Commercialization Of New Knowledge Research Articles

Business Environment Institutions as a Catalyst for Knowledge and Technology Transfer

Knowledge and innovation are key resources of the modern economy. Innovation, transfer, and use of knowledge determine the pace and level of economic development. The ability to transform knowledge into new technologies, products, services, marketing methods, and organizational solutions is both the basis of entrepreneurship and building a competitive advantage that increases the enterprise’s chances of maintaining its market position. However, the market commercialization of new knowledge in the form of cutting-edge technological solutions or new products is a complex process with a high risk of failure, thus requiring appropriate and different competencies. Moreover, there are numerous barriers at the point of contact between the worlds of science and business that significantly impede joint work on innovative projects. Therefore, specialized entities have emerged to transfer knowledge and technology from science to the economy. These entities organize the knowledge flow from entities that have to those that seek knowledge. A professional institutional base in this regard is developed by innovation and entrepreneurship centers that partner with both private and public sectors. These centers act as a catalyst for the flow of knowledge and are responsible for building a platform for dialogue and cooperation between science and business, thereby providing conditions for improving the efficiency of knowledge and technology transfer. Their activities are aimed at meeting the needs of entrepreneurs primarily related to the development of innovation, promotion of experimental activities, technology transfer and commercialization of knowledge, and improvement of competitiveness based on new technological solutions. The aim of the present paper is to indicate the importance of business environment institutions to the transfer of knowledge and technology between science and business.

The Role of Innovation in Economic Development Republic of Tajikistan

This article discusses the role of innovation in the development of the economy, changing its structure and the formation of new market conditions. The level of innovative development among the CIS countries is compared on the basis of various indicators.Aim. Analyze the current state of innovative development of the economy of the Republic of Tajikistan and compare the level of its development with the CIS countries.Task. Determine the impact of innovations on economic growth and their importance in the development of science-intensive industries, and in general for improving the standard of living of the population. Consider the contribution of innovation to economic growth in the Republic of Tajