Commercial Economy Research Articles

The People of Dhimmah and their Political Opposition Activites in the Kurdish Countries in the Abbasid Era (132-334A.H\750-945A.D)

Many religious groups and Kurdish tribes, until the middle of the third century AH / ninth century AD, adhered to their ancient religious beliefs of the Kharami, rich, Christianity and Judaism in the country of the Kurd, and these until that time with their population density constituted most of the Kurdish social fabric, the appearance of their religious culture, and the pillar of their agricultural, pastoral, craft and commercial economy, and thus they were an important and vital part of the Kurdish-Islamic society, and according to these considerations and according to considering Islamic political jurisprudence with great responsibility. However, from one to another, part of them, especially religious groups and influential tribes, carried out opposition political activities and military movements against the Abbasid state. Some of these opposition activities were the resulted from motives Religious-political-historical, it rejected Islam as a religion and authority in principle, and it was on two levels, the level of leadership, religious elites, and the level of the grassroots. At the first level, the motives were in general, maintaining religious influence, social status, economic interests and political aspirations. At the grassroots level, the motives were in general, religious beliefs and feelings, and their commitment to obedience to the tribal leader and the cleric, and in general, it was in one of its forms, an expression of the adherence to part of the Kurds to their old religious identity.While other opposition positions to another section of the dhimmi people in the country of the Kurds, were caused by the arbitrary and harsh decisions of the authority against them, especially the decisions that related to the issue of excess, taxes, tribute, and methods of collecting them, or because of them were arbitrariness, greed and personal greed for some states and leaders in some states of the Kurds, who were forcing people to pay additional percentages of taxes, and exploiting their positions for that and to satisfy their satiation of money and property.This type of opposition and religious movements resulted in orders, including what was immediate and temporary; such as human losses and destruction in the Kurdish areas in which these movements broke out, and the destruction of the economy, in addition to the cultural and civilizational isolation of these groups from their Islamic environment in general, and their Kurdish-Muslim surroundings in particular, and sometimes it was the cause of a clash between the Muslim part of it and the other non-Muslim section, including what was the consequences of the return of the term; them caused the influential Kurdish elites not to reach the center of the administration and decision in the capital of the Caliphate Baghdad, and their stay on the sidelines of events, unlike the Turks, who were able to reach, respectively. To the decision center in Baghdad and control its management, as well as the naive religious feeling was a reason for the ease of containing these religious and tribal groups, by various political theories, and a reason for the waste of their human and economic potential.Religious conflict usually has catastrophic results and its effects are deep and continuous, especially on the weaker side, and the conflict in it is zero, in the sense that each of the parties to the conflict is trying to eliminate its opponent once and for all, so the position of the Abbasid state towards these movements was cruel and violent.

Regulating the Digital Economy Court: The Case of Dubai

Considering sustainable development and digital technological transformation, the Dubai International Financial Centre Courts announced the launch of a specialized court for the digital economy, the Digital Economy Court. The Digital Economy Court aims to resolve digital transactions and electronic network disputes and overcome its users' challenges. The researchers relied on the descriptive approach and analysis of texts and related rulings. Through the announcement of the Dubai International Financial Centre Courts, the researchers found a new set of specialized rules for the Digital Economy Court, namely Chapter 58. This chapter facilitated the resolution of digital economy disputes with high efficiency. The Digital Economy Court has contributed to developing an electronic judicial system capable of meeting all digital transformation requirements. Also, by integrating global judicial expertise and benefiting from advanced digital systems, The Digital Economy Court will contribute to enhancing and developing the digital commercial economy. The Dubai model in organizing the Digital Economy Court provides bright visions towards digital technological progress and development with high transparency and distinguished quality. Also, it enhances financial security and sustainable development.

