Commercial Technology Research Articles

A Study of V(IV/V) and V(II/III) Reactions on Carbon Based Electrodes

The vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is one of the most promising energy storage technologies for large scale commercialization. Carbon based electrodes, such as carbon felts or carbon paper, are used for V(II/III) and V(IV/V) reactions. To improve the vanadium redox reaction kinetics, the carbon electrodes are usually activated by a variety of methods such as thermal treatment, heteroatom doping, catalyst incorporation etc. [1] It is generally considered that surface functional group such as C–OH, C=O play an important role in vanadium redox reaction [1-6]. Even though there are reports showing higher surface functional group content e.g. total C–O content leads to improved vanadium redox reaction kinetics [2-6], qualitative correlation of the surface property of the carbon materials and the vanadium redox reaction is not reported. There is a need for fundamental understanding of the surface properties of the carbon electrodes and their relation with the reaction kinetics, including the key parameters that determine them.In this work, using cyclic voltammetry (CV), we studied the surface properties of a variety of carbon based electrodes (glassy carbon (GC), edge plane pyrolytic graphite, base plane pyrolitic graphite, graphite (from Pine Research, called graphite-Pine thereafter), graphite rod, and H2SO4 soaked graphite rod), and the V(II/III) and V(IV/V) reaction kinetics on these electrodes. The goal of soaking the graphite rod electrode in H2SO4 is to activate the electrode and make it comparable to the carbon felt electrode [1]. XPS was also used to analyze the functional group. The relationship between the surface properties and the reaction kinetic parameters was analyzed.Fig. 1 compares the cyclic voltammograms (CV) of the edge plane, basal plane graphite and GC electrodes in 2 M H2SO4. Two redox couples are observed, ascribed to C=O and COOH group redox peak respectively [7]. On basal plane electrode, these two redox peaks are less significant, and an extra reduction peak is observed at 0.24 V due to the C–OH reduction. On the GC electrode, the C=O redox peak is still discernable but the COOH redox peak is almost undetectable. A capacitance region appears between 0.6 – 0.75 V vs Ag/AgCl for all these electrodes. Similar features are observed with the graphite-Pine, graphite rod and H2SO4 soaked graphite rod electrodes with significantly enhanced redox peaks and larger capacitance. The H2SO4 soaked graphite rod electrode presents the highest surface functional group density and capacitance. XPS also shows that the H2SO4 soaked graphite rod electrode has the highest total C–O content.CV of V(IV/V) and V(II/III) were measured using these electrodes at different scan rates. Fig. 2 shows the CV of V(IV/V) reaction on these electrodes. The three graphite rod electrodes show better reversible feature than the edge plane, basal plane and GC electrodes. Diffusion coefficient, transfer coefficient and reaction rate constant were obtained from the CVs. The diffusion coefficient follows the sequence of soaked graphite rod > graphite rod > Graphite-Pine > Edge plane > GC > basal plane electrode. The transfer coefficient and reaction rate constant are also different for these electrodes. Similarly, the diffusion coefficient, transfer coefficient and reaction rate constant are obtained for the V(II/III) reaction. The diffusion coefficient and reaction rate constant for the V(II/III) reaction are smaller than that for the V(IV/V) reaction on the corresponding electrodes. For both V(IV/V) and V(II/III), a linear relationship was found for diffusion coefficient versus the logarithm of capacitance and C=O group functional group. Higher value of log(capacitance) and log(C=O density) leads to larger diffusion coefficient. However, there is no clear relationship between transfer coefficient, reaction rate constant vs capacitance or C=O density. It seems that the capacitance and C=O functional group density are the importance parameters determining the vanadium redox reaction kinetics.References He, Y. Lv, T. Zhang, Y. Zhu, L. Dai, S. Yao., W. Zhu, L. Wang, Chem. Eng. J., 427 (2022) 131680Zhang, J. Xia, Z. Li, H. Zhou, L. Liu, Z. Wu, X. Qiu, Electrochim. Acta 89 (2013) 429– 435Liu, L. Yang, Q. Xu, C. Yan, RSC Adv., 2014, 4, 55666Choi, H. Noh, S. Kim, R. Kim, R. Kim, J. Lee, J. Heo, H.-T. Kim, J. Energy Storage, 21 (2019) 321 – 327Eifert, R. Banerjee, Z. Jusys, R. Zeis, J. Electrochem. Soc., 165 (2018) A2577 – A2586Leuna, D. Priyadarshani, A. K. Tripathi, M. Neergat, J. Electroanal. Chem., 878 (2020) 114590K. Singh, M. Pahlevaninezhad, N. Yasri, E. P. L. Roberts, ChemSusChem 2021, 14, 2100–2111 Figure 1

(Invited) Experimental and Data Analysis Platforms to Better Understand the Corrosion and Discharge of Powdered Zn

Zinc anodes have been a cornerstone of many commercial and pre-commercial battery technologies including primary and secondary alkaline cells, Zn-air batteries and Zn-ion batteries. To maximize the performance of devices at both the lab and commercial scales, moderate surface area (mm-sized) Zn powder is used – either immobilized onto a diffusion electrode or incorporated into a slurry. Unlike nano-sized materials, micron-sized materials are poorly characterized by traditional electrochemical techniques like thin-film rotating disk electrodes, because the roughness introduced by the relatively large particles disrupts the ideal fluid flow near the surface, negating the mathematical description of the electrode behavior. This leads many researchers to try and characterize the Zn behavior in more application-like cells. The downside of doing this is that there is a strong influence of the counter electrode, electrolyte solution and the efficacy of the specific individual in assembling the cells. Therefore, there is a need to develop new platforms that have the ability to determine the electrochemical properties of powdered Zn – most notably achievable capacity and corrosion current – and to develop analytical models to describe their behavior.Over the past several years, our group has been developing new platforms to understand how Zn behaves during discharge and charge, including 1-D cells and cells that mimic the geometry of a primary alkaline battery [1]. However, those platforms have their limitations. In this talk, another new cell, coined the “gravity cell” will be discussed. The gravity cell has a small well where Zn (either as raw powder or in slurry form) is gravity deposited onto an indium foil current collector. Typically, a gel electrolyte is placed on top of the Zn bed, followed by liquid electrolyte, which also contains the counter and reference electrodes. The gravity cell is used to both discharge the Zn powder and to measure its corrosion characteristics. This can be done as a function of mass loading, which introduces limitations into the behavior as the Zn discharges from the Zn/gel interface towards the current collector. This type of discharge, limited by Ohmic resistance, requires new mathematical frameworks to extract the desired parameters. This talk will focus on the design of the cell as well as the derivation of the mathematical framework. Then, data will be shown using several types of Zn powder both in the presence and absence of surfactants that aim to reduce the corrosion rate.

Approaches for Optimum Thermal Management of SOFC Cells: Fitting Operating Conditions & Smart Cell Design

The thrust of green hydrogen as energy vector for the consolidation of a net-zero emitting global energy system implies the necessity of a fast development of high performing and highly efficient fuel cells and electrolyzers. Among the commercial choices, solid oxide cells can be considered as a better performing alternative compared to commercial proton exchange membrane and alkaline technologies. The benefits of this kind of technology arise from their higher operating temperatures of around 700-900 ºC, which results in improved kinetics and favored thermodynamics, allowing to reach unrivaled conversion efficiencies and reduced electricity consumption. Furthermore, this allows operating the cell reversibly in both fuel cell (SOFC) and electrolysis (SOE) modes.However, cell overheating and non-uniform temperature distribution can lead to an acceleration of degradation processes and cell cracking and sintering, which challenges long-term cell stability. In this sense, modeling at cell level enables to optimize operating conditions, improve cell design and predict and minimize such phenomena. Simulations allow mimicking the response of the cells and stacks at diverse operating scenarios and accelerates the optimization process minimizing experimental efforts; saving materials, time, and economical resources. We model SOFC/SOE cell behavior by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), solving the mass, species, momentum, energy and current conservation equations, as well as electrochemical reaction models.In this work, a detailed methodology to guide design of the thermal management of SOFC by means of CFD and numerical optimization tools is proposed. These approaches combine acting both on operating conditions and cell geometry. Initially, we study the influence of inlet gas flows and describe a procedure to optimize the flows while maximizing the energetic outcome. Afterwards, we describe how numerical methods can allow fitting feed gas temperatures to avoid overheating. Finally, we go a step further by optimizing cell interconnect plate geometries to minimize internal temperature gradients. All in all, we demonstrate how CFD studies can accelerate SOFC cell design in order to maximize performance and extend lifespan. Figure 1

