Transportation Of Commodities Research Articles

Identifying mïmï as ‘Linseed’

Summary mïmï appears to have diverse applications, appearing in administrative documents, jar labels, depictions of commodity transportation, as well as being used in therapeutic recipes. To date, a consensus for its translation has not been reached. This article re-evaluates the suitability of past identifications in terms of new perspectives in Egyptology, and explores an extended corpus of source material that together suggest a new identification, ‘linseed’, is more appropriate. The hypothesis is further supported through the recreation and discussion of the materiality of ancient Egyptian medical recipes composed of mïmï and other ingredients with secure translations, and demonstrates: 1) that linseed was a commodity which was taxed, stored, and distributed by the ancient Egyptian administration; 2) that the effect of this product upon the body was observed and harnessed in therapeutic medical recipes.

Minimum Space When Transporting Pigs: Where Is the "Good" Law?

This paper focuses on the problem of numeracy when writing regulations, specifically how to describe a threshold for crowding of pigs during transport, considering transported pigs range in body mass from 5 to 500 kg. When scientific findings provide the basis for regulation in the public interest, those findings must be communicated in a consistent way to regulators and policymaking bodies. Numeracy is the ability to understand, reason with, and apply appropriate numerical concepts to real-world questions. Scientific understanding is almost always based on rational understanding of numerical information, numeracy. The threshold of administrative offenses is often a numerical description. Commercial livestock transporters have an interest in loading livestock compartments to the maximum to achieve the largest payload allowed by axle weight laws, as is the case in all bulk commodity transport. Maximizing payload minimizes costs and environmental hazards of fuel exhaust and can benefit the public with lower pork prices, but has a serious animal welfare risk. Livestock production academics, veterinarians, and animal welfare activists have been working for decades to determine the level of livestock crowding in transport containers that would be appropriate for regulatory enforcement. The scientific discourse has been plagued by a lack of numerical standardization when describing results of trials and forming recommendations. Exceeding specific numerical thresholds is the core to implementing enforcement actions. This paper examines the communication and other barriers that have prevented emergence of a consensus on this question and provides a direction toward resolution. Further confirmation of effects of crowding livestock in transit is needed. This paper suggests that articulating an enforceable standard in pig transport is possible. In inspection for compliance, discovering the LP50 (lethal pressure-50) for slaughter-weight pigs is an initial global benchmark goal. The LP50 is the loading floor pressure in a commercial transport compartment, under field conditions, that would result in the death of at least one pig in the group 50% of the time.

Study on rapid policy-based strategic environmental assessment-taking China's regional development policy of Zhejiang Pilot Free Trade Zone as an example

Strategic Environmental Assessment(SEA) is acknowledged to be an important decision support tool. SEA concerns potential environmental impacts of decisions made by policy, plan and programs. At present, policy-based SEA is still in the exploratory stage in China. The development of policy-based SEA is extremely slow due to institutional and technical difficulties. In practice, the time from policy proposals to policy implementation is relatively short. So the corresponding policy-based SEA should reflect the characteristics of rapidity, centre on the seriously negative impact that may be caused policy implementation, and provide early and initial warnings.A simple and rapid framework was designed for policy-based SEA in this study. The framework includes four parts, namely, policy analysis, eco-environmental impact identification, eco-environmental sensitivity assessment, policy recommendations. Following this framework, regional development policy of Zhejiang Pilot Free Trade Zone (FTZ) was assessed. Results reveal that: 1)seriously negative environment impacts may arise from petroleum refining and chemical industry, oil and gas storage and transportation, iron ore transportation, liquid bulk commodities transportation. 2) Central Daishan area, Shengsi archipelago, Taohua Island, Liuheng island in Zhejiang FTZ is relatively of high eco-sensitivity, thus the fore-mentioned activities should be environmentally friendly or restricted in these areas. 3)In the future, continuous efforts should be made to promote sealing and automation of petroleum refining, chemical industry. Green petrochemical manufacturing technology utilization is recommended to reduce pollution from the source. Further, accelerating the construction of transportation pipelines is suggested in order to reduce air pollutants emissions caused by vehicle transportation activities. Fishery stock enhancement and releasing is recommended to counteract negative impact on fishery caused by iron and liquid bulk commodity marine transportation.

A Multiperiod, Multicommodity, Capacitated International Agricultural Trade Network Equilibrium Model with Applications to Ukraine in Wartime

The world is facing immense challenges because of increasing strife and the impacts of climate change with accompanying disasters, both sudden-onset as well as slow-onset ones, which have affected the trade of agricultural commodities needed for food security. In this paper, a multiperiod, multicommodity, international, agricultural trade network equilibrium model is constructed with capacity constraints on the production, transportation, and storage of agricultural commodities. The model allows for multiple routes between supply and demand country markets, different modes of transport, and storage in the producing and consuming countries as well as in the intermediate countries. The generality of the underlying functions, coupled with the capacity constraints, allow for the modeling of competition among agricultural commodities for production, transportation, and storage. The capacity constraints also enable the quantification of various disaster-related disruptions to production, transportation, and storage on the volumes of commodity flows as well as on the prices. A series of numerical examples inspired by the effects of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine on agricultural trade is presented, and the results are analyzed to provide insights into food insecurity issues caused by the war.

Numerical Investigation of the Flow Structure of Cryogenic Hydrogen in Corrugated Metal Flexhoses Due to Fluid Structure Interactions

Abstract In this paper, details of flow field characteristics and pressure drop of cryogenic hydrogen in corrugated metal flexhoses will be numerically evaluated using multiphase flow physics coupled with fluid structure interactions. Multiphase flow regime is often influenced by concentration ratio, shape factor, and orientation of the piping. Corrugated metal flexhoses are commonly used as part of cryogenic commodity transportation for their ability to operate in a large range of temperatures and pressures with a high degree of geometric flexibility. These sharp changes in the geometry of the flexhose convolutions are one of the leading factors of liquid and gas phase entrainment which can significantly reduce the efficiency of piping systems and fuel delivery systems to the engine components. The entrained gas phase hydrogen can eventually propagate in successive convolutes leading into the permanent entrapment of the gas phase hydrogen in the corrugations. The volume fraction up to 5% gas phase with various convolute heights and pitch will be evaluated, with a hose length to diameter ratio (L/D) range between 20 to 60 and a Reynolds number range between 5,000 to 350,000 based on the hose hydraulic diameter. The findings of the study contribute to a better understanding of multiphase flow physics of hydrogen in corrugated metal flexhoses.

The convenience benefits of the shipping market: Evidence from C3 and C5 FFAs

Forward Freight Agreements (FFAs) are consequential derivatives for risk hedging in the shipping market. This paper presents the first empirical study of convenience yield in the shipping market with a sample of C3 (Tubarao to Qingdao) and C5 (Western Australia to Qingdao) FFAs from 2013 to 2023. First, single-factor and two-factor models are constructed to analyze the random behavior of freight rates in the shipping market, and the existence of convenience yield is empirically tested. The results provide evidence of the existence of convenience yield in the shipping market, with its stochastic variation being a critical factor in shaping the term structure characteristics of FFAs. Second, an ARMAX model is developed for the freight rate index, and the predictive role of the estimated convenience yield and its difference in spot freight rates is analyzed by operating the two-factor model. The findings reveal a significant predictive effect of convenience yield and its difference on spot freight rates. Last but not least, this study emphasizes the importance of convenience yield as a crucial parameter in the shipping market, particularly regarding the transportation of bulk commodities. Changes in the supply and demand of bulk commodities directly impact the fluctuations in shipping market capacity and convenience yield. This study delivers a new explanatory perspective for price formation in the shipping market and is highly valuable for risk management in this sector.

Sustainable operation of on-street parking within Hilla City by Simulation Model (VISSIM) with Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM)

Abstract The preservation of sustainability poses an ongoing and persistent problem. To attain sustainability, it is imperative to prioritize the preservation of road traffic safety, the prevention of crashes, the utilization of pollution-free vehicles, and the secure transportation of commodities. The research approach employed in this study involves collecting data about many factors, including air pollution, noise levels, incident frequency, and traffic volumes. The study focuses on 20 links with on-street parking facilities in Hilla City, Iraq. This study uses the VISSIM microsimulation model SSAM software. This study used PTV VISSIM (Thesis) 2024 (SP 02). This license(Thesis) of PTV VISSIM software enables one to conduct the research unlimitedly, which is good for obtaining accurate results. The simulation time used in this study is 3600 seconds. PTV ViSSIM software enables the emulation of traffic movements on selected streets that contain on-street parking. Six streets in Hilla City are divided into 20 links. The streets were monitored using video recordings to collect real traffic data, which was then used to estimate delay and emissions. Additionally, trajectory files were created for future analysis. The SSAM program can be used to determine the conflicts in each link. The simulation models were effectively calibrated and validated using actual data. This study assesses the sustainable, social, economic, and environmental aspects of roadways, including on-street parking spaces. This project intends to construct a sustainable composite index utilizing existing data collection methods. Existing data on urban transportation sustainability considers economic factors like delay, social factors like safety, and environmental factors like noise and air pollution. The composite sustainability index incorporates economic, social, and environmental data, effectively tackling the difficulties related to normalization, weighting, and aggregation. This study aims to evaluate the long-term viability of transportation in Hilla’s central business area (CBD) by considering the incorporation of on-street parking. The Composite Sustainability Transportation Index (ICST) results for links with on-street parking in Hilla City indicate that the sustainability operation is evaluated at different levels: low (8 links), moderate (7 links), and high (5 links).

Cold Chain Logistics and Joint Distribution: A Review of Fresh Logistics Modes

With the continuous development of the global logistics industry, cold chain transportation and joint distribution, as critical strategies in supply chain management, are gradually becoming key means to ensure the safe transportation of perishable goods, pharmaceuticals, and other temperature-sensitive commodities. The present study is dedicated to an in-depth exploration of cold chain logistics and joint distribution, with a particular focus on a review of fresh food logistics modes, aiming to comprehensively understand their operational modes, advantages, challenges, and future development trends. The present study elucidates the basic concepts of fresh food logistics and underscores its significance in supply chain management. Through comparative analysis of different operational modes, it reveals their advantages in enhancing efficiency, reducing costs, and mitigating environmental impacts. The present study focuses on the operational mode of joint distribution, discussing its application in cold chain logistics and its differences from traditional logistics modes. Through case studies and empirical analysis, it evaluates the impact of joint distribution on logistics efficiency and costs, as well as its potential to enhance transportation efficiency and reduce carbon emissions. Lastly, the present study provides an outlook on the future development trends of cold chain logistics and joint distribution, discussing the influences of technological innovation, policy support, and industry collaboration and offering recommendations and prospects to drive the sustained development of the industry. Through a comprehensive summary of fresh food logistics, cold chain logistics operational modes, and joint distribution operational modes, this paper aims to provide in-depth theoretical support and practical guidance for related research and practices.

Regulatory Framework on Ocean Threats –Transportation Law Analysis to Multiple Oil-Spill Cases in Indonesia

This research aims to analyse the legislation pertaining to the environment and transportation as outlined in Article 1 point 1 of Law No. 22 of 2001, which deals with oil and natural gas. The Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources' Regulation No. 7 of 2019 Article 1.2 relates to the management and use of oil and gas. Articles 316, 318-322, 324-329, and 332 govern criminal offenses committed in the maritime domain. This study employs a doctrinal legal research methodology, using both conceptual approach and statutory approach. The agreement for the maritime transportation of commodities establishes rights and duties that the involved parties are required to fulfill. One of the duties and liabilities of the carrier is to maintain the security of the vessel and the merchandise it transports. The legal framework governing the transportation of commodities is established under Articles 466 to 520 of the Criminal Code. This concept is founded upon two additional ideas, i.e. strict liability and the absence of the necessity to establish the party responsible for environmental damage prior to attributing blame. The principle of strict responsibility in Indonesian national law is governed by Article 88 of Law No. 32 of 2009, which pertains to environmental protection and management. This article only focuses on the environmental degradation and marine contamination resulting from oil spills. The obligation for transportation in maritime agreements and the legal repercussions for causing marine pollution must be followed by all the sea transportations company especially carrying dangerous material.