The Function of Sharia Banks in Optimizing Waqf as the Integration of the Commercial Economy and Social Economy to Improve Public Welfare

The pillars of Islamic Economics and Finance cover commercial finance and social finance, such as zakat and waqf. Based on data from BAZNAS in 2020, ziswaf (zakat, infaq, alms, and waqf ) funds among Muslims in Indonesia were Rp12.5 trillion, while its potential reached Rp327.6 trillion. The potential for cash waqf is Rp80 trillion every year. Meanwhile, based on data from the Ministry of Religion in 2018, the realization of cash waqf recorded from 2011 to 2018 was an average Rp31.9 billion each year. This means that cash waqf still has enormous potential to be developed. Therefore, the study was conducted to (1) explain the regulation of bank functions to achieve the goal of increasing people’s welfare and (2) find alternative efforts to improve bank functions in improving people’s welfare through the integration of the commercial and social economy. The method used was normative juridical approach with descriptive and prescriptive analysis, while the type of data used was secondary data obtained through a literature review. This research provided an in-depth study of the function of Islamic banks in optimizing the potential of waqf through the integration of the commercial economy and social economy in an effort to improve community welfare. The data were then analyzed using qualitative juridical analysis through legal interpretation. The results showed that (1) based on Law Number 21 Year 2008, the function of Sharia banks is as a financial intermediary, which collects funds from the public in the form of deposits, namely savings, time deposits, and demand deposits. Sharia banks cannot accept deposits in the form of cash waqf. (2) As an effort to integrate the commercial and social economy to improve people’s welfare, it is better to amend the Sharia Banking Law that allows Sharia banks to accept deposits in the form of cash waqf, so that the proceeds can be channeled into productive activities. Keywords: commercial economy, Sharia Bank, social economy, Waqf

Taking refuge in melancholy amidst natural landscapes: Zhang Dai’s idle life in the Ming-Qing transition

During the middle to late periods of the Ming Dynasty, the commercial economy experienced striking development, yet political corruption and congestion of the imperial civil service examination system deprived many scholars of a pathway for elevation. Many people therefore opened up new avenues, preparing for the examinations while simultaneously exploring different ways of life, expanding new fields of activity so as to realize value in life. Zhang Dai 張岱, who originated from a great clan in Shaoxing, was one such person. Whilst reading, assembling scholars, critiquing theater, and engaging in other activities, he gradually created considerable renown and achievements for himself. In reviewing Zhang Dai’s life, his inability to enact change in the face of the incoherent society of the late Ming Dynasty was the first great tragedy of his life. He endured by leading a life of pleasure, realizing his ambition of accomplishing great things in a roundabout fashion. After the fall of the Ming Dynasty, he experienced the second tragedy in his life, which caused him to nostalgically ponder the events of the past and, in his extreme grief, he resorted to the writing brush to express his thoughts and emotions, including writing history to pass on what was left of his life. Throughout his life, Zhang Dai produced many written works, perennially relying upon his writing to make a living, and leisure, extravagance, comfort, sorrow, lamentations and grief for the world all became subjects of his writing, ultimately allowing him to find a different path in life and achieve longevity in academic and cultural history.

The development of Japan’s commercial economy in the 14-16th Centuries

Japanese political history from the 14th to the 16th century was a difficult and turbulent period. This was the period when the power of the Emperor was increasingly neutralized by the power of the bakufu, moving towards complete neutralization. And it was also a period of wars between feudal lords competing for power, making Japan extremely chaotic. However, in contrast to the gloomy political picture, the economic situation in Japan during this period was very prosperous, especially the trade economy. The article clarifies the major changes of the Japanese commercial economy in the 14th - 16th centuries in the following aspects: The development of wholesale trade; The development of ports and the birth of new cities; The monetary economy develops strongly and extensively; The outstanding development of foreign trade.

The cultural and social impact of the Jews in Iraq during the Ottoman era 1517-1917 AD

Jewish education in Iraq during the Ottoman era was religious. They have schools such as Al-Midrash, a university school for boys; al-bayan School for girls, Rafaqat Nuriel, Rachel Shamoun, co-education; Al Waten, Harun Saleh Hadi, in Baghdad and Mosul have eight schools, and Al Basra has three schools. They had a role in the movement of authorship, translation and literature. Among them were intellectuals who practiced writing, journalism, politics, economics, literature, art, music and singing in Iraq, using Arabic instead of Aramaic and Hebrew, such as Salim Ishaq and others. In the cinema and theatre, they showed the first film in 1909 AD in Dar Al-Shifa in the Karkh region. They have many cinemas in Iraqi cities, and they affect music, such as Saleh Al-Kuwaiti, who composed most of the songs in Salima Pasha and Zakia George, and others, as it became clear that most of them were involved in the establishment of cabarets in Baghdad. In addition, in the agricultural, industrial and commercial economies and in most fields in Iraq until 1917AD.