Durability Study of Anode-Supported SOFC with Large-Area Fabricated By 4-Layer Sequential Co-Lamination and GDC Co-Firing Process

Electrolyte-Cathode interfaces are life-threatening regions of solid oxide fuel cells where degradation phenomena occur due to chemical interdiffusion. The Buffer layer is inserted between electrolyte-cathode to limit the cation exchange across the interface. However, state of art buffer layer coated by screen printing does not fully prevent cation migration which results in the formation of insulating phases such as SrZrO3. Herein, a reliable four-layered (NiO-YSZ, NiO-CeScSZ, CeScSZ, and GDC) thin film-based anode supported SOFCs with a large-area (12cm×12cm) were fabricated by sequential co-lamination, in which all cell components perform a distinct role to enhance the interfacial connectivity and packing density of electrolytes. This enhanced connectivity with a highly dense electrolyte (5-6µm) and buffer layer (2-3 µm) accomplished on the porous anode support without any structural defects. The single cell (144cm2) showed a power output of 38W at total current 50A (700°C). The Post-tested cell had exceptional micro-structural characteristics, excellent interfacial adhesion and retained its structural integrity during static and dynamic operation. Also, the formation of insulating phases and decomposition of cathode was effectively prevented, resulting in a remarkable improvement in durability. The cell with four-layered structure exhibits an extreme low-degradation rate of 0.2% kh-1 under 25A current and 21 dynamic load cycling conditions, which satisfies the strict benchmark of durability for commercialization of technology. Key word: Durability, interfacial connectivity, insulating phase, sequential co-lamination Figure 1

Techno-economic modelling of AEM electrolysis systems to identify ideal current density and aspects requiring further research

Hydrogen produced by water electrolysis using renewable energy is a sustainable alternative to steam reformation. As a nascent commercial technology, performance, and economic comparisons of anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers (AEMWE) to other electrolyzer technology benchmarks are not available. We present a techno-economic model estimating AEMWE's baseline levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) at $5.79/kg, considering trade-offs between current density, efficiency, stability, capital, and operating costs. The optimal current density is 1.38 A cm−2, balancing stability and performance for the lowest LCOH. Using low-cost electricity and larger stack sizes, AEMWE could achieve $2/kg low-carbon hydrogen. Technical improvements targeting system efficiency, particularly reducing overpotentials in hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions, could further reduce LCOH to $1.29/kg, approaching U.S. Department of Energy cost targets. There are hopes this model could raise the profile of AEMWE's economic potential to produce green hydrogen and highlight its suitability for decarbonizing the energy sector.

A Techno-Economic Appraisal of Green Diesel Generation through Hydrothermal Liquefaction, Leveraging Residual Resources from Seaweed and Fishing Sectors

This study examines the economic viability of an emerging technology for potential upscaling and commercialization in a specific location: the village of New Stuyahok, Alaska. The proposed technology is hydrothermal liquefaction, which utilizes kelp macroalgae and fishing waste as feedstock. These materials were chosen due to their easy availability in the village and their alignment with the local economy. The economic evaluation is based on the net present value (NPV) and sensitivity models. Different feedstock ratios (on a dry basis), such as 100:0, 50:50, and 30:70 of kelp and fishing waste, respectively, were evaluated to determine the optimal combination. The results indicated that the process is economically viable only when a high proportion of fishing waste is used. This can be ascribed to the constrained output yield of the kelp biomass and the relatively negligible influence exerted by alginate production on the NPV. However, the ratio 50:50 appears to be economically promising if the costs can be reduced by at least 13.5% or the benefits can be increased by 12.1%. Nevertheless, government support could play a crucial role in expediting the implementation of this technology once it becomes market-ready. This means being practical, scalable, and economically viable, enabling reduced investments or increased benefits that signify its readiness. Utilizing such a tool offers valuable insights into the framework of the proposed technology and the use of local natural resources.

