Commissariat Of Health Research Articles

On the history of domestic dentistry: professor Gilyariy Ivanovich Vilga and his attempts to reform dental education

One of the most prominent Russian odontologists of the early twentieth century, privat-docent of the Imperial Moscow University Gilyariy Ivanovich Vilga was engaged in the problem of dental education reforming all his life. Considering dentistry, a branch of medical science, equal to its other branches, he considered the optimal model of higher dental education in institutes with a four-year course of study. As the chairman of the Moscow Dentistry Society and the chairman of the board of the Russian Union of Dentists, he presented this initiative to the commission of the State Duma in 1914, but the project was rejected; as a member of the Scientific Dentistry Commission, he attempted again to present his model of dental education in 1918, but the project was rejected by the board of the Dentistry subsection of the People's Commissariat of Health. After his emigration to Poland, Vilga G.I. was a member of the board of professors and one of the directors of the State Institute of Dentistry, established in Warsaw in 1920 (since 1933, the Academy of Dentistry). In Russia, independent stomatological institutes also appeared, but much later.

The role of children’s reception centers in the fight against child homelessness and neglect in the Kazakh SSR during the war years (1941-1945)

Children's reception centers-distributors of the NKVD during the Great Patriotic War played an important role in the fight against child neglect and homelessness. Their work helped to streamline the process of distributing Soviet children to children's institutions of the People's Commissariat for Health, the People's Commissariat for Education, and the People's Commissariat for Social Welfare. The article deals with the work of children's reception centers in the Kazakh SSR in 1941-1945. On the basis of data from domestic and foreign archives, the authors show that child homelessness and neglect had a constant dynamic of growth during the war years, which became a huge problem of state scale. One of the elements of solving this problem was the mass work of children's reception centers-distributors of the NKVD. The number of receivers in the republic was growing, as was their capacity. The authors have identified the main sources of minors' admission to NKVD reception centers, the reasons why children were most often placed in difficult living conditions and their further placement. The authors also study the conditions of children's stay in reception centers by regions of the Kazakh SSR. As well as problems related to the supply of food and clothing allowances, schooling and medical care for children in reception centers. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that the problems of functioning of children's reception centers-distributors of the NKVD in the Kazakh SSR, as a measure to combat homelessness and neglect, are considered by the authors on the basis of previously unused archival documents

Formation of Soviet dentistry: 1918—1921

The main task of the Dentistry subsection of the People's Commissariat for Health, established in August 1918, was the creation of qualified, free, scheduled dental care in the country, accessible to the general population. Dentistry reform had to be carried out under the conditions of post-revolutionary devastation, famine and the Civil War, in the absence of sufficient funding, appropriate material base, with a significant shortage of dentists and their negative attitude towards the changes taking place. The problem of lack of equipment, materials and medicines was solved by nationalization of private dental offices, and the dentists who were left without equipment were forced to perform labor, and not all of them were able to survive those difficult years. Nevertheless, in the RSFSR a network of state outpatient dental clinics was created, which after the country's transition to the New Economic Policy began to rapidly erode - a sustainable system of free public dentistry was to be created at another time and under different economic conditions.

The role of children’s reception centers in the fight against child homelessness and neglect in the Kazakh SSR during the war years (1941-1945)

Children's reception centers-distributors of the NKVD during the Great Patriotic War played an important role in the fight against child neglect and homelessness. Their work helped to streamline the process of distributing Soviet children to children's institutions of the People's Commissariat for Health, the People's Commissariat for Education, and the People's Commissariat for Social Welfare. The article deals with the work of children's reception centers in the Kazakh SSR in 1941-1945. On the basis of data from domestic and foreign archives, the authors show that child homelessness and neglect had a constant dynamic of growth during the war years, which became a huge problem of state scale. One of the elements of solving this problem was the mass work of children's reception centers-distributors of the NKVD. The number of receivers in the republic was growing, as was their capacity. The authors have identified the main sources of minors' admission to NKVD reception centers, the reasons why children were most often placed in difficult living conditions and their further placement. The authors also study the conditions of children's stay in reception centers by regions of the Kazakh SSR. As well as problems related to the supply of food and clothing allowances, schooling and medical care for children in reception centers. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that the problems of functioning of children's reception centers-distributors of the NKVD in the Kazakh SSR, as a measure to combat homelessness and neglect, are considered by the authors on the basis of previously unused archival documents

Issues of children's health ecology in Karaganda region (mid-1940s)