Comprehensive strength evaluation system of commercial centres based on multi-source data: a case of Hefei central city

Urban commercial centres are the most concentrated areas of economic activity. Understanding the spatial distribution pattern and comprehensive strength of urban commercial centres is important to guide the reasonable graded allocation of urban commercial space, spatial structure optimization and sustainable development of the commercial economy. Herein, mobile phone signalling data are used to identify the functional connection between recreational and residential places and local spatial autocorrelation analysis is used to identify the 24 commercial centres in the central city of Hefei. The comprehensive strength evaluation system of commercial centres is constructed from their basic conditions and customer consumption behaviours, and their comprehensive strength indices are accordingly measured and graded. The spatial distribution characteristics of commercial centres at all levels are analysed, and optimisation suggestions are made for the whole area and region. The following conclusions are drawn from the results of this study. (1) Compared to traditional single-perspective evaluations, the developed comprehensive strength evaluation system considers supply and demand perspectives for commercial centres, providing a more holistic and accurate portrayal of the strengths of various centres within a region. (2) The current commercial centres are characterised by ‘large dispersion and small concentration’ in spatial and hierarchical distribution. (3) The commercial centres in Hefei have formed a relatively complete ‘first, second, and third level’ commercial centre system, with the first level as the core and relying on the urban road system to form a network spatial connection. (4) Most of the commercial centres are concentrated in the First Ring Road, Swan Lake in the Government Affairs District and Binhu Century Town Estate, while most areas north of the Second Ring Road and Binhu New District still lack large-scale commercial centres. This study provides a technical reference for analysing urban commercial spatial structure patterns and provides decision support for optimising the spatial layout of urban commercial service functions.

Literatur und Ökonomie: ein mediävistischer Kommentar zu zwei Handbüchern

Abstract This medievalist review article arises from the publication in 2019 of two conceptually and materially very different handbooks on the topic of ›literature and economy‹: the ›Routledge Companion to Literature and Economics‹ and the de Gruyter ›Handbuch. Literatur & Ökonomie‹, the eighth volume of the series ›Handbücher zur kulturwissenschaftlichen Philologie‹. Focal points of my critical discussion are: 1. the Marxist foundations of ideology critique in Econo-literary Criticism, 2. the long history of the debate on the relation of text and context in literary studies, 3. the controversy surrounding the application of Joseph Vogl’s ›poetics of knowledge‹ to the economic domain, and 4. the ideological positioning of economic themes in pre-modern literature between the poles of ›Commercial economy‹ and ›Christian economics‹.

Unintended Consequences

Abstract After annexing Novgorod in 1478, Grand Prince Ivan III adopted a series of policies that resulted in weakening the commercial economy that had underpinned Novgorod’s wealth and independence. Among them were policies, adopted in the 1490s and thoroughly studied by scholars, that disrupted Novgorod’s relations with its Baltic trading partners and prompted major adjustments to its patterns of export. But even earlier, in the 1480s, Ivan introduced policies that dismantled the long-standing and well-organized system of supplying large quantities of squirrel pelts, one of Novgorod’s major exports, to the market. The economic effect of these policies, which had been designed to consolidate his political authority over the subjugated region, was seemingly unintentional.