Technology commercialization: tools for offering technologies protected through intellectual property

The commercialization of technology is an important process for generating innovation in a society, because, when a technology is developed and patented, it needs to be transferred to be implemented and become useful to the community, which often does not occur, because, technology transfer is not guaranteed, as well as its technology offering sub-process. Thus, the study issue is the gap between technology development, technology transfer, and more specifically the offer of technology to potential customers. Seeking to identify methods and tools to offer technology and systematically develop a robust guideline to be followed for offering technologies from Technology Transfer Offices (TTO), uniting the main methods found. Through the systematic literature review, information from several authors who study or correlate their studies with the proposed theme, seeks to condense this information and complement a practical solution developed through Design Science Research. That said, the main facilitators of technology offer and transfer were identified from a solid and current literature review, generating an ideal foundation for the development of a systemic artifact that seeks to serve as a robust guideline to be followed for the provision of technologies from of TTO. So that the technology offer process of the technology transfer offices of the various Science and Technology Institutes is viable and efficient, seeking greater effectiveness and commitment of new technologies as innovation for the social body as a whole.

Investigating the influence of digital technology application on employee compensation

The impact of the digital technology application (DTA) on labor income share has sparked intense debate among academics. Nevertheless, few studies have focused on its influence and potential mechanisms on average employee compensation (AEC) and the executive-employee compensation gap (ECG). We employed listed corporations in China from 2011 to 2020 to answer these questions. Our findings are as follows. First, DTA can raise AEC, but it also widens ECG. Second, the potential mechanisms of DTA to enhance AEC are improving gross operating income, optimizing human resource allocation, and boosting total factor productivity. Its potential mechanism for widening ECG also is expanding managerial power, in addition to human resources and total factor productivity. Third, operational management digital technology increases AEC and broadens ECG. Inversely, commercial model digital technology has no significant impact on either. Operational management digital technology promotes total factor productivity more significantly than commercial model digital technology, thereby increasing AEC and ECG. Fourth, digital technology applied by technology-based firms has contributed to both AEC and ECG. In labor-based firms, it has only facilitated AEC. Increased demand for high-skilled laborers, decreased demand for low-skilled laborers, and expanded managerial power in technology-based firms are essential factors responsible for this phenomenon.

Normative Values for Word Syllable Duration With Interpretation in a Large Sample of Stroke Survivors With Aphasia.

Slow speech rate and abnormal temporal prosody are primary diagnostic criteria for differentiating between people with aphasia who do and do not have apraxia of speech. We sought to identify appropriate cutoff values for abnormal word syllable duration (WSD) in a word repetition task, interpret them relative to a data set of people with chronic aphasia, and evaluate the extent to which manually derived measures could be approximated through an automated process that relied on commercial speech recognition technology. Fifty neurotypical participants produced 49 multisyllabic words during a repetition task. Audio recordings were submitted to an automated speech recognition (ASR) service (IBM Watson) to measure word duration and generate an orthographic transcription. The transcribed words were compared to a lexical database, and the number of syllables was identified. Automatic and manual measures were compared for 50% of the sample. Results were interpreted relative to WSD scores from an existing data set of 195 people with mostly chronic aphasia. ASR correctly identified 83% of target words and 98% of target syllable counts. Automated word duration calculations were longer than manual measures due to imprecise cursor placement. Upon applying regression coefficients to the automated measures and examining the frequency distributions for both manual and estimated measures, a WSD of 303-316 ms was found to indicate longer-than-normal performance (corresponding to the 95th percentile). With this cutoff, 40%-45% of participants with aphasia in our comparison sample had an abnormally long WSD. We recommend using a rounded WSD cutoff score between 303 and 316 ms for manual measures. Future research will focus on customizing automated WSD methods to speech samples from people with aphasia, identifying target words that maximize production and measurement reliability, and developing WSD standard scores based on a large participant sample with and without aphasia.

