Commission Recommendation Research Articles

Perceptual Feedback of Undergraduate Medical Students on Effectiveness of AETCOM (Attitude, Ethics and Communication) Session in Foundation Course

Introduction: In accordance with National Medical Commission (NMC) recommendation, one month foundation Course was conducted in our institution in August 2019.The present study was conducted to seek the opinion of the students regarding pertinence of the Attitude, ethics and communication (AETCOM) session in the course to enable revisions to be made in designing the course for the subsequent sessions, to make it more efficacious and student-oriented. Methods: First MBBS students joined in the year 2019-20 batch were involved in the study. The students were divided into three groups and three hours sessions have been taken separately for three consecutive days. The Teaching Schedule of AETCOM session was systematically designed with theory and case scenarios. At the end of the session all the students were provided a feedback questionnaire based on Likert scale and the responses were collected. Statistical analysis: The data collected was analysed using SPSS version 23 and simple mean and proportions were calculated. Results: 53.9% of the students perceived the AETCOM session discussed with case scenarios as good and 50% of the students were given feedback on overall session as good. Conclusion: The AETCOM session in foundation course has largely been perceived in a positive way by the students with some difference in opinion concerning relevance of certain topics. However, it has to be confirmed with further studies.

Review of the Current State of Development of the Progress Indicators in National Long-Term Renovation Strategies

The Commission Recommendation (EU) 2019/786 created a clear path towards a low and zero-emission building stock by 2050, based on milestones and progress indicators. National Long-Term Renovation Strategies (LTRS) are required to ensure the renovation into energy efficient and decarbonised buildings. This paper reviews the current status of the development of the progress indicators carried out by the Member States.

Reinventing the Handoff Process: Bringing Standardized Bedside Report to Perioperative Services

<h3>Background Information</h3> The quality improvement project was implemented in a pediatric ambulatory surgery center after organizational leadership challenged units to improve patient satisfaction. An interdisciplinary unit-based task force was assembled to evaluate areas of improvement. Upon evaluation of current patient satisfaction scores and analysis of handoff, communication between staff and with families were prioritized for this project. The task force decided that the current patient handoff process from Phase I to Phase II recovery would be the main focus for improvements because this is when the family integrated into the patient's care after the procedure. <h3>Objectives of Project</h3> The project aims included: (1) decrease length of handoff time from admit to Phase II to RN handoff is completed, (2) improve registered nurse (RN) workflow as evidenced by decreased time to first documented RN assessment and improved perceptions of nurse workflow (3) improved patient/family satisfaction. <h3>Process of Implementation</h3> • Plan - The planning step begun when the leadership challenge was given for increasing patient satisfaction. A taskforce was developed and critical analysis of all processes on unit was completed. Standardized form was created with input from key stakeholders. Education and training of all staff was completed. • Do - The six-month pilot period was begun. During this time, when a patient was admitted from Phase I to Phase II recovery, every patient handoff was completed using the standardized protocol at the bedside with the inclusion of the patient/family. • Study - Data was collected and analyzed. Data collected included handoff time, first documented RN assessment, nursing satisfaction and patient satisfaction. • Act - Due to the success of the pilot, the changes were adopted as standard practice on the unit. <h3>Statement of Successful Practice</h3> After implementation, improvements were noted in hand off time (reduction of 30%), increased efficiency in nursing workflow as evidenced by a quicker documented RN assessment (28% faster), nursing satisfaction with workflow (100%) and increased patient satisfaction (11.6% improvement). <h3>Implications for Advancing the Practice of Perianesthesia Nursing</h3> The use of standardized bedside report is supported by literature and The Joint Commission's recommendation for patient handoffs, however, is not widely practiced in the perioperative setting. Integrating standardized bedside report can result in a more efficacious process, with a positive impact on nursing workflow and patient satisfaction.

Temporal Patterns in Latin American Truth Commission Recommendation Formulation and Implementation

Abstract Remarkably little attention has focused on the formulation and implementation of truth commission (tc) recommendations. We use Skaar et al.’s original data on approximately 1000 recommendations produced by 13 truth commissions established in 11 Latin American countries between 1983 and 2014 to examine how recommendations and government responses to them have evolved over nearly 40 years. Truth commissions appear to be regularly influenced by major global transitional justice and human rights developments as they formulate recommendations. They target specific marginalised identity groups in their recommendations, particularly after major global initiatives to recognise the rights of such groups. Yet, governments often forego implementing such recommendations. Recommendations also appear to be shaped by whether the commission was established right after a political transition. Post-transitional commissions, which come five or more years after transition, issue more recommendations dealing with reparations of all sorts. However, whether overwhelmed by the number of proposals or more immune to pressure to enact such measures, governments implement these recommendations less regularly. These commissions also do not invoke the importance of reconciliation as transitional commissions do.

Network modeling approaches for calculating wholesale NGA prices: A full comparison based on the Greek fixed broadband market

According to the European Commission Recommendation for setting copper and fiber wholesale prices where cost orientation is imposed as a remedy, National Regulatory Authorities (NRAs) should adopt a Bottom-UP Long-Run Incremental Cost Plus (BU LRIC+) costing methodology that estimates the current cost that a hypothetical efficient operator would incur to build a modern efficient Next Generation Access (NGA) network. The starting point of modeling an efficient operator investing in NGA networks is the network modeling approach. In this paper, we compare the most widely adopted network modeling approaches in terms of wholesale fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) prices. In particular, the modified scorched node approach is compared to the extreme cases of the scorched node and the scorched earth approaches. The comparison between the aforementioned scenarios sheds light on the impact of each approach on the wholesale FTTH prices. The main finding of this paper is that the scorched earth approach leads to a maximum of 10% reduction in the short-term access prices compared to the most inefficient scorched node approach, whereas further extending its optimizations by optimizing the number of central offices, both the short-term and long-term wholesale price reductions are quite significant (more than 20%) regardless of service speeds. Consequently, NRAs should consider a geographically differentiated modeling approach when regulating the wholesale market by adjusting the level of scorching in each area and network segment according to the investment plans of telecom operators. An appropriate variation of the modeled network operator's efficiency is expected to more accurately represent the costs of a reasonably efficient operator based on the real market conditions and a forward-looking perspective. These findings provide valuable information to both network operators and telecom regulators.

Compressed Brown Algae as a Potential Environmental Enrichment Material in Growing Pigs.

Simple SummaryTo prevent pigs from redirecting their exploratory natural behavior to their penmates, so as to prevent tail biting and promote pig welfare, the Council Directive 2008/120/EC has made environmental enrichment in pig farming mandatory. Possible enrichments can be varied: objects that are edible or not or bulk material. However, the enrichments need to be compatible with slatted floors, the main type of floor in pig housing. Here, we assessed the impact on pig welfare of a material made of an algae-based cylinder, compatible with slatted floors and edible, and which is categorized as suboptimal enrichment materials according to Commission Recommendation (EU) 2016/336 classification. The assessment was done in comparison with metal chains, an enrichment material commonly used in farms, and with wood logs, a bio-sourced object too. Enrichment material made from algae had no negative effect on pig health. Performance and body condition were similar between groups that were given different materials. When provided during the suckling period, the algae material did not appear to promote manipulating behavior in piglets after weaning. Regarding their characteristics, the algae cylinders can be categorized as suboptimal enrichment materials, although it does not significantly improve pig welfare when compared to a metal chain, which is categorized as a material of marginal interest.In barren housing conditions, enrichment materials are given to pigs to improve their welfare. Here, we assessed the suitability of an algae-based cylinder as an enrichment material on the behavioral, physiological, health and productivity welfare indicators of pigs. Algae was compared with metal chains and wood logs. The study involved 444 pigs from two successive batches on one single farm. During the suckling period, half of the pigs received algae and the control pigs received no material. After weaning and until the end of fattening, algae, wood or chains were equally distributed among the pigs. Consumption of algae cylinders was different between pens and between batches. After weaning and during the fattening period, although the results differed between batches, no significant difference was observed in the object manipulations. Salivary cortisol, used as biomarker to measure the stress levels after pig transfers, were similar between the treatments. Enrichment material made from algae had no negative effect on pig health and no effect on performance and body condition. Regarding their characteristics and according to Commission Recommendation (EU) 2016/336 classification, algae cylinders can be categorized as suboptimal enrichment materials, although the present results suggest that it does not significantly improve pig welfare compared to a metal chain, which is categorized as a material of marginal interest.

