Commodity Structure Of Foreign Trade Research Articles

Problems of Foreign Trade Development Between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan in Modern Realities

The article examines the main directions of foreign trade of the Republic of Tajikistan and specifies trade relations with the Russian Federation. Based on the analysis of the geographical and commodity structure of foreign trade of the two countries, problems were identified, the solution of which will increase the volume of mutually beneficial trade cooperation.

Зовнішньоекономічна діяльність підприємств: сучасні виклики та перспективи розвитку

The aim of the article is to study the current state of foreign economic activity of Ukraine, to determine the prospects for development, taking into account the political and economic situation in the country. The article characterizes the current state of foreign trade. According to the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the general indicators of foreign trade in goods in 2018–2024 are analyzed as follows: the total value of imported and exported goods, the volume of export-import operations, the commodity structure of foreign trade, and the geographical structure of foreign trade in goods. The main problems inherent in the economy of Ukraine are allocated, including: the continuation of the general slowdown in the growth rate of the world economy and the establishment of restrictive measures on Ukrainian exports of agricultural products used by the countries of the European Union. The main features and prospects for the development of the international trade market are defined, namely: improvement of the regulatory framework, updating the Association Agreement with the EU; ensuring predictable and stable terms of international trade; ensuring the possibility of transporting goods by railway; ensuring the competence of the economic entities engaged in foreign economic activity; increasing the procurement of licenses for the latest technologies; increasing the competitiveness of domestic manufacturing enterprises; improving the quality of Ukrainian goods and services; simplification of customs control. The most promising directions of foreign trade for Ukraine have been allocated, such as: the agricultural sector; IT sector; light industry and fashion; transport and logistics. It is emphasized that there is a general trend of prevalence of imports over exports throughout the study period, which justifies the expediency of establishing relations with existing partner countries and expanding and strengthening foreign cooperation in the field of trade.

Аналіз зовнішньоторговельних відносин України з країнами Азії

The aim of the article is to analyze Ukraine’s foreign trade relations with Asian countries and identify the main trends, challenges and prospects for their cooperation. The article considers the main features of the Asian region in the economic sphere and finds that it is characterized by a high concentration of resource potential, dynamic economic development, active trade and regional economic cooperation. The general dynamics of Ukraine’s foreign trade with Asian countries during 2013–2022 is presented, as well as its distribution by region in 2022. A detailed analysis of Ukraine’s export-import operations in the context of individual Asian countries is carried out. The key trading partners of Ukraine in the region, which include Turkey, China and India, have been identified. The main documents regulating Ukraine’s foreign economic activity with these countries are considered, such as the Free Trade Agreement between Ukraine and Turkey (ratification postponed), Agreement between the Government of Ukraine and the Government of the People’s Republic of China on Trade and Economic Cooperation and a similar Agreement between the Government of Ukraine and the Government of the Republic of India. The main features and key trends that determine the dynamics of the development of trade relations with these countries are analyzed in detail. Their commodity structure of foreign trade with Ukraine has been analyzed and it has been found that the basis of Ukrainian exports to the Asian region is agricultural products, namely: vegetable oils and fats, wheat, corn and animal feed. Other promising trading partners of Ukraine, namely, Japan and South Korea, are also allocated. It is proved that for the balanced development of foreign trade relations with other countries and ensuring the sustainability of the economy in the context of global competition, Ukraine needs to maintain flexibility and adapt to new geopolitical and economic conditions, diversify the commodity structure of exports, as well as conclude new trade agreements.

МОНІТОРИНГ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ АГРАРНОГО СЕКТОРУ УКРАЇНИ ТА ДОНЕЦЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ В УМОВАХ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ

The article examines the economic situation of the agrarian sphere of Ukraine and the Donetsk region in terms of its ability to produce the necessary amount of agricultural products and ensure food security in the conditions of martial law. A significant amount of damage caused by the war is indicated. An analysis of the production of agricultural products in the five years before the full-scale invasion and in the year of the war was carried out. The distribution of the share of participation in production by categories of farms was considered: enterprises and households. The important role of households in providing the country with food during the period of martial law is determined. It is noted that it is easier for small commodity producers to adapt to changing business conditions than for large commodity enterprises. The dynamics of production of agricultural products per capita for 2017–2021 are presented. However, it should be noted that in wartime it is not appropriate to evaluate the efficiency of agricultural work based on these results, because a large number of the population emigrated, and production volumes are unstable. Despite the difficult times, the activity of the agricultural sector is aimed not only at providing for the domestic consumer, but also at the development of the foreign economic market. Even in wartime, the export of agricultural products has a positive trend. Research for 2017–2022 showed that domestic agriculture stably ensures the inflow of foreign currency into the economic space of Ukraine. The share of agricultural products in the commodity structure of foreign trade of Ukraine is considered. It was determined that the most important part of the export of agricultural products and food products is plant products and fats and oils of animal or vegetable origin. Data on production and export volumes of the main products of crop production, which are grain crops and seeds and fruits of oil crops, are provided. It was determined that a significant part of agricultural exports consists of raw materials, therefore, when implementing agricultural export diversification strategies, it is necessary to systematically increase the share of agricultural products that are produced as a result of high-tech processes and have a high added value.

Possibilities of realization of Ukraine’s export potential on the world market

In the article, the author calculated and analyzed the dynamics of indicators of Ukraine's export potential for the period 2016–2021. The product structure of Ukraine's exports in 2021 was determined and the share of goods exports in Ukraine's GDP was calculated for 2016–2021, which provided an opportunity to summarize existing trends and to present certain practical proposals. It was established that, despite the crisis conditions of 2020–2022, the trends demonstrate the activation of Ukrainian exporters on the world markets, but the structure of trade in itself somewhat inhibits the processes, which is reflected by a negative indicator of trade turnover. It was determined that the possibilities of Ukraine's export potential demonstrate that in 2021, ferrous metals and grain products will account for larger sales volumes on foreign markets. It is noted that Ukraine's exports are growing faster than imports, and the country's high dependence on imports is a negative factor. It was established that Ukraine remains a raw material appendage. Therefore, from a strategic perspective, Ukraine aims to change this trend through the active development of industrial processing, which will change the shares exactly the opposite: to export 75% of finished products and services and only 25% of raw materials. It has been found that the impact on the opportunities of Ukraine's export potential is exerted by a complex of internal and external factors, which are of an acute problematic nature. Based on the results of the calculations, it was established that an urgent issue in order to expand the possibilities of realizing the export potential of Ukraine on world markets is the implementation of a balanced foreign economic policy of the state regarding the support of national producers, the stimulation of export-oriented products and increasing their competitiveness, bringing the legislative framework in the field of foreign economic activity to meet world standards. It was determined and proposed that to optimize the commodity structure of foreign trade, a strategic measure is the transition from a focus on raw material exports to the export of processed, processed or finished products with high added value, as well as supplementing the existing dominant export industries with other promising directions.

Study of Risks in Confectionary Industry of Ukraine

Enforced transformational processes caused by crisis situations, such as battle against consequences of the spread of COVID-19 pandemic and the formation of a socio-economic and security mechanism for counter fighting Russian war in Ukraine, are significantly reflected in the specifics of Ukraine’s confectionery market operations today. It is determined that danger, instability, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity accompany the development of various socio-economic systems, including confectionery market. The purpose of the article is to reveal the potential of the Ukrainian confectionery market in view of the intensification of competition in crisis situations, to identify the dominant influencing factors in the developmental environment of confectionery enterprises in order to design alternative competitive strategies to support their sales. The main goal is to present the results of the analysis of determinants of confectionery market development in Ukraine in the period of the spread of crisis situations in terms of identifying risks in the sector. Research methods are the method of economic analysis and comparison for researching the specifics of the confectionery market; abstract-logical method for theoretical generalisation and conclusions; calculation of confectionery market capacity and market shares of Ukrainian confectionery enterprises; index method for assessing the concentration levels in the confectionery market. Conclusions and added value of work: the specifics of Ukrainian confectionery market development are revealed. Analysis of the dynamics of the confectionery production volume in Ukraine has been carried out; the number of business entities in the segments characterised by types of economic activity and in terms of large, medium, small and micro enterprises has been identified. Analysis of export-import operations volumes has been carried out based on the commodity structure of foreign trade in confectionery products. The list of risks of the developmental environment of confectionery enterprises and intra-industry risks has been identified using the probabilistic method of risk assessment; analysis of factors affecting the dynamics of confectionery market development has been established in accordance with M. Porter's method of five forces of competition, an assessment of market concentration has been carried out using the index method (in particular, the Herfindahl-Hirschman index and the Lind index). According to the results of the evaluation of concentration levels of confectionery market in Ukraine and the factors affecting the conjuncture of this market, it has been identified that three enterprises are involved in the core of the confectionery market, namely SE "KK ROSHEN", PrJSC "HBF" and PrJSC "AVK". Forms of their interaction are secret conspiracies, the policy of dictating prices in order to maintain the market power of influence on industry counterparties and other stakeholders of the confectionery market, and other forms of interaction characteristic of an oligopolistic market structure.

Статус кандидата в ЄС для України: економічні перспективи

The paper analyzes the economic prospects of Ukraine receiving the status of a candidate for the European Union. The author emphasizes that the introduction of a visa-free regime between Ukraine and the EU in 2017 was a turning point in European integration. In the work, a comparative analysis of the main articles of the commodity structure of foreign trade of Ukraine in 2013 and 2021 was carried out. Against the background of the loss of 30-50% of the country's industrial potential in the occupied territories, there was a change in the structure of exports, which is evidenced by the structure of the competitiveness of the country's economic sectors on international markets - in 2013, the share of agro-industrial complex in Ukraine's exports was 26.5%, metallurgy - 27.8 %, mechanical engineering - 16.8%. In 2021, the share of agro-industrial complex increased to 40%, and engineering decreased to 9%. There has been a significant reorientation in the geographic structure of foreign trade. In 2013, the share of the CIS was 34%, European countries - 27%. At the beginning of 2021, the share of the CIS countries in the export structure of our country is only 10%. The study analyzes four main directions of the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine with the help of the European Union (infrastructure reconstruction, continued modernization of the state, implementation of the integration agenda, increasing economic competitiveness). Therefore, the candidate status for Ukraine means, first of all, economic cooperation at a qualitatively new level.

Contemporary Foreign Economic Relations of Russia with the Countries of Northern Europe

Recently new problems have arisen that have complicated Russia’s foreign economic relations with foreign countries. The countries of Northern Europe were no exception. The economic situation in many countries was far from optimal. Problems with economy took place in the euro area. A significant drop in oil prices led to a slowdown in economic growth in the Russian Federation and a sharp decline of ruble exchange rate. Since 2014, various Western sanctions have emerged, followed by retaliatory sanctions from Russia. Against this background, the analysis of the dynamics of Russian economic relations with the Nordic countries is of particular interest. A sharp decline in foreign economic indicators occurred in 2015–2016. Subsequent development has shown different dynamics. On the one hand, by the end of the 2010s foreign trade with Finland and Sweden did not reach the level of 2013–2014 (primarily due to the decline in oil prices), but on the other, foreign trade indicators with Denmark and Norway were exceeded (due to Russian exports). Year 2020 brought new problems – the coronavirus pandemic and the associated restrictions on the movement of goods, services and people, as well as the rupture of production chains, which had an impact on foreign economic relations – and exacerbated the old ones: a new sharp drop in oil prices and a new depreciation of ruble. The article reveals the features of the general dynamics and commodity structure of foreign trade with each of the observed countries. The significant dependence of Russian exports, primarily on energy supplies, is considered in detail. Special attention is given to the general dynamics of foreign direct investment in Russia. The problems of modern development of Russian export and import were analyzed.

МОНІТОРИНГ РОЗВИТКУ АГРОПРОМИСЛОВОГО КОМПЛЕКСУ УКРАЇНИ

The purpose of the article is to monitor the development of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine, to identify problems related to the further development of the industry. The indicators of the development of the agro-industrial complex in Ukraine were analyzed, namely: the sown area and the gross harvest of agricultural crops; the number of farm animals and the production of the main types of animal husbandry products; commodity structure of foreign trade of Ukraine; indicators of the development of the food industry of Ukraine; dynamics and structure of export of finished food products; indicators of export and import of ready-made food products. The conclusions were drawn that: according to many indicators, cultivated areas in Ukraine are increasing, but there are also indicators that are decreasing (TOP-3 regions: Poltava, Ternopil and Vinnytsia); there is also a positive trend in terms of increasing the gross collection of agricultural crops in Ukraine in 2021 (Top-5 leaders: Poltava, Kharkiv, Chernihiv, Vinnytsia and Sumy regions); animal husbandry in Ukraine has serious prospects for development in view of the shortage of milk and meat, but it needs the support of the state, since it directly affects the food security of the state; the number of dairy cows has decreased, which leads to an increase in the price of whole milk and a shortage of raw materials for processors; the largest share of exports is crop production; agricultural producers of Ukraine need additional financing; recently, in the structure of Ukraine's exports, the share of goods with a high added value, primarily readymade food products, is decreasing, while their share in imports is increasing, forming a growing negative balance. It is noted that the export and production of goods with a low degree of processing leads to a crisis, that is, a decrease in income from each unit of commodity sales, as enterprises that produce products with a high added value prevail. It can be concluded that deindustrialization dictates the conditions for the transition of Ukraine, as an agrarian country, to a country with a technological process of deep processing and production of innovative products. A complete reorientation and changes in the strategic planning of the country's economic development are necessary. The state policy of the country should be aimed at promoting the development of agriculture, namely the production of goods with high added value (high-tech and innovative products).

ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ МЕТАЛУРГІЙНОЇ ГАЛУЗІ УКРАЇНИ

In the economy of Ukraine, the leading role is inherent in the industrial sector, which is a key factor in its socio-economic development. This branch of the national economy has the greatest multiplier effect on the economic system of our country and thus forms the basis for sustainable development of the state. As a result, the industry promotes business development. Among the industries an important place is occupied by metallurgical production. Creating a significant share of GDP and being a significant source of attracting foreign currency through exports, metallurgical enterprises provide the necessary raw materials for the engineering, transport and construction industries, contributing to the further development of the economy. However, in modern conditions, domestic metallurgical producers are not in all cases able to meet the challenges and obstacles associated with the global crisis, overproduction of ferrous metals, increasing number of competitors in world markets, deteriorating demand for metallurgical products, especially low quality. The article is devoted to the study of development trends of enterprises of the metallurgical industry of Ukraine in modern conditions. The paper analyzes the dynamics of Ukraine's GDP by type of economic activity and compares its share in the GDP of Ukraine and the countries that are members of the European Union; the number of business entities at the enterprises of the metallurgical industry of Ukraine in general and in terms of large, medium, small and micro enterprises is analyzed; the dynamics of the number of employees and the average salary are studied and the factors influencing them are clarified; the volumes of products sold by metallurgical enterprises, the results of their activities and the commodity structure of foreign trade in terms of types of products sold are analyzed. The analysis of the activity of the enterprises of the metallurgical industry of Ukraine testifies to the existence of a number of unresolved problems that require special attention, even in spite of the significant volumes and stable structure of foreign trade in the products of this branch of the national economy.

СУЧАСНИЙ СТАН ТА ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ АГРОПРОМИСЛОВОГО КОМПЛЕКСУ УКРАЇНИ

The purpose of the article is to analyze the current state of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine, identify development trends and assess the crop and livestock industry, study the commodity structure of foreign trade, develop a mechanism for the development of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine in the future. The agro-industrial complex of Ukraine is an important industry, which, in turn, is a set of several interrelated industries aimed at processing raw materials and production of agricultural products. Analysis of crop development indicators from 2014 to 2020 showed that the industry is gradually but steadily developing despite, after the start of quarantine, the introduction of strict restrictions, which were unfavorable not only for market participants but also for the state budget, because agricultural exports annually brings about 40% of all foreign exchange earnings to the country. The analysis of livestock development indicators showed that from 2014 to 2020 there was a sharp decline in the number of farm animals, production of basic products other than meat (in slaughter weight) also decreased in all respects for both milk and eggs. In terms of volume, milk production has reached an all-time low. With a lack of money and a reduction in livestock, there is a very low average annual growth rate of production - for 10 years at 0.4%. The main problems of the decline of the livestock industry are: imbalance in the development of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine, ie the pace of development of livestock lags behind crop production; low level of commodity production and low investment attractiveness; insufficient level of consumption due to lack of money of the population; lack of finances and state support for the implementation of innovations and new technologies; lack of investment in fixed and current assets, as well as in breeding and genetic resources; high level of costs and labor intensity; long production cycle. The mechanism of development of agro-industrial complex of Ukraine according to the model "Common agro-industrial policy" with the support of the state, ie state partnership is offered. products at affordable prices, organization of producers' incomes, development of small and medium business, social and economic stability, etc.