A Study of the Moderating Mediation Model of Pay Equity on Job Performance

With the development of the commercial economy, the continuous intensification of market competition, the continuous transparency of marketing methods, so that the development of enterprises cannot be limited to market competition, more and more enterprises pay attention to the competition of talents, so enterprises will pay more attention to the management of human resources, salary management is an important part of human resources, while salary management is also one of the core elements of enterprise management talents and talent absorption. However, because salary management is the most difficult to grasp in human resources, it is also the sector that needs to be repeatedly demonstrated and studied, in the development of enterprises, there are many enterprises do not have a complete salary system, resulting in management chaos and unclear incentive means, and when implemented at the grassroots level, because the implementation of grassroots managers is not in place, the fairness of salary is not fully displayed, resulting in employees dissatisfied with the salary system, and the development of enterprises has also been affected a lot. This situation has attracted the attention of many experts and scholars, who have begun to do more research and exploration on pay equity. A total of 400 valid survey questionnaires were sent out in this survey, a total of 238 valid survey questionnaires were returned, and finally screened, a total of 200 valid research questionnaires were selected, and the overall validity of the questionnaire exceeded 84%. Background variables include gender, age, education, etc. Through research, the authors found that employees' emotional intelligence has a mediating role between perceived pay equity and job performance, and this paper concludes that employees need to further strengthen their emotional intelligence, the higher the emotional intelligence of employees, the more flexible they will be when dealing with conflicts between employees in the organization, which is conducive to the formation of good employee relationships and the improvement of employee cohesion perception.

Trust in modernity: The case of Adam Smith

Recent examination of Adam Smith’s mention of trust and his understanding of the role of trust in interpersonal relations add to his standing as a theorist of modernity. Smith’s development of the notion of trust is confined to an account of trustworthiness, which is consistent with his theory of moral agency based on the principle of the impartial spectator. In addition, it is demonstrated that the predominance of trustworthiness in Smith’s understanding relates to the significant presence of cottage industry in a globalised commercial economy, through which reliance on others is foregrounded. At the same time Smith was unable to grasp the disposition and agency of a trustor, a person giving trust, and their confidence in choosing to balance the risk of depending on strangers with the advantage such dependence might provide. In this way both Smith’s understanding of trust and the nature of trust itself are explicated.

The Legacy of Colonialism and Ecological Genocide on Indigenous People of Nauru

This paper explains the connection between colonialism, environmental destruction, capitalism, and dependency in Nauru. Nauru is an extreme example of how the legacy of colonialism has had a destructive impact on the indigenous people. In the case of Nauru, Pivot is the collapse of the symbiotic relationship between humans and the environment. There has been limited research on the impact of colonialism and ecological destruction on indigenous people, especially in international relations scholarship. The analysis of Nauru represents a microcosm of the conflict between environmental sustainability and the commercial economy. Nauru has undergone environmental injustice for decades and has delivered a prolonged impact of dietary problems and health crises. I argue that the current Nauruan national crisis and economic stagnation have resulted from its complex history of colonialism and the failure of post-colonial successive governments to escape from the former colonial ruler's structurally induced dependency.

Epic Futurity: The Phaeacians, Carthage, and the Tradition

AbstractContrary to the views of Hegelian critics, epic from its Homeric beginnings has projected a future time and future readers beyond its narrative frame. The genre does not close itself off in a heroic past. The episode of the Phaeacian banquet in the Odyssey places a utopian, technologically advanced and wealthy mercantile society side by side with its heroic world. The Phaeacians who listen to Odysseus’s wanderings and tales of Troy at their banquet figure a future, nonheroic audience for the poem itself. Subsequent imitations of this episode in major epics—the Aeneid, Orlando furioso, Os Lusíadas, Gerusalemme liberata, The Faerie Queene, Paradise Lost—measure a modern, critical distance, fed by science and a commercial economy, upon epic and its heroic values. The genre contains a historical dialectic of past and present from its outset.

Strategies for Environmental Protection and Optimization of Ecological Business Economic Growth from the Perspective of Sustainable Development

The concept of ecological commercial economy refers to the use of ecological economics principles and system engineering methods to change production and consumption patterns within the scope of the carrying capacity of the ecosystem in order to tap into all of the available resource potential. It develops some economically developed and ecologically efficient industries and builds a culture with reasonable systems, a harmonious society, and a healthy ecological environment. This paper aims to use deep learning algorithms to study environmental protection and the optimization of ecological business economic growth from the perspective of sustainable development. In this regard, this paper proposes a theoretical model of environmental regulation, which aids in the study of the sustainable development of the ecological economy. Through experimental analysis, this study determined that the non-renewable resources of the two cities designated M and N dropped from 82% and 99% in 2017 to 78% and 79% in 2021, a decrease of 3% and 20%, respectively. This shows that the non-renewable resources of the four cities in area A generally showed a downward trend. The experimental results show that the deep learning theory and the environmental regulation model play a specific and effective role in the researching of the ecological business economy.