Time to Close the Gender Pay Gap: The Need for an EU Directive on Pay Transparency

The Covid-19 pandemic has affected women disproportionately and is likely to have adverse effects on gender equality. It is essential that efforts to promote gender equality be increased in order to ensure that hard-won progress in this area is not reversed.As part of this effort, the European Commission should table a proposal on binding pay transparency measures strengthening the principle of equal pay between men and women, in accordance with the Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025.In doing so, it should take stock of the reality that the pandemic has revealed in terms of inequalities between men and women in the labour market, including the cultural undervaluation of work typically performed by women, such as care work.The proposal should take as a starting point the Commission Recommendation on pay transparency from 2014, but go beyond it, writes Kalina Arabadjieva (ETUI), for example by providing more detail on the criteria used to determine the value of work, introducing a possibility for hypothetical comparison and ensuring that trade unions can bargain collectively on the issue of equal pay.

Sunscreen Secondary Claims: Market Differentiation or Market Confusion?

This chapter is focused on those products that are sold primarily as sun protection products and considers the additional claims made for these that are intended to differentiate and imply additional benefits. It is essentially an overview, as each claim would require an individual chapter to deal with in detail. We do not consider products with another intended primary use, such as moisturizer or colour comments, which are, in themselves "secondary sunscreens," defined specifically in Australia [AS/NZS 2604:2012 Sunscreen products - Evaluation and classification] or Canada. Primarily, the chapter serves as a reference guide. An argument is presented for the potential negative impact on the credibility of the whole product category brought about by the marketing strategy of attempting to segment on the basis of either criticism of competitor products and/or targeting niche groups of consumers. The European Union (EU) Regulation 655/2013 [Commission Regulation (EU) No 655/2013 laying down common criteria for the justification of claims used in relation to cosmetic products] states 6 criteria for representation of products. These are Legal Compliance, Truthfulness, Evidential Support, Honesty, Fairness and Informed Decision Making. More specifically to sunscreens, the EU Synthesis Document makes recommendation on efficacy and related claims [European Union Synthesis Document - Commission recommendation on the efficacy of sunscreen products and claims related thereto]. This chapter does not consider or test these criteria but does include a table of claims and suggested ways to substantiate these.

Tax Treatment of Losses during the COVID-19 Crisis: A Preliminary Analysis of the Commission Recommendation 2021/801

Tax Treatment of Losses during the COVID-19 Crisis: A Preliminary Analysis of the Commission Recommendation 2021/801

Preliminary study of soot and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in emitted particles from adobe kilns that use scrap tires as fuel

Artisanal pottery in Mexico is largely manufactured in handmade adobe kilns using scrap tires as main fuel in rural and peri-urban areas, making this activity one of the main sources of atmospheric pollutants. An intensive sampling campaign was conducted in a Mexican small town in order to characterize the toxic species emitted by more than 400 adobe kilns working in two scenarios: low activity and normal activity, as well as to determine their carcinogenic potential. PM 10 concentrations ranged 50-80 µg m −3 and 77-290 µg m −3 during low and normal activity periods, while PM 2.5 concentrations were 33-57 µg m −3 and 37-177 µg m −3 , in the same periods. Organic carbon and elemental carbon presented concentrations around 4 times and 7 times greater during normal activity period than during low activity in both particle sizes. Quantified polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were twice greater during the normal activity period than during the low activity period. Carcinogenic PAHs accounted for 53-59% of total PAHs in all cases and the carcinogenic potential, B[ a ]Peq in PM 10 , during the normal activity, was 25 times higher than the European Commission recommendation, proving thereby the high risk that nearby population faces to those emissions.