The trade and economic cooperation between Ukraine and Canada in the context of the free trade agreement

Introduction. Deepening of trade and economic cooperation between the countries remains one of driving forces for their economic development, especially in the context of globalization. Thus, developed countries are the largest exporters and importers in the world market, and special attention is paid to the sale of finished products. The conclusion of regional trade agreements between countries promote development of trade , as trade policy is one of the main issues in them, they take into account the degree of processing of products, the terms of liberalization, quotas and others. Ukraine is also trying to diversifу export and increase its volume as a result of the conclusion of Free Trade Agreements, in particular with Canada.Purpose. Explore the trade and economic relations between Ukraine and Canada, taking into account the Free Trade Agreement and determine the complementarity of relations of countries.Methods. The methods of theoretical generalization, analysis, economic-mathematical modeling, comparison and etc. were used in the work.Results. The artticle emphasizes growth of RTA in the world between countries of different continents and levels of economic development, in particular for example Ukraine and Canada. The development of cooperation between these countries through the study of legal documents concluded by them and the dynamics of bilateral trade is considered. The conclusion of RTA by Canada and Ukraine with a number of other countries is noted, with the selection of the most influential ones, in particular NAFTA and USMCA. The commodity diversification of Canada’s exports and imports, bilateral trade with Ukraine are analyzed, and its increase is observed both in general and in the last years after the conclusion of the Agreement, trade in agrarian products is highlighted.The resulting indicators of trade development between the countries were also calculated, the level of complementarity of the commodity structure of foreign trade of Ukraine and Canada was determined, which indicates the prospects for the development of cooperation between them. The issues of liberalization in the context of the concluded Free Trade Agreement, export requirements are considered, the possible consequences for Ukraine as a result of the concluded Agreement and measures to promote the deepening of trade are presented.Discussion. In the future, we should focus on the research of trade of individual sectors of the economy, commodity diversification of exports and ways of its deepening, the competitiveness of products, increase total export of Canada and Ukraine.

Ukraine–China strategic partnership: current situation, problems and prospects

Purpose. The paper examines the peculiarities of the contemporary state and opportunities of further development of strategic partnership between Ukraine and China. The purpose of the paper is to study the state of implementation of the "Belt and Road Initiative" within the strategic partnership between Ukraine and China, as well as to identify threats and prospects for this form of cooperation for economic development of Ukraine. Scientific novelty. The paper analyzes the scientific achievements of domestic and foreign researchers on the possibilities of Ukraine's inclusion in the "Belt and Road Initiative", it has been analyzed the current state of strategic partnership between Ukraine and China in the aspect of the project implementation, analyzed the dynamics of bilateral trade between Ukraine and China over the past 10 years, and disclosed the commodity structure of foreign trade between the countries. Investment flows between China and Ukraine have been analyzed, implemented, projected and not implemented projects of Ukraine, which were financed by Chinese investments have been considered. SWOT analysis of straegic cooperation between Ukraine and China in terms of the "Belt and Road Initiative" was carried out and a set of recommendations for the strategic partnership development between Ukraine and China was proposed in the paper. Results. The dynamics of trade in services between Ukraine and China during the studied period had the following changes: growth was observed from 2011, 2014, 2016 and 2019, a positive balance for Ukraine was from 2009 to 2013. The structure of Ukrainian exports of services to China was dominated by: transport services 54.3%, business services 22.8%, repair and maintenance services, which do not belong to other categories 8.2%. The structure of imports of services from China was dominated by: services related to financial activities 57.7%, transport services 6.2%. Currently there is a significant imbalance in trade operations between Ukraine and the People's Republic of China. The largest share in the sectoral structure of Chinese direct investments in the share capital occupies the industry – 33.1%, in particular processing industry - 30.6%, extractive industry - 1.8%; professional and scientific-technical activities – 24.3%, as well as agriculture – 19.9% (Fig. 2). The SWOT-analysis conducted of opportunities, advantages, threats and advantages of strategic cooperation between Ukraine and China in terms of the "Belt and Road Initiative" proves the presence of a large number of possible directions for cooperation between the countries, but their successful implementation of these opportunities largely depends on the desire for cooperation between the governments of both countries. Practical significance. The results of this study can be used by the authorities at the state level to improve the conditions of strategic partnership between Ukraine and China, to attract foreign investment in the necessary sectors of the economy.