Blood and Boundaries: The Limits of Religious and Racial Exclusion in Early Modern Latin America

The Holy Office of the Inquisition in Lima arrested Manuel Bautista Pérez in 1635 on accusations that he was the leader of Peru's secret Jews and sentenced him to death in 1639. Bautista Pérez was a Portuguese converso merchant who had become one of Lima's wealthiest residents and who exerted significant influence and power in the city. Inquisitors arrested Bautista Pérez during investigations in the 1630s into some of Lima's most commercially successful residents, most of whom were conversos. How were Manuel Bautista Pérez and others able to operate as powerful players in international mercantile networks and settle in viceregal capitals when the Spanish crown had strictly prohibited conversos and other New Christians, such as Moriscos, from crossing the Atlantic Ocean to Spanish America? This is one of the important questions that animates Stuart B. Schwartz's Blood and Boundaries.Schwartz explores the limits of religious and racial exclusion in the Spanish American viceroyalties by focusing on the lived experiences of individuals and communities from three marginalized groups: Moriscos, conversos, and mestizos. Schwartz explores how marginalized groups navigated laws and discourses that sought to exclude them, showing how “the restrictions and disadvantages were repeatedly circumvented, negotiated, ignored, and ultimately failed as policies of social marginalization—even though they were relatively successful in weakening those groups as corporate actors with political interests” (p. 10). Chapter 1 explores how the fear of Islam, Islamic practices, and Christian renegades who converted to Islam in captivity penetrated colonial anxieties in Spanish America, even though the number and proportion of Moriscos and Muslims in Spanish America were very limited. Schwartz analyzes the dynamic of this fear and anxiety about Islam in Spanish America by exploring how colonial subjects defended themselves against such accusations in Inquisition trials. The chapter convincingly shows that while not many Moriscos crossed the Atlantic Ocean from Castile to Spanish America, the fear of Islamic practices and beliefs remained ingrained in the imaginary landscapes of colonial authorities and the experiences of colonial subjects.In contrast, chapter 2 explores how conversos often crossed the ocean as merchants and entrepreneurs and settled in Spanish America in significant numbers with limited resistance from the crown, in spite of copious laws that prohibited conversos from traveling to the Indies. They often became wealthy and powerful residents in viceregal cities. Instead of focusing on the sporadic persecutions of conversos across colonial Latin America, Schwartz explores their lived experiences, especially of those who occupied prominent economic positions. Schwartz argues that many conversos were able to navigate and circumvent discourses and laws that sought to exclude them because, “in the context of the closed commercial economies of the Iberian empires, their mercantile skills and connections often made them not only useful but essential to local and regional economies, and that utility overrode the prohibitions on their residence and the suspicions about the sincerity of their Catholic piety” (p. 62). The third and final chapter explores how American-born mestizos, who faced significant legislation that sought to prevent their participation in higher echelons of colonial society, learned how to seek “legal relief and sometimes successfully challenged the system of restrictions and disadvantages by learning how to use legal representation, the law courts, appeals to viceregal authority, and direct petitions to the crown to defend themselves and their interests” (p. 106).This book is an important and welcome addition to the historiography of ideas about racial difference and exclusion in colonial Latin America. Schwartz shifts from a focus on how institutions of governance sought to marginalize and exclude particular groups and instead argues that individuals' and communities' lived experiences reveal how a broad array of colonial subjects negotiated and often circumvented ideas and rules that sought to exclude or marginalize them. In his own words, Schwartz eschews an analysis of “the laws and institutions that sought to enforce the exclusions and reinforce the social hierarchy or [of] the discourse and patterns of genealogical thinking that sought to distinguish between purity and infection” to instead focus on the agency and experiences “of those who lived under these constraints, and on how and why the attempts to marginalize them were limited, modified, ignored, or evaded—not only by the victims of the exclusions but also by other groups and individuals in their society, and at times even by the state or by ecclesiastical institutions as well” (pp. 4–5). This focus on how marginalized groups reacted to and navigated ideas and laws that sought to marginalize them is key “to understanding the role of race and other forms of social difference in these colonial regimes” (p. 4).