Risk management in small family firms: insights into a paradox

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to provide insights into the risk management practices of small family firms (SFFs).Design/methodology/approachThis paper is based on a multi-site case study approach among ten SFFs (that employ between 10 and less than 50 employees according to the European Commission's recommendation 2003/361/EC) and draws on the concept of social capital.FindingsThe study demonstrates that the vast majority of sample SFFs lacks a formal risk management system and does not prepare for crises and emergencies. However, they are aware of most of their specific risks and draw on a number of risk-mitigation measures to address them. Social capital emerges as common thread and overarching principle in these risk-reduction initiatives, as the SFFs rely on long-standing, trusting and fair relationships with key stakeholders to cushion their businesses from adverse impacts. This prevalence of informal risk management mechanisms may partially explain the paradox as to why formal risk management tools are rarely applied in SFFs.Practical implicationsAs the study findings suggest that social capital serves SFFs as risk-reduction measure, owner-managers should capitalise on this specific strength. However, they should also invest in more systematic risk management initiatives to better equip their businesses with the tools to fend off adverse scenarios.Originality/valueThis study is among the first to analyse risk management in SFFs.

JCOERE Judicial Cooperation Supporting Economic Recovery in Europe Report 2: Report on Judicial Cooperation and European Harmonisation and Integration in Preventive Restructuring

The JCOERE Project, funded by the European Commission’s DG Justice Programme (2014-2020), addresses two aspects of the European Union’s strategy to respond to the problems of cross-border insolvency within the increasingly integrated internal market. The European Commission’s strategy is described in the Commission Recommendation 2014/135/EU on a new approach to business failure. The first aspect concerns the co-operation obligations that have been imposed on all domestic Member State courts and judiciary under the European Insolvency Regulation (Recast) 2015/848 (EIR Recast). The second concerns the implementation, subsequent to the Preventive Restructuring Directive 2019/1023, of a preventive restructuring framework in the domestic law of all Member States. The second JCOERE Report analyses the co-operation obligations arising from the EIR Recast, which are imposed on courts and practitioners in EU Member States to co-operate in cross-border insolvency and restructuring matters. The Report also undertakes a benchmarking of judicial utilization and awareness of best practice guidelines on co-operation that have been adopted by European and international organizations. This was achieved through engagement with judicial networks during a number of interactive workshops and through the distribution of a judicial survey to three focus groups comprised of members of the judiciary. This, together with JCOERE Report 1, has contributed to answering the overall project research question, which asks: Based on existing experience with restructuring (e.g. Ireland), will obstacles to court co-operation arise from substantive rules, which are particular to preventive restructuring. Will some of these obstacles to court co-operation be exacerbated in the preventive restructuring context, given that they pertain to existing procedural rules? JCOERE Project Report 2 reflects the goals of Work package 3 of the Project and accordingly focusses on the courts, including judicial and administrative authorities, charged with approving and implementing restructuring plans and to which the co-operation obligations are addressed. The second Report considers the application of best practices for co-operation of cross-border preventive restructuring cases, judicial awareness of existing obligations and guidelines and judicial practice in this area. Report 2 also considers broader questions, such as differences in judicial culture across the EU Member States, how this impacts mutual trust and effective cooperation, and how the obligations and broader initiatives concerning judicial co-operation are fundamental to the question of European integration and harmonization. The research in Report 2 also undertakes a comparative analysis of judicial co-operation in another federalized jurisdiction, undertaking a comparison between the European Union and the United States. The JCOERE Project was led by a team at University College Cork School of Law in collaboration with a team at the University of Florence, Titu Maiorescu University in Romania and INSOL Europe. The content of this document represents the views of the author only and is his/her sole responsibility. The European Commission does not accept any responsibility for use that may be made of the information it contains.

Evaluation of the reading level of commonly used medication‐related patient education sources

AbstractIntroductionTo improve comprehension of medical care, the Joint Commission recommends that patient education materials (PEMS) be written at a fifth‐grade reading level or below.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the compliance of commonly used tertiary drug references to Joint Commission standards.MethodsPEMs for the top 100 most prescribed medications in 2017 were obtained from commonly used drug information tertiary references (Lexi‐comp patient drug information, Micromedex Care Notes, Micromedex Med Essential Fact Sheets, Medline Plus, and Drugs.com) to evaluate readability. The grade reading level of each medication‐related PEM was evaluated using the Flesch‐Kincaid Grade Level test and compared with a one‐way analysis of variance using correlated samples and Tukey's post‐hoc test for significance between groups.ResultsThe mean grade reading levels of Lexi‐comp, Micromedex Care Notes, Micromedex Med Essential Fact Sheets, Medline Plus, and Drugs.com were 4.2, 7.5, 7.8, 9.3, and 10.4, respectively. Lexi‐comp achieved a reading level at or below fifth grade for 99% of medications while Micromedex Med Essential Fact sheets was the next highest at 33%. No other reference contained drug information at or below a fifth‐grade reading level.ConclusionLexi‐comp patient drug information consistently met the Joint Commission recommendation for medical information at or below a fifth‐grade reading level, whereas Micromedex Med Essential Fact Sheets met this recommendation approximately one‐third of the time. When providing drug information resources to patients, health‐care providers should be diligent in selecting sources that meet the Joint Commission recommendations.