WIRELESS ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM

Advances in commercial compact integrated circuit technology have made it possible to integrate wireless transceivers, signal processing, and sensors in a single integrated circuit package. Such solutions provide a low-cost means of communication with the physical world and can have applications in areas as diverse as security, production management, research and environmental monitoring. We outline the challenges of system design for a distributed sensor network in which each node has a limited power source and communication channel. The nodes must establish a synchronous network with multiple hops, determine locations, and communicate for purposes such as relaying a signal and transmitting data to a server device. The confluence of low-cost wireless, computing, and sensors has created a new generation of smart devices. The use of tens and thousands of such devices in self-organizing networks has led to the creation of a new technology called wireless sensor networks. In this article, we will consider an example of the use of such a network based on the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) wireless data transfer protocol, which gave a serious impetus to the development of wireless sensors. Together with organic polymers, which are used as a sensor layer, it is possible to achieve high energy efficiency and selective sensitivity in monitoring. It is also worth noting the fast and cheap production of electronics based on organic polymers. Due to the semiconductor and flexible properties of organic semiconductor materials, flexible organic electronics has become the core of our technology. The field of organic electronics is entering a commercial phase. The appearance on the market of the first prototypes based on organic transistors made from solutions is intended to expand the existing presence in the market of organic electronic devices. We'll look at some of the key performance requirements for working devices. We will also look at some of the important advances in semiconductor design and device manufacturing technologies and discuss some of the technical challenges that are needed to optimize next generation products.

Digitalization, inter-organizational collaboration, and technology transfer

In this study, we explore the impact of business process digitalization on technology transfer intensity through the mediating mechanism of inter-organizational collaboration. Using data collected from 211 firms in Vietnam, we find that: (1) digitalization positively influences inter-organizational collaboration, (2) inter-organization collaboration positively affects technology transfer intensity, (3) the effect of inter-organizational collaboration on technology transfer intensity is amplified when technology commercialization potential is high, and (4) the effect of digitalization on technology transfer intensity is mediated by inter-organizational collaboration. These findings suggest that technology commercialization potential is a critical moderating factor that needs to be considered in the context of technology transfer, and its interaction with inter-organizational collaboration should be carefully managed to maximize the benefits of technology transfer. The study provides practical implications for technology firms seeking to enhance their technology transfer outcomes.

Comparing research trends with patenting activities in the biomedical sector: The case of dementia

Publications and patents have long been regarded as useful sources of technological knowledge in the biomedical sector; thus, they have been analyzed to monitor technology trends and opportunities. However, most previous efforts have focused either on publications as outputs of scientific discovery or patents as outputs of technological development. Few have combined the two databases to derive meaningful implications for identifying new technology opportunities in the biomedical sector. In particular, transforming scientific discovery based on research activities into technological development leading further to commercialization is essential for clinical applications in this sector. Facilitating this process may help achieve efficient and successful research and development (R&D) that requires significant time and cost. Therefore, this study proposed an approach to compare research trends with patenting activities aimed at supporting technology commercialization in the biomedical sector. To achieve this, we employed a semantic analysis of publication data to identify the causal relationships between diseases. We also used co-occurrence analysis of patent data to extract co-treatment relationships between diseases. The analysis results were then integrated to identify diseases that require further drug development. The proposed approach was applied to dementia, and the findings may provide useful insights into technology opportunities for decision-makers in charge of technology planning and commercialization in the biomedical sector.

Experimental evaluation of three different dehumidifiers for greenhouses in cold regions

Selecting a dehumidifier is not easy for greenhouse growers because of its high capital and operation cost and new emerging technologies, besides selection variations with crop species, local weather climate, and greenhouse sizes. The technical performance evaluation of various dehumidification technologies in commercial-scale greenhouse settings and their comparative results can give growers the new information needed to select the best dehumidifier. In this study, the field performance of a newly developed state point liquid desiccant (SPLD) dehumidifier is compared with two other commercial dehumidification technologies; direct contact liquid desiccant (DCLD) dehumidifier, and heat recovery ventilator (HRV), in ornamental (rose) and tomato greenhouses. Under the test condition, among the three dehumidifiers, the HRV unit had the highest calculated moisture removal rate (MRR) of 189.1 kg hr-1, the lowest moisture removal cost of 0.022 $ kg−1, and the lowest electricity consumption (0.02 kWh kg−1 of moisture removal). The highest electrical consumption was found in the SPLD unit under the wet mode, with an average of 0.44 kWh kg−1. However, the SPLD-wet mode was the most efficient regarding net energy consumption (0.53 kWh kg−1). The DCLD showed a moderate performance on electrical energy (0.15 kWh kg−1) and net energy consumption (0.775 kWh kg−1) with good indoor humidity control. The SPLD unit under dry mode was similar to the HRV unit regarding moisture removal cost (0.026 $ kg−1) and electricity consumption (0.046 kWh kg−1). The comparative results of this study indicate that a single dehumidification technique cannot be both technically effective and economically cost-saving year-round. Thus, combining a low-cost technology, such as ventilation or a heat exchanger, and an internal dehumidification technology will be the most practical and feasible in cold regions.