A fairness-based multi-objective distribution and restoration model for enhanced resilience of supply chain transportation networks

Disruptive events play a significant role in the performance of supply chain networks (SCNs) due to their high dependency on transportation networks. Therefore, it is critical to develop coordinated strategies that consider (i) efficient restoration plans for the transportation network (TN) and (ii) distribution plans for downstream SCN, which consider critical aspects such as road congestion, travel time, and required service levels. Thus, we propose a novel multi-objective non-linear mixed-integer programming (NMIP) model to deal with disruptions in transportation networks while maximizing SCN performance. We developed a model for optimal restoration that reduces the effects of disruptions that disrupt the performance of the road TN and SCNs while considering a fair distribution of commodities. The model provides optimal restoration strategies for the TN after unpredicted events, not only based on a cost-effectiveness approach but also on the fair distribution of commodities among demand nodes on a complex network structure with a multi-supplier, multi-demand, and multi-commodity framework. To illustrate the model's capabilities, we study the transportation of commodities in Colombia and how disruptions impact their SCN performance. The results show that a fairness-based distribution helps to obtain satisfaction rates faster when compared to restoration plans based on cost-effectiveness only.

Evaluation of repeat bathymetric surveys on water surface elevations on the Saint Clair River

The Great Lakes contain 20 percent of the world’s fresh surface water, a drinking source for 30- million people. The system is vital to manufacturing, largely due to efficient transportation of commodities and an abundance of natural resources. Understanding the water balance and predicting future water levels is important for many industries including commercial navigation, the tourist industry, hydropower and shoreline property owners, just to name a few. These predictions require an understanding of both the hydroclimate drivers across the Great Lakes as well as physical changes in the connecting channels that pass water between each lake. Since the International Upper Great Lakes Study began, the St. Clair River has been the topic of conveyance change investigations. This study tests the sensitivity of water surface elevations to small differences in bathymetric changes. Greater than 80 percent of the surveyed points had less than 0.24 m of change between any combination of survey years. Repeat bathymetric surveys collected in 2007, 2012 and 2021, along with hydrodynamic modeling, find changes in water surface elevations associated with bathymetric change are on the sub-centimeter scale. These changes are put into perspective and compared to known anthropogenic and naturally occurring conveyance changes. While these surveys represent a short duration in the observed water level record of the Great Lakes, they represent an important documentation of the geomorphic state of the St. Clair River. These changes can and should be compared to similar future surveys of the river over longer engineering and geomorphic timescales.

Ethylene Elimination Using Activated Carbons Obtained from Baru (Dipteryx alata vog.) Waste and Impregnated with Copper Oxide.

Ethylene is a plant hormone regulator that stimulates chlorophyll loss and promotes softening and aging, resulting in a deterioration and reduction in the post-harvest life of fruit. Commercial activated carbons have been used as ethylene scavengers during the storage and transportation of a great variety of agricultural commodities. In this work, the effect of the incorporation of copper oxide over activated carbons obtained from baru waste was assessed. Samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption-desorption at -196 °C, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The results showed that the amount of ethylene removed using activated carbon obtained from baru waste and impregnated with copper oxide (1667 μg g-1) was significantly increased in comparison to the raw activated carbon (1111 μg g-1). In addition, carbon impregnated with copper oxide exhibited better adsorption performance at a low ethylene concentration. Activated carbons produced from baru waste are promising candidates to be used as adsorbents in the elimination of ethylene during the storage and transportation of agricultural commodities at a lower cost.

Evidence from China's shipping sector on the impact of fiscal measures in enabling a low-carbon economic transition

The Green Economy Initiative aims to achieve economic development while minimizing carbon emissions by implementing a low-carbon economy across all sectors. It is noteworthy that ships play a significant role in global commodity transportation, accounting for approximately 80–90 percent. However, this also leads to a surge in fossil fuel consumption and alarming pollution levels. The data utilized in this article spans from 2010 to 2022 and specifically focuses on the shipping industry, drawing from information collected in 20 different provinces of China. Multiple panel regression models were constructed to analyze the influence of fiscal policies on facilitating the transition toward a low-carbon economy. In addition, a vector autoregression model was employed to examine the interconnected dynamics between low-carbon transition and budgetary guidelines. The findings indicate that tax-based policies demonstrate an inverted U-shaped relationship with low-carbon transition, whereas transfer payment policies exhibit an N-shaped pattern. The shipping sector is actively embracing low-carbon practices, largely due to incorporating digital technologies that mitigate the adverse impacts of fiscal regulations.