Implementation System of Technical Specification for Interoperability for the Rolling Stocks

In the paper, the present state of scientific knowledge in authorising the types of railway vehicles in Slovakia and abroad is analysed by the authors. The aim of the authorisation of the types of railway vehicles is to take into account the interests of the whole society in the field of transport in the manufacturing of these vehicles or their import from abroad. These interests mainly include a greater security of transport, as well as a greater quality, reliability and lifespan of railway vehicles. The authors also analyse the Commission Recommendation 2014/897/EU of 5 December 2014 on matters related to the placing in service and use of structural subsystems and vehicles under Directives 2008/57/EC and 2004/49/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, which should contain instructions related to the matters in question. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account Directive (EU) 2016/797 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2016 on the interoperability of the rail system within the European Union, and Directive (EU) 2016/798 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2016 on the railway safety. In addition to ensuring the applicability of interoperability regulations (new directives, regulations, decisions, recommendations, etc.), the aim of this paper is to present a methodology of authorising the types of railway vehicles and a software model (SW) of authorising the types of railway vehicles, with European legislation as a possible tool to speed up and simplify the entire process. The paper is concluded by three types of authorisation processes for different railway vehicles and their accessories, comparing the length and complexity of processing using the standard authorisation process and using the SW tool proposed.

Financing Decisions of SMEs in the Hotel Industry

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between investment and financing decisions, focusing on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operating in the hotel industry. To achieve this purpose, it was carried out a dataset of 72 SMEs (492 firms/year observations). The sample includes Italian SMEs for the period 2010–2015. All the firms included in the sample fall into the definition of SMEs given in European Commission recommendation 2003/361/EC of 6 May 2003. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and CCA were used. The findings showed the relationship between the groups of balance sheet items. However, results also highlight that firms used their own resources, typically associated with long-term investments, to finance current assets. This behavior may have been caused by environmental and/or market conditions. In particular, the credit crunch that followed the 2008 financial crisis may have affected business behavior.

Determination of 42 mycotoxins in oats using a mechanically assisted QuEChERS sample preparation and UHPLC-MS/MS detection

A method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 42 mycotoxins in oats. The method includes all the mycotoxins listed under Commission Regulation 1881/2006 and Commission Recommendation 165/2013, the emerging mycotoxins (beauvericin, alternariol, alternariol-methyl-ether and enniatins), and two masked metabolites, namely deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside and T-2-glucoside. The method also focuses on a wide range of analytes of toxicological interest. The sample preparation involved extraction with an aqueous acetic acid solution and acetonitrile, followed by QuEChERS with mechanically assisted vibrational shaking. No further clean-up steps were employed, and analysis was performed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Trueness ranged between 78% and 158%, while precision ranged from 1.7% to 49.9% under within-laboratory reproducibility conditions. Beside the high degree of accuracy and sample throughput provided, the method can be applied to a large number of compounds currently not regulated, thus generating knowledge and for risk assessment purposes.

Nickel Occurrence in a Livestock Food Chain (Northwestern Italy)

Nickel (Ni) is an essential element in plants and animals, but elevated levels can exert toxicity in living beings, as recently highlighted by the European Food Safety Authority opinion. However, literature regarding the presence of nickel in the environment is scarce. In 2016, the EU Commission Recommendation n°1110 recommended monitoring the presence of Ni in feed in order to set maximum levels or to adopt other risk management measures to ensure a high level of animal health protection and consequently of human health. A total of 200 samples of feedingstuffs, drinking water, and milk were collected from dairy cow farms in Piedmont, and analyzed for Ni concentration by Z-ETA-AAS. Results showed the presence of nickel in feedingstuffs in a range from 0.20 to 16 mg/kg, while Ni concentrations in water and milk were close to or below the limit of quantitation. There was no carry-over from feed to milk in this food chain. Nickel concentrations were not of concern for animal health despite being in the upper range of those observed in vegetables from Europe.