Review of Biosurfactants Gas Hydrate Promoters

Biosurfactants are promising additives for gas hydrate technology applications. They are believed to have better eco properties than conventional kinetic hydrate promoters such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). In this article, the research advances on the use of biosurfactants for gas hydrate formation enhancement have been reviewed and discussed in detail to provide current knowledge on their progress in green chemistry technologies. Specifically, the use of bio promoters in carbon capture, gas storage and transportation are discussed. By far, biosurfactants seem to perform better than conventional hydrate promoters and have the potential to lead to the commercialization of gas hydrate-based technologies in terms of improving hydrate kinetics.

Evaluation of a high-throughput H295R homogenous time resolved fluorescence assay for androgen and estrogen steroidogenesis screening

The H295R test guideline assay evaluates the effect of test substances on synthesis of 17β-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T). The objective of this study was to leverage commercial immunoassay technology to develop a more efficient H295R assay to measure E2 and T levels in 384-well format. The resulting Homogenous Time Resolved Fluorescence assay platform (H295R-HTRF) was evaluated against a training set of 36 chemicals derived from the OECD inter-laboratory validation study, EPA guideline 890.1200 aromatase assay, and azole fungicides active in the HT-H295R assay. Quality control performance criteria were met for all conditions except E2 synthesis inhibition where low basal hormone synthesis was observed. Five proficiency chemicals were active for both the E2 and T endpoints, consistent with guideline classifications. Of the nine OECD core reference chemicals, 9/9 were concordant with outcomes for E2 and 7/9 for T. Likewise, 9/13 and 11/13 OECD supplemental chemicals were concordant with anticipated effects for E2 and T, respectively. Of the 10 azole fungicides screened, 7/10 for E2 and 8/10 for T exhibited concordant outcomes for inhibition. Generally, all active chemicals in the training set demonstrated equivalent or greater potency in the H295R-HTRF assay, supporting the sensitivity of the platform. The adaptation of HTRF technology to the H295R model provides an efficient way to evaluate E2 and T modulators in accordance with guideline specifications.

3D Printing of Bi2Te3-Based Thermoelectric Materials with High Performance and Shape Controllability.

Thermoelectric (TE) energy conversion technology provides a promising way to improve the efficiency of fossil energy by generating electricity from low-grade waste heat. With regard to these applications, thermoelectric generators (TEGs) should be designed from system integration perspectives to simultaneously improve heat transfer efficiency and system simplification as well as the robust mechanical properties. However, typical TEGs fabricated by conventional methods barely accomplish such requirements. Herein, high-quality TEGs were assembled by combining the well-flowable spherical bismuth telluride (BT) powdered precursors and selective laser melting (SLM) technology. By optimizing the electronic and phonon transport properties through defect engineering driven by 3D printing, a high figure of merit was accomplished for 1.27 (p-type) and 1.13 (n-type) in BT. This achievement is primarily attributed to the nonequilibrium solidification mechanism, which leads to the formation of multiscale defects during the 3D printing process. The introduction of these multiscale defects enables the effective scattering of wide frequency phonons, leading to a substantial reduction in lattice thermal conductivity. Meanwhile, robust mechanical properties were obtained in the printed p-type/n-type BT TE materials parallel to the building direction (BD) with a compressive strength reaching 257/250 MPa by employing the fine grain structure and the high density of nanotwins introduced during the SLM process. A well shape-controllable and high-performance TEG was designed using 3D-printed BT half-rings, and an output power of 134 mW was achieved at a temperature gradient of 38.9 °C. Our study opens a new route for the great potential of TE materials based on standard commercial SLM 3D printing technology for low-grade waste heat emitted from structures with heterogeneous shapes.