Commercial dynamics in urban China during the COVID-19 recession: Vulnerability and short-term adaptation of commercial centers in Shanghai

Studying the commercial dynamics during the COVID-19 recession could help deepen our understanding of how the pandemic damages the commercial economy and how to against the pandemic. This study aims to explore the vulnerability and adaptation of commercial centers using a weekly consumption data of UnionPay cards in Shanghai. A vulnerability index and multiscale geographically weighted regressions (MGWR) are employed. Our results suggest that retail, leisure, and entertainment sectors are less vulnerable to the pandemic at the early stage, when catering, life service, and wholesale sectors are more influenced. Catering, life service, and wholesale sectors were better adapted to the second wave of the pandemic, while the retail and entertainment sectors were even more vulnerable. Further analysis using MGWR models suggests that the commercial centers with higher consumption volume are better adapted to the shock. The diversity of commercial sectors mainly reduces low-level commercial centers' vulnerability to the pandemic. The commercial centers targeting high-end consumers with wider hinterland were less adapted to the pandemic. These research outcomes reveal the disparities in commercial centers' vulnerability against COVID-19 and highlight adaptation's role during the pandemic.

Trust and Distrust: Corruption in Office in Britain and its Empire, 1600‐1850. By MarkKnights. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. 512 pp. £35. ISBN: 978‐0‐19879‐624‐4.

Trust and Distrust: Corruption in Office in Britain and its Empire, 1600‐1850. By MarkKnights. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. 512 pp. £35. ISBN: 978‐0‐19879‐624‐4.

Finance, Fiction, and Loss

Finance, Fiction, and Loss

Prescrições Mandevillianas: “The Planter’s Charity”, as Paixões e o Corpo Sofredor

In “Mandevillian Prescriptions: ‘The Planter’s Charity, the Passions, and the Suffering Body,” I argue that Mandeville explores emotions specific to an emergent capitalist economy. Mandeville attacks the sentimental and religious belief that virtuous behavior will lead to reward from God and the marketplace. Yet, while Mandeville rejects sentimentalism, he displays a keen awareness of suffering. As a physician and a philosopher, he understands the relief of suffers as part of the goal. For some people, Mandeville observes, the emergent commercial economy has replaced one kind of suffering (physical exertion) for another (melancholy). Yet for others, it brings relentless physical torment. For this reason, I suggest that the poem “The Planter’s Charity,” a poem about the hypocrisy of Christianizing the enslaved, is Mandevillian, if not actually written by Mandeville. His Treatise of Hypochondria and the Hysterical Passions explores the emotional cost of a system that creates so much melancholy and the role of the physician in attempting to alleviate it. Interest in the suffering body runs from “The Planter’s Charity,” The Fable of the Bees,” and The Treatise.

Social change, cultural evolution, weaving apprenticeship, and development: informal education across three generations and 42 years in a Maya community

Analyzing three sets of video data collected in one Maya community, we examined apprenticeship and learning of backstrap loom weaving over three generations spanning the years 1970 to 2012. Like many cultural groups, the Maya of Chiapas are experiencing rapid sociodemographic shifts. Three generations of girls (N = 134) were observed at their looms: in the 1970 subsistence economy; in the transition to a commercial economy in the 1990s; and in 2012, when the commercial economy required formal education. Multilevel models showed that intergenerational sociodemographic change - increased time in school, greater involvement in the money economy, and decreased family size - changed weaving apprenticeship, which, in turn, was related to changes in characteristics of learners. In 2012, weaving learners received more explanations, praise, and body instruction from their teachers. Learners, in turn, asked more questions. However, these changes came at a cost - the gradual loss of weaving as an everyday subsistence practice and art form. Tracing intergenerational change over three generations, this study makes a unique contribution to an understanding of cultural evolution.