The Law Commission presumption concerning the dependability of computer evidence

In this paper Peter Bernard Ladkin, Bev Littlewood, Harold Thimbleby and Martyn Thomas CBE consider the condition set out in section 69(1)(b) of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE 1984) that reliance on computer evidence should be subject to proof of its correctness, and compare it to the 1997 Law Commission recommendation that a common law presumption be used that a computer operated correctly unless there is explicit evidence to the contrary (LC Presumption). The authors understand the LC Presumption prevails in current legal proceedings. They demonstrate that neither section 69(1)(b) of PACE 1984 nor the LC presumption reflects the reality of general software-based system behaviour.&#x0D; Index words: Law Commission; presumption computers are reliable; software impossible to be correct

Cross Border Qualification Problems Between Social Security and Supplementary Pension: More Guidance Needed?

The encouragement of the accrual of an adequate retirement income has the attention, not only of national governments, but also of the European Commission (EU Member States have initiated reforms of their pension systems, amongst others to provide an adequate pension income. The European Commission stated in 2017 that as part of social protection, every EU citizen should be entitled to an adequate pension, see: European Commission, Commission Recommendation on the European Pillar of Social Rights, C (2017) 2600 final, 26 April 2017, page 8. The European Commission has already expressed this ambition in its White Paper – An Agenda for Adequate, Safe and Sustainable Pensions, published in 2012, see: European Commission, White Paper – An Agenda for Adequate, Safe and Sustainable Pensions, 16 February 2012, COM (2012) 55, page 12. The broadly supported endeavour to achieve an adequate pension income also implies that a multi-pillar approach is recognized by Member States, whereby not only the statutory pension, but also other forms of retirement savings (such as supplementary pension) has to ensure an adequate income after retirement. With regard to promoting cross border labour mobility, reference can be made to the ‘Europe 2020 strategy’.). In cross border situations, a mobile employee may be confronted with various legal obstacles that may hinder an adequate pension accrual and cross border labour mobility. In this article the so-called cross border qualification problems between social security and supplementary pension will be addressed. It is examined how the three qualification problems are recognized in a European law context and to what extent more guidance can be provided on a European level to eliminate the negative consequences of the present qualification problems. cross border pensions, social security, supplementary pensions, accrual of pensions, qualification, mobile employee, double taxation, mutual recognition, European Pension Register, pension premium provision, soft law

Seafood mislabeling in Greek market using DNA barcoding

The mislabeling of seafood products is a worldwide observed issue even though labeling regulations have been established (either at local or European/International level). Various molecular methods have been developed for fish species identification and detection of fraud, with DNA barcoding being the most popular and accurate one. Here, we present the first large-scale analysis aimed at assessing the fish mislabeling rate in Greece, by amplifying a fragment of approximately 655bp of the COI gene in 285 fish products collected from multiple markets in Greece through a monitoring program of the Hellenic Food Authority (EFET) over a time span of 4 years. This study initiated in 2015 under a European Commission Recommendation on a coordinated control plan with a view to establishing the prevalence of fraudulent practices in the marketing of certain foods and was further supported by EFET for another 3 years in order to monitor the Greek market. Sequencing and species attribution was successful in 92.3% of the samples. In 12.9% of these (34 cases), discrepancies were detected between the declared and the identified species and therefore the products were characterized as mislabeled. This rate is low, compared to other studies in Greece and other regions of the Mediterranean Sea (e.g. Italy) and worldwide (e.g. Canada). On the other hand, it remains higher than the average global substitution rate of 8%, reported in a recent meta-analysis and the European rate of 6% detected during the EU coordinated control program in 2015. Flatfishes (order Pleuronectiformes) presented the highest mislabeling rate (28.3%) followed by gadiforms (order Gadiformes) with 13.7%. Although, in some cases the substitution can be unintentional due to similar morphological characteristics and geographical distribution among species, in 55.7% of the mislabeled samples the substituted species is of lower quality resulting inevitably also to an economic profit. Our results support the need for continuous and well-documented monitoring of Greek and European markets.