The article deals with the medical care of children during World War II through the system of hospital and non-hospital care in Karaganda region. The struggle against epidemiological diseases has become one of the primary tasks of the doctors. Prevention of such diseases as measles, diphtheria, dysentery, whooping cough, etc. was carried out by vaccination, revaccination, strengthening of infant nutrition and other measures. Gastrointestinal diseases were also among the causes of infant mortality. The fight against gastrointestinal diseases was also an urgent task of the health authorities during the war years. Nurseries were a necessary measure of assistance to working women during the war. The nurseries were under the jurisdiction of the People's Commissariat of Health. The authorities carefully monitored the health of Soviet children, and prevented the mass spread of infectious and gastrointestinal infections among children of Karaganda region.

Reform of domestic dental education in the first years of Soviet power

The reform of dental education began in the RSFSR in 1918, when the People's Commissariat adopted a regulation according to which dental schools (secondary educational institutions that trained dentists in pre-revolutionary Russia) were to be closed, and odontological units and departments for pathology and therapy of dental diseases, prosthetic technology, surgery of the jaws and oral cavity were opened at the medical faculties of universities. The establishment of odontological departments did not allow a significant increase in the ranks of odontologists, since students had to spend as much time on studying dentistry as future doctors, and received only the right to practice dentistry and an incomplete medical education. The proposal to revive dental schools to meet the needs of the population in dental care by specialized professionals met with fierce resistance from the head of the dental subsection of the RSFSR People's Commissariat of Health P.G.Dauge, who considered secondary education unacceptable. The article describes the discussion that unfolded on this issue, as a result of which odontological departments were created at the medical faculties of universities, the number of dentists decreased, and the preventive direction proposed by P.G.Dauge, as a method of reducing the country's need for dental specialists, became one of the main ones in Soviet dentistry.

Microbiologist Z.V. Ermolyeva - a pioneer in the study of the antibacterial agent lysozyme in the USSR in the 1930s

The paper considers a contribution of the Russian microbiologist Zinaida Vissarionovna Ermolyeva to the study of the antibacterial agent lysozyme in the 1930s. The author uses unpublished documents of the Russian State Archive of Economics, the State Archive of the Russian Federation, as well as specialized scientific publications. The scientist and the employees of Microbes Biochemistry Department of the Biochemical Institute named after A.N. Bach, which she headed, managed to study the properties of lysozyme, the peculiarities of its effect on various microorganisms under the influence of various factors, to discover new sources of it, as well as to conduct experiments on animals to determine the therapeutic effect. Zinaida Vissarionovna and her colleagues modified the method of obtaining pure lysozyme. The discoveries of Z.V. Ermolyeva are important due to the fact that after receiving positive results of the action of the studied drug, she immediately tried to introduce it into medical practice. The paper highlights the participation of the scientist in the All-Union Mendeleev Congress, as well as in the meetings of the specialized commission of the Scientific Medical Council of the Peoples Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR, which examined the successes of her department in the study of lysozyme. The scientific activity of Z.V. Ermolyeva in the 1930s was a powerful foundation on which, during the war, she worked to obtain a domestic antibiotic - penicillin.

Hospital business - at the level of tasks set by the government and the party

Recently, the teams of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, the People's Commissariat for Health, the NK RCI and the State Planning Commission examined a number of hospitals both in Moscow and Leningrad, and in the regions - Ural, Ivanovo, Central Chernozem, Moscow and along the edges - North Caucasian, Western Siberian and Gorkovsky. On the results of this examination by the Collegium of the People's Commissariat of Health on April 15, p. A report was heard and a number of measures were developed to improve the organization of hospital affairs in the RSFSR.

Організація державної стоматологічної служби в Україні: історіографічний аналіз

Актуальність. Історична хронологія побудови державної системи організації стоматологічної служби України розкриває перші кроки створення та подальшого розвитку стоматології як невід’ємної складової наукової і клінічної медицини. У 1920 році в Україні запроваджено принципово нову організаційно-економічну модель стоматологічної допомоги з державним фінансуванням, що передбачала охоплення всього населення держави. Багаторічна історія є найкращим підґрунтям для аналізу пройденого еволюційного шляху розвитку стоматологічної служби в Україні. Мета дослідження — вивчення історіографії становлення стоматології як самостійної дисципліни наукової та клінічної медицини, організації державної стоматологічної служби в Україні за результатами дослідження архівних матеріалів нормативно-правових документів. Матеріали та методи. Були вивчені та проаналізовані матеріали основних архівних документів Центрального державного історичного архіву України в м. Києві за період 1919–1920 років. Матеріалами дослідження були основні нормативно-правові документи, що регулювали зуболікарську допомогу: наказ НКОЗ УРСР № 3 від 5 квітня 1920 р. «Про організацію зуболікарських секцій при губернських відділах охорони здоров’я»; наказ НКОЗ УРСР № 4 від 10 квітня 1920 р. «Про організацію державної зуболікарської допомоги»; інструкція до параграфа 2 наказу НКОЗ УРСР № 4 від 10 квітня 1920 р. «Про державну зуболікарську допомогу»; інструкція «З питань щодо постанови зуболікування в державних амбулаторіях», затверджена НКОЗ УРСР від 13 квітня 1920 р.; План організації зуболікувальної допомоги для населення України, затверджений НКОЗ УРСР 26 червня 1920 р. Методи дослідження — історичний, що передбачає вивчення утворення, формування та розвитку об’єктів у хронологічній послідовності; історико-критичний, що передбачає вилучення з історичних джерел врогідної інформації, реконструкцію історичних фактів із метою вивчення подієвої історії. Результати. На підставі архівних матеріалів нормативно-правових документів Центрального державного архіву вищих органів влади та управління України в м. Києві було проведено історико-критичний аналіз створення державної системи організації стоматологічної служби України за період 1919–1920 років. Затверджені НКОЗ України накази, розпорядження та інструкції розкривають перші кроки побудови та запровадження нової організаційно-економічної моделі надання стоматологічної допомоги. Створена система охорони здоров’я ґрунтувалася на забезпеченні державою соціальної медичної стоматологічної допомоги кожному громадянину України. Висновки. Історіографічний аналіз нормативно-правових документів розкриває становлення стоматології як невід’ємної складової висококваліфікованої медичної допомоги. Запроваджена нова організаційно-економічна модель надання соціальної стоматологічної допомоги населенню України будувалася на засадах безоплатності, доступності, кваліфікованості, комплексності та профілактики стоматологічних захворювань. Стоматологічна допомога населенню України передбачала побудову мережевої системи державних амбулаторно-поліклінічних закладів, стоматологічних відділень у складі багатопрофільних поліклінік, стоматологічних відділень та кабінетів в лікарнях, які були підпорядковані губернським одонтологічним підвідділам та Народному комісаріату охорони здоров’я України. Нова модель державного регулювання ґрунтувалася на плануванні та контролі надання соціальної стоматологічної допомоги на засадах державного фінансування. Головними завданнями створеної системи охорони здоров’я було запровадження організаційних заходів, спрямованих на масове охоплення безкоштовною зуболікувальною та зуботехнічною допомогою громадян України. Важливим напрямком стоматологічної допомоги було створення шкільних кабінетів для проведення профілактичних заходів стоматологічних захворювань порожнини рота в організованих дитячих колективах.

T. S. Fedotov and the Problems of Utilization of Heart-Lung Machine in the USSR (1940s – 1950s)

This article reviews the biography of T. S. Fedotov, a Voronezh associate of a prominent physiologist S. S. Bryukhonenko. Studies on the application of autojector, the first heart-lung machine in the world created by Bryukhonenko, were carried out at the Voronezh Medical Institute jointly with the Institute of Experimental Physiology and Therapy of the Peopleʼs Commissariat for Health since mid-1930s. It was under Bryukhonenko’s supervision that Fedotov prepared his dissertation (1941) on the restoration of higher nervous activity in dogs, revived after exsanguination and clinical death. After the war, in Voronezh, Fedotov continued with his own experimental studies of the use of the autojector on laboratory animals. At the same time, he encountered the medical community’s disapproval of the idea of using the heart-lung machine (cardiopulmonary bypass) and was scientifically marginalized. Nevertheless Fedotov did not abandon his experiments with Bryukhonenko’s device and even modernized it. Using the case of Fedotov’s life and work as an example, the paper attempts to show the complicated and controversial events in Soviet science in the first decades after the Great Patriotic War. The inflated expectations for using the heart-lung machine in the pre-war 1930s and the hopes for, in the near future, being able to revive humans after the war gave way to rejection of the device as harmful and useless for practical application.