Expansion of fluvial transport of commodities through the Pantanal floodplains of Brazil: Potential impacts and interference by climate change

AbstractInland waterways have historically been viewed as a desirable means for transporting commodities. However, creating and maintaining navigable river channels can entail substantial geomorphological modifications, resulting in changes to the ecohydrology of a river and its adjacent floodplains. In addition, barge traffic has important environmental impacts. The proposed expansion of the Paraguay River Hidrovia through the Pantanal floodplains of Brazil will negatively impact biodiversity due to bank erosion, water pollution, and the introduction of invasive species. Dredging would decrease the area and duration of inundation of connected floodplains renowned for their biodiversity, including fish and wildlife. Furthermore, the effects of the Hidrovia on greenhouse gas emissions are potentially important, although the net effects are complex and require further research. Global climate change is projected to cause greater variability in rainfall and river levels, with longer and more severe low water periods that would impede navigability and require further channel modifications. Modifications of the Paraguay River channel that lower the water levels and reduce the extent of surface water persisting during the dry season would negatively impact aquatic life in the main channel as well as in the floodplains, where recent increases in wildfire severity and excessive heat are already stressors. These changes threaten traditional livelihoods for people in the Pantanal, including artisanal fisheries, cattle ranching, and ecotourism.

A Forgotten Maritime Highway: Maritime Cultural Heritage of the Emperor Seamounts with Implications for High Seas Conservation

AbstractThis article seeks to complement efforts to summarize information on the exceptional natural significance of the Emperor Seamounts. The human history of the Emperor Seamounts is culturally diverse and spans thousands of years. This ranges from indigenous cultures to the period of European colonial exploration and expansion to the rise of the modern global economy and its impact on the area through the hunting of marine mammals, fishing, and the transportation of commodities across these remote waters on ships. Some of these vessels were wrecked or disappeared, and may rest on the seabed of the Emperor Seamounts. Understanding this human history is critical in approaching the assessment, ongoing study, public outreach and management of this remote region, which has been highlighted as one of the most important areas beyond national jurisdiction to protect globally.

Finding Optimal Location Development UPPKB In South Sumatera Province Using Multi-Criteria Analysis

The distribution of commodity transportation is a crucial factor for the sustainability and continuity of economic activities in specific regions. Shipments occur daily, especially on main roads, with the majority of goods transported exceeding tonnage limits when passing through roads. If this continues without control and security measures, it will lead to a deterioration of the physical quality of the road, disrupting the distribution of goods transportation. The Vehicle Weighing Station (UPPKB) is a form of control and security implemented by the government to regulate the transportation of goods distribution above tonnage limits. Every day, the transportation of goods distribution in South Sumatera Province is significant due to its numerous power plants and tourist destinations. This research aimed to identify the location for the development of UPPKB using a quantitative method to obtain indicators for multi-criteria analysis. The conclusion drawn from the identified potential points indicates positive results, making it feasible to construct a new UPPKB at those locations. The potential locations for the development of a new UPPKB in South Sumatera are Betung 1 Street and Yusuf Singadekane 1 Street

Predictive Analysis of Maritime Congestion Using Dynamic Big Data and Multiscale Feature Analysis