Transformation of foreign commerce of Ukraine: realities, problems, perspectives

The paper analyzes transformations of foreign trade in goods of Ukraine in 2000-2017. The choice of the study period is due to the fact that the "recovery" and the gradual growth of the Ukrainian economy after the long crisis of the 1990s has began since 2000. Ukraine had a mostly negative foreign commercial balance (except for 2000-2004 and 2015); generally balanced foreign trade; dangerous import dependency ratio; extremely economy openness index; the high exports ratio in 2000-2017. The volumes of export, imports and foreign commercial turnover had unstable dynamics with negative trends in 2008-2009 and 2013-2015. Base metals and their ware; plant products; animal or plant fats and oils were prevailed in the export component of the foreign commerce; mineral products; machines, equipment and mechanisms, electric and technical equipment; products of chemical and derivative industries were dominant in the structure of import in 2017. The export was characterized by increase in the share of products of the primary sector (due to crop production) and decrease in the secondary sector (due to metallurgy, machine building, chemical and textile industry) during 2001-2017. The import was characterized by decrease in the share of raw materials and increase in the share of all other goods during the mentioned period. Commodity structure of foreign trade became more proportional, without a highly dominant product. The Russian Federation, Poland, Turkey, Italy, India were the key partners in the export of goods, while those ones in the import were the Russian Federation, China, Germany, Poland, Belarus. The key partners remained during 2001-2017 (the Russian Federation, Poland, Turkey, Italy, China, Germany were key partner in export; In the import - the Russian Federation, Germany, Poland, Belarus, the USA, Italy were key partner in import. Despite the drastic decrease in trade relations with the Russian Federation, it remains the largest partner in the Ukrainian foreign commerce. Among the regions of the world, the largest trading partner of Ukraine in recent years is Europe with relevant reduction of CIS countries in the common share. It is necessary to provide a set of measures aimed at increasing the efficiency of export activity and import substitution in the certain sectors of the economy to balance foreign commerce of Ukraine.

Similarity assessment of the commodity structure of foreign trade in the European Union countries

An important element of the foreign trade research is an analysis of its commodity and geographical structure. A method of examining the similarity of foreign trade structure was proposed in this article and applied on the example of certain EU countries. The aim of this article is to assess the degree of similarity of foreign trade structures and to indicate the extent to which it reflects differences in economic development. The study was conducted with the use of an original indicator of commodity structure similarity and a hierarchical cluster analysis for the period 2006—2015. It enabled to identify the most similar countries in terms of foreign trade structure. Data for the computations were obtained from the Eurostat. The obtained results proved that countries with similar economic potential have a similar foreign trade structure.

Зовнішня торгівля товарами Дніпропетровської області

The article substantiates the actuality of the study of foreign trade of Ukraine’s regions as full subjects of foreign economic relations during European integration of Ukraine. The foreign trade of Dnipropetrovsk region in 2004-2015 and its place in the total volume of Ukraine’s foreign trade is investigated. Three maps and statistic graphics showing the geographic and commodity structure, dynamics, balance and efficiency of the foreign trade of Dnipropetrovsk region are presented in the article.The analysis of geographic and commodity structure of foreign trade of Dnipropetrovsk region was conducted on the basis of statistical data and maps. It was found that the largest share in total exports (53.2%) traditionally are ferrous and non- ferrous metals and articles thereof, including copper, nickel, aluminum. Fuel, energy products and chemical products make up the largest share of imports. Volumes of foreign trade of Dnipropetrovsk region are compared with relevant maximum indicators (Kyiv) and averaged regional indicators. The share of EU, CIS and other countries in export and import of goods in Dnipropetrovsk region is presented. The dynamics of development of foreign trade in Dnipropetrovsk region is outlined. Trade trends has been changed during 2013-2015 years: export to CIS countries has decreased, exports to Africa has increased and the share of EU countries in the field of foreign trade has increased markedly. The downward trend in imports from the CIS appeared earlier - in 2010.The weights of cities and administrative districts in the foreign trade of region were analyzed. Major trading volumes are concentrated in large cities. The balance of foreign trade is positive for all of them, except for the regional centre. Dnipropetrovsk and Kryvyi Rig provide 78% of region export. Imports of Dnipropetrovsk is about 65% of the whole region imports. The level of foreign trade development of region is assessed based on indicators of volume, efficiency and differentiation of commodity and geographical structure of foreign trade.The analysis shows the significant structural and territorial imbalance in foreign trade and excessive concentration of international activities in Dnipropetrovsk (regional center). Therefore, the sectoral and geographical structure of foreign trade activities should be diversified by the agricultural production and exclusive metallurgical products like electrical steel, automotive sheet, etc. It is important to engage periphery producers in foreign trade and to find new markets.Keywords: foreign trade, export, import, commodity structure of trade, geographical structure of trade, maps of foreign trade

