.

Spillovers among sovereign CDS, stock and commodity markets: A correlation network perspective

In the wake of the globalization of financial markets, studying spillovers among different asset markets, especially spillovers that include sovereign CDS markets, is of vital importance. This paper attempts to build a spillover network to investigate the complex interactions within the system of sovereign CDS, stock and commodity markets by adopting the spillover index based on forecast error variance (FEV) decomposition. The results reveal that emerging countries have larger average spillovers than developed countries with regard to sovereign CDS-to-stock returns spillovers, while the developed countries contribute more average spillovers than the emerging countries in the opposite direction. Moreover, the sovereign CDS market and the commodity market still demonstrate a relatively important role during certain periods although stock markets always occupy the dominant position during every phase. Our findings provide new insights into spillovers among the major global asset markets using a network perspective, which is valuable for regulation of financial markets, asset allocation and portfolio risk management.

Malaria case management commodity supply and use by community health workers in Mozambique, 2017

BackgroundCommunity health workers (CHWs) provide preventive care and integrated community case management (iCCM) to people with low healthcare access worldwide. CHW programmes have helped reduce mortality in myriad countries, but little data on malaria supply chain management has been shared. This project evaluated the current composition, use, and delivery of malaria iCCM kit commodities in Mozambique—rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and artemether–lumefantrine (AL) treatments—to better tailor existing resources to the needs of CHWs in diverse practice settings.MethodsHealth facilities in Maputo (low malaria burden), Inhambane (moderate), and Nampula (high) Provinces were selected using probability proportionate to the number of CHWs at each facility. All CHWs and their supervisors at selected facilities were interviewed using a structured questionnaire to document experiences with kit commodities. Data were analysed to assess CHW commodity stock levels by province and season.ResultsIn total, 216 CHWs and 56 supervisors were interviewed at 56 health facilities. CHWs reported receiving an average of 6.7 kits in the last year, although they are intended to receive kits monthly. One-tenth of CHWs reported receiving kits with missing RDTs, and 28% reported lacking some AL treatments. Commodity use was highest in the rainy season. Stockouts were reported by CHWs in all provinces, more commonly in the rainy season. Facility-level stockouts of RDTs or some AL formulation in the past year were reported by 66% of supervisors. Use of CHW kit materials by health facilities was reported by 43% of supervisors; this was most common at facilities experiencing stockouts.ConclusionsVariations in geographic and seasonal malaria commodity needs should be considered in CHW kit distribution planning in Mozambique. Improvements in provision of complete, monthly CHW kits are needed in parallel with improvements in the broader commodity system strengthening. The findings of this evaluation can help other CHW programmes determine best practices for management of iCCM supply chains.

ActiMon: Unified JOP and ROP Detection With Active Function Lists on an SoC FPGA

Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have been increasingly mounted on commodity systems. As a matter of fact, such an emerging adoption of FPGAs in the commodity systems is attributed to their versatility came from the programmable property. Accordingly many industrial and academic attempts have been performed to exploit FPGAs in a variety of applications. In this paper, we note that FPGAs also can be used to protect the host CPU from a nasty security threat, called code reuse attacks (CRAs). Code reuse attack (CRA) is a powerful technique that allows attackers to execute arbitrary code. Control-flow integrity (CFI) has been popularly employed to mitigate CRAs. CFI entails CRA monitoring that checks if a program runs as directed by its control-flow graph. However, as monitoring naturally incurs non-negligible runtime overhead to the host CPU, many studies proposed hardware techniques to lessen the monitoring overhead. To facilitate the immediate deployment of a hardware-based solution, we propose a CRA monitor, called ActiMon , that can be implemented on an SoC FPGA where the host CPU and FPGA are manufactured together in a single platform. However, implementing the CRA monitor operating on FPGA arouses a new challenge that has never been addressed in the previous solutions: the operating clock of FPGA is many times slower than the CPU. By overcoming this speed difference, we ultimately purpose to evince the feasibility of FPGA as a computing device in the field of CRA defense. For this purpose, we have developed a highly efficient algorithm designed to run on FPGA whose goal is to monitor the existence of CRAs on the host CPU residing in the same SoC FPGA platform. Empirical results show that ActiMon runs on our target SoC FPGA platform efficiently enough to catch up to the speed of host code execution and promptly detects two important types of CRAs, JOP (Jump-Oriented Programming) and ROP (Return-Oriented Programming), as soon as they occurred in the host system. We assert that such results are encouraging thanks to our unified, lightweight ROP/JOP detection mechanism based on a list of active functions , and also to additional optimizations to leverage the inherent capabilities of FPGA for parallel computation.

APLIKASI COMMODITY SYSTEM ASSESSMENT METHOD (CSAM) DALAM DISTRIBUSI CABAI ( Capsicum annum L) DARI PETANI DI KECAMATAN PENEBEL SAMPAI PENGECER

The purpose of this study were (1) to determine the number of chili (Capsicum annum L) distribution lines from farmers in Penebel Subdistrict to the retailers, (2) find out the type of chili postharvest handling from farmers in Penebel District to retailers and find out the impact of losses from farmers in the District Penebel to retailers. The method used in this study is a survey method with the application of a questionnaire Commodity System Assessment Method that is distributed to farmers, collectors, traders, and retailers. The results of the study show that there are 3 distribution channels, namely lane I - retailers, lane II farmers - collectors - retailers, lane III farmers - collectors - traders - retailers. Handling at the farm level includes harvesting, cleaning and sorting, packaging, postharvest handling at the level of collectors, traders and retailers including weighing, cleaning and sorting, packaging and transportation. The impact of the loss of chili postharvest at the farmer level is significant at 10.48%, at the level of collectors in the sorting process is insignificant reaching 2.80%, at the level of large traders in the sorting process is insignificant reaching 2.2% and at the retail level at the sorting process is significant reaching 6.41%.
 Keywords: Chili, CSAM and Distribution channel