Converter Kit Technology Commercialization Strategy as A Solution for The Acceleration of The Electric Motor Vehicle Program

In Indonesia, motorcycle ownership is more than other motorized vehicles. However, the more motorbikes are used, the more vehicle emissions are released. So we need transportation solutions that are more environmentally friendly and energy efficient such as electric motorbikes which can be obtained with a converter kit by still utilizing existing conventional motorbike parts as provided by PT. A B C. However, many challenges were encountered in the commercialization of the converter kit from PT ABC, such as limited and uncertain suppliers, limited introduction to the market, and unpreparedness of Human Resources in product management. This study aims to analyze the constraints on the commercialization process of converter kit products as a basis for designing supply chain engineering proposals and appropriate business engineering. Based on the analysis of TRL and Goldsmith, it shows that the product is at TRL 8 or has fulfilled the requirements, but still has various obstacles. Based on the SWOT analysis, the company still has several shortcomings due to limited market interest, marketing strategies implemented, and price volatility. The results show that there is a business strategy design using the Business Model Canvas method to accelerate technology commercialization, one of which is through the expansion of existing partnership and marketing systems.

University Research, Technological Commercialization, and Location

University Research, Technological Commercialization, and Location

Production of pharmaceutical micro and nano particles by subcritical water based technologies: A review

Low bioavailability of the drug caused by two factors of low aqueous solubility and low rate of drug dissolution is one of the most important challenges in the pharmaceutical industry. The reduction of particle size to micro or nano scale is one of the methods utilized in recent years to increase the solubility and dissolution rate of drugs with low aqueous solubility. In recent years, much attention has been paid to subcritical water as a green and bio-friendly solvent. The process of subcritical water has eliminated many of the disadvantages of conventional methods for reducing particle size. Thus, the present study performed a comprehensive review of the studies and the latest advances in the production of pharmaceutical micro and nano particles with low solubility in water using subcritical water based technologies. Subcritical water based technologies were divided into three main categories: a combination of subcritical water technology with a supercritical fluid process, a spray drying process, and anti-solvent precipitation. Nano-drugs that have been produced by these methods so far have been listed. The influence of operating parameters on the properties of the produced particles has been examined. Special emphasis has been put on the method of production of pharmaceutical micro and nano particles using the method of combining subcritical water technology with the anti-solvent precipitation method. Finally, the prospects of existing challenges and opportunities for scale-up and commercialization of particle production technology using subcritical water are discussed.

Cryogenic CMOS for Quantum Processing: 5-nm FinFET-Based SRAM Arrays at 10 K

In this work, we are the first to investigate and model the characteristics of a commercial 5nm FinFET technology from room temperature (300K) all the way down to cryogenic temperature (10K). We focus on SRAM circuits demonstrating how cryogenic temperatures impact their power, delay, and reliability. SRAM memories are key components in quantum read-out and control circuits, and therefore characterizing their key figure of merits when building cryogenic-CMOS circuits is essential. To achieve that, we first measure the electrical characteristics of nFinFET and pFinFET devices from 300K down to 10K. Then, we carefully calibrate the cryogenic-aware BSIM-CMG, which is the first industry-standard compact model for FinFET technologies designed for cryogenic temperatures. This enables us to reproduce the experimental data in which SPICE simulations come with an excellent agreement with the measurements. Using our well-calibrated transistor models, we simulate a complete 32-bit SRAM memory array, including a write driver, sense amplifier, pre-charger, and output latch. Then, we investigate how cryogenic temperatures impact the SRAM read and write delays at several stages during the operation, as well as the power and energy. For a more comprehensive analysis, we perform our studies for different SRAM types covering high-density, high-performance, and low-voltage cells. All transistor and SRAM analyses are performed at both room temperature and cryogenic temperature to obtain detailed comparisons revealing the exact role that cryogenic temperature plays in SRAMs. All in all, we demonstrate that commercial 5nm FinFET is indeed suitable for cryogenic-CMOS circuits required in quantum processors, revealing that the performance of SRAMs at 10K does improve while power and energy consumption are reduced. Nevertheless, SRAM reliability is more challenging in which noise margins need to be carefully engineered to remain sufficient at 10K.