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC INTEGRATION OF GEORGIA WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION AND PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT

At the present stage of development the process of integration of Georgia into the world economic system is getting deeper and deeper. That’s why for the formation of the right economic policy of the country it is necessary to assess these processes correctly and analyze the further perspectives. On the basis of proven statistical methods – statistical observation, grouping and methods of analysis – there have been analyzed the data of foreign trade of Georgia from the Geographical point of view, characterized the dynamic of the export and import stream, the commodity structure of foreign trade of Georgia on the basis of which there have been revealed the positive and negative sides of the current changes in this field. There have also been discussed the problems of indexes of foreign trade in Georgia. In order to calculate the main characteristics of foreign trade there have been used the stochastic models of the time series. On the basis of models selected as a result of testing the classical methods of regressive analysis there have been done the forecast calculations and on basis of the received results the corresponding conclusions have been reached. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.em.19.4.8531

Production and Foreign Trade of Mineral Products in Latvia and Belarus

Latvia and Belarus are small countries with limited scope of natural resources. However, the available mineral resources play important role in production of mineral products for domestic and foreign consumption. Main goal of the paper is to characterize the role of extraction industry in national economy and mineral products trade in two neighboring countries - Latvia and Belarus. To achieve the goal, the role of mining and quarrying industry in Latvia and Belarus was identified; trade of mineral resources in Latvia was analyzed. The main trends in the development of its own mineral resources of the Republic of Belarus were identified, the role of mineral resources in the commodity structure of foreign trade of the Republic of Belarus was shown, ways to increase the level of security of the country's own organic and mineral resources were determined, including the improvement of the legal framework. The research was performed in 2012; the following methods were used in the paper: comparative analysis and synthesis, statistical analysis and monographic methods.

The Main Trends of Integration of Georgia into the World Economic System

At the present stage of development the process of integration of Georgia into the world economic system is getting deeper and deeper. That's why for the formation of the right economic policy of the country it is necessary to assess these processes correctly and analyze the further perspectives.On the basis of proven statistical methods – statistical observation, grouping and methods of analysis – there have been analyzed the data of foreign trade of Georgia from the Geographical point of view, characterized the dynamic of the export and import stream, the commodity structure of foreign trade of Georgia on the basis of which there have been revealed the positive and negative sides of the current changes in this field.There have also been discussed the problems of indexes of foreign trade in Georgia. In order to calculate the main characteristics of foreign trade there have been used the stochastic models of the time series. On the basis of models selected as a result of testing the classical methods of regressive analysis there have been done the forecast calculations and on basis of the received results the corresponding conclusions have been reached.

Assess the impact of components of the Commodity Structure of Foreign Trade in The economic growth of Turkey for the period (1990 - 2009)

Showed many of the economic studies that the variables structure of foreign trade (exports and imports) with the impact of the gross domestic product and move the economic growth of a State، and private trade in industrial goods because they contribute to value-added production, and its importance to developed and developing countries, and take advantage of the economic development process, aimed at search to identify the components of Commodity Structure of Foreign Trade of Turkey and to clarify their impact on the GDP time series is twenty years old. In order to achieve the goal, was based on the assumption that the components of the structure of commodity exports and imports of Turkey to influence evident in the GDP, and the efforts made by Turkey to join the European Union led to a change in the directions of Turkish foreign trade, in order to reach the goal of the research and prove his hypothesis, The study was conducted using a quantitative methodology, by identifying the features of the evolution of the Turkish economy, and classification of Commodity Structure of Foreign Trade and its relationship to economic growth, were also analyzed trends in the evolution of Turkish foreign trade for the period (1990-2009) and the development trends of components of the structure of commodity exports and imports of Turkey, as well as trends geographical distribution of foreign trade of Turkey during the study period. The study found that intermediate and consumer goods the most important paragraphs in the Commodity Structure of Turkish exports during the period of study, as well as capital goods and other commodities, while the intermediate and capital goods the most important paragraphs in the Commodity Structure of imports, as well as consumer goods and other goods. Key words: commodity structure, exports and imports, gross domestic product, capital goods, intermediate goods, consumer goods.