The next tasks of the health center in the fight against injuries

The problems of combating injuries are currently being dealt with by the bodies of the People's Commissariat of Health, the People's Commissariat of Labor and the insurance fund. The main task of this moment is the precise delineation of the functions of all these departments, the correct alignment of forces in this struggle and a clear definition of the tasks of each individual link. This applies not only to different departments, but also to individual links in the health care system. It is necessary to clearly define who is doing what, who is responsible for which area of ​​work; it is necessary to fundamentally eliminate depersonalization in the fight against injuries.

P.G. Dauge is a scientist, person, personality

The study is devoted to the professional and social activities of the outstanding domestic dentist, founder of the still existing journal "Dentistry" (formerly "Odontology"), Honored Worker of Culture of the Latvian SSR, Doctor of Medical Sciences Pavel Georgievich Dauge. The article presents the life path of P.G. Dauge, noted for his activities as a professional revolutionary, doctor and prominent organizer of dental care in our country. It was emphasized that the professional and social activities of P.G. Dauge was very clearly manifested in the position of head of the dental subsection of the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR, which he took exclusively on the recommendation of V.I. Lenin. It is noted that it was P.G. Dauge was one of the first Soviet dentists who advocated and strongly recommended that all territorial and departmental health departments carry out planned oral sanitation for children, as well as for some categories of adults. The personal qualities of P.G. Dauge as a person and a citizen.

Session 23 / X

Prof. V.V. Miloslavsky made a report on the Moscow institutes studying labor. Having examined the advantages and disadvantages of labor organization according to Taulor and Gilbert, the speaker outlined the work of the Central Institute of Labor with its numerous laboratories, the Institute of Professional Hygiene of the People's Commissariat for Health and the Sanitary Institute of the People's Commissariat for Health in Moscow.

The Struggle Against Acute Enteric Infections Among Children in Soviet Russia (1930-1940)

The results of a historical and medical study reflecting the issues of combating dysentery and other acute enteric infections among the children in Soviet Russia during the 1930-1940 period are presented in this article. Analysis of medical reports, orders, circular letters of the People’s Commissariat of Health Сare of the USSR and other documents from published and unpublished archival materials, and scientific publications of Soviet scientists indicate that the situation with dysentery and other acute intestinal infections among children (especially of early age) was complicated and characterized by significant prevalence of this pathology in the 1930s. This study has shown that it was possible to reduce children morbidity and mortality due to the implementation of extensive sanitary, hygienic and anti-epidemic measures on the government level, the implementation of specialized dietary products for kids and new methods of therapy (sulfanilamides, dysenteric bacteriophage, antidisenteric serum) in Moscow and other regions (for example in Gorky and Kirov regions). The experience of organizing the pediatricians, epidemiologists, health care organizers work against acute enteric infections among children in Soviet Russia in the 1930s can currently be used in various countries and regions where acute diarrheal diseases are significant cause of children mortality.

ҚАЗАҚ ӨЛКЕЛІК САНИТАРЛЫҚ-БАКТЕРИОЛОГИЯЛЫҚ ИНСТИТУТЫ ТАРИХЫНАН

The article analyzes the history of the Regional Sanitary and Bacteriological Institute, which played a special role in the history of the formation and development of the health care system in the Autonomous Kazakh Socialist Soviet Republic. Sanbacin headed the scientific organization of the fight against infectious diseases and epidemics. It was an advisory institution of the People’s Commissariat of Health. For the first time in the research work, the history of the creation, formation and development of the Sanbacin is highlighted, its historical role in the fight against infectious diseases and epidemics is systematically analyzed. The work of doctors and employees of Sanbacin became an example of courage in the history of medicine in Kazakhstan.

Візуальні матеріали журналу «Шлях до здоров’я» як інструмент антитуберкульозної кампанії в УСРР (1920-ті роки): просвіта і пропаганда

After the Bolsheviks had come to power in Ukraine, they faced a number of social problems to be solved. One of them was the significant spread of tuberculosis. To fight the infectious diseases a special information campaign was launched at pages of various periodicals, including a popular-science journal, „Shliakh do zdorovia„(„Path to Health”), established by the People’s Commissariat for Health in 1925 and subsequently published by the same institution. The journal reflected the official policy in the struggle against tuberculosis. It included visual materials to facilitate the public absorbing information. As such, it became an important tool in the anti-tuberculosis campaign. Simultaneously, like all other periodicals, this journal was an instrument of agitation and propaganda activities of the Bolsheviks. The article depicts the reasons why an active information campaign against tuberculosis was launched. It also clarifies the role which visual materials played in the anti-tuberculosis campaign carried out in "Shliakh do zdorovia" as well as it shows top directions of this campaign alongside with main topics raised by the authors of the articles published in the journal. Finally, it compares the level of educational and propaganda component in each direction and in the information campaign as a whole. The results of the study indicate that within the Bolsheviks' anti-tuberculosis campaign three main directions can be distinguished: 1) explanation, why there were a significant number of people suffering from tuberculosis in the Ukrainian SSR; 2) explanation, why the disease had been spreading further; 3) presentation of the initiatives which Soviet authorities had taken on to overcome tuberculosis. To show specific problems in each of these fields as well as actions raised by Soviet authorities to solve them, visual materials were actively used. Thus, political and ideological components often came to the fore, even though the very problem of tuberculosis was medical.

The organizational forms of the Soviet Mongol cooperation in the area of medicine and health care in 1920s-1930s. Part I. Formation of two approaches

In 1920s - late 1980s, active cooperation between the USSR and Mongolia in the field of medicine and health care had been occurred. The Mongolian People's Republic was the first country to which the USSR exported its organization of health care system, using it as a means of geopolitical influence and instrument of the socialist transformation of traditional nomadic society. At the same time, assistance to Mongolia began when the USSR itself had not yet completed the organization of new health care system, including needed medical personnel and resources, receiving assistance from Germany and other European countries. The article discusses the reasons of the Soviet leadership's hasty decision to force assistance to the Mongolian People's Republic in the field of medicine and health care. Two approaches to its implementation are singled out and explained: the evolutionary one, when experienced Soviet doctors were selected and sent to the Mongolian Department of Health care, and the forced one - through organization of expeditions of the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR, which simultaneously studied the medical and sanitary situation in the country and organized medical institutions where the assistance was needed the most.

Причины увеличения сроков лечения раненых в эвакогоспиталях Наркомздрава СССР в годы Великой Отечественной войны 1941–1945 гг.

Причины увеличения сроков лечения раненых в эвакогоспиталях Наркомздрава СССР в годы Великой Отечественной войны 1941–1945 гг.

Establishment of the Russian Oncology Service after the Great Patriotic War

Oncology was officially acknowledged as a separate branch of medical science 75 years ago. Historically, it was landmarked by Order No. 323 of the People’s Commissariat for Health of the USSR of April 30, 1945 “On efforts to improve national oncology care”. This decision triggered deployment of a network of oncological institutions that covered almost the entire country in relatively short time and persists today. Aside to rapid revival of existing cancer institutions, new research centres for oncology and radiology, cancer dispensaries and rooms were being set up to gear universal and comprehensive case archival, due-time tumour diagnostics and vocational training, along with manifold other measures to contain cancer. A milestone event was the erection of the Oncological Society in 1954 by the Scientific Council Presidium of the USSR Ministry of Health. The Moscow and All-Union oncological societies contributed greatly to establishment of the Oncology Service and promoted the prestige of Soviet oncology, professional activity in the Union’s republics and overall effectiveness against cancer. Involvement of outstanding scientists, leading oncologists and healthcare decision makers in fostering the Oncology Service cannot be overstated. Today, a progress is made towards understanding the roots of cancer, supply of medical institutions with state-of-the-art equipment, implementation of effective diagnostic and therapy practices. Nevertheless, as yet timely remain further enhancement of preventive medicine, deployment of regional programs for cancer monitoring, education and higher-level professional training, remodelling of diagnostics and care in specialised oncological and primary medical institutions, creation of a unified system for prevention, earlier diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

Taranukha V.K. Medical science in the service of front (to the 75th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War)

Russian medical science has made a significant contribution to solving complicated and important problems that faced with medical service of the Armed Forces of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War. The forms of organizing the scientific activities of scientists in the interests of the front were different. First of all, the following should be noted. This is the unification of the efforts of medical scientists of the country in the work of the Academic Medical Councils under the Chief of the Main Military Sanitary Directorate of the Red Army and the Chief of the Medical-Sanitary Directorate of the Navy, as well as the Scientific Medical and Hospital Councils of the USSR People’s Commissariat of Health. The plenary meetings of these authoritative scientific bodies dealt with the most important problems of medical evacuation, sanitary and hygienic and antiepidemic support, discussed new methods for treating the wounded, the results of the medical service’s activities during this or that period of the war, its new tasks, etc. Focusing on the leading scientists Representatives of all major healthcare sectors, the councils had been contributing to the development, testing and implementation of the latest achievements in medical science in practice.