The maritime industry is one of the most crucial sectors in the global economy, facilitating the transportation of goods and commodities across vast distances. However, maritime network congestion has become an increasingly critical challenge that significantly affects shipping efficiency and the overall operational performance of the industry. This study proposes an innovative congestion prediction approach using dynamic big data analysis of vessel trajectories and multiscale feature analysis. First, the dynamic analysis of vessel trajectories aims to extract valuable information from ships’ data as they navigate the oceans, enabling proactive traffic management and optimized routing. Second, the multiscale feature analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of maritime network congestion by examining it from different perspectives and scales, leading to more accurate predictions and effective congestion management strategies. Furthermore, this study introduces an enhanced Faster R‐CNN vessel detection model for real‐time tracking, integrating convolutional and SKNet networks. To improve short‐term traffic flow prediction accuracy, this study employs multiscale feature analysis through wavelet transformation. The foundational traffic data undergo wavelet decomposition for a detailed representation across frequencies. Gated recurrent unit (GRU) neural network and autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models are utilized to predict trend and noise components, respectively. Fusion of predictions demonstrates superior accuracy and is validated against real data. Empirical results showcase minimal errors and heightened prediction accuracy compared to actual data.

Политика против декарбонизации

This study describes the methodology and results of calculating the increase in global greenhouse gas emissions caused by disruptions in international logistics due to geopolitical restrictions introduced by Western countries against Russia since 2022. The Western sanctions policy regarding, first of all, trade in Russian hydrocarbons has caused the breakdown of trade routes, which until recently could be characterized as “conditionally optimal.” That is, hydrocarbon supplies were carried out along the shortest routes, which ensured minimal fuel combustion during transportation and minimal greenhouse gas emissions, respectively. Now, a forced reorientation has led to an increase in commodity transport work, which requires more fuel combustion and, accordingly, provides an increase in emissions. Closed airspace also has an additional negative effect on rising emissions, as most flights from Europe to Asia and back from 2022 will overfly Russia, which on average adds an extra 2 hours to the flight, requires more fuel to be burned, and therefore leads to increase in greenhouse gas emissions. And considering that flights have only just begun to recover after the 2020 crisis, the impact of the closure of airspace over Russia on greenhouse gas emissions will only grow in the future. The study’s calculations show that reorienting trade in oil and natural gas and extending air routes alone would increase emissions by 261–290 Million t of CO2 eq. This is comparable to the UK’s annual emissions. If we take into account all the distortions in global trade, emissions growth could be even 40–60% higher. Thus, it can be argued that existing trade restrictions brought a significant negative impact on the implementation of global low-carbon development agenda.

Development of Internal Trade Routes and Centers under the Kakatiyas

Abstract: During the Kakatiya period internal trade seems to have been in a fairly prosperous condition. The Kakatiya rulers, royal families, subordinate chiefs and others also encouraged development of internal trade. The trade was conducted by wellorganized merchant guilds. The epigraphical sources reveal that several kinds of merchant guilds used to carry on the commercial operations in the kingdom. The guilds were famous for carrying on the trade and each guild acted as a single corporation and their acts were recognized and respected by all. The guilds also tried to maintain cordial relations with the state since the successful functioning of trade and commerce depended upon the stability of the government and peace and order that prevailed in the kingdom. According to historical sources, the Kakatiya rulers, after remarkable development in agriculture and industry, widened the extent of internal trade centers and brought new markets and constructed good highways for the easy transport of commodities from place to another. Under these favorable circumstances, a brisk internal trade flourished.

The 16th century Carrera del Pacífico: its sailor-merchants and their trade goods

This article focuses on the sailors who served during the initial years of the Carrera del Pacífico, one of the globalizing projects of the Spanish Monarchy. In particular, the paper aims to examine the sailors who took advantage of the Pacific trade circuits by actively participating in various income-generating activities created by the Carrera. Using the sailors’ economic endeavors, especially as sailor-merchants, as a lens can elucidate how early global trade was conducted and demonstrate the dynamics of the early Pacific trade. The paper argues that by seizing the opportunities presented by the Carrera, primarily by assuming the dual roles of sailors and merchants, these laborers helped consolidate the Spanish-Pacific region and reshape the consumption pattern of its local population. The sailors engaged in the transportation, sale, and purchase of global commodities during the early modern period, including textiles and chinaware, which catered to the demands of the broader consumer base in Spanish America. The sources draw data from the Royal Treasury of Acapulco registers during its first decade (1590-1600), where 1,574 sailors were identified. It belongs to Archivo General de Indias’ Contaduría (Account) records, which contain the duties of commodities entering and leaving the port of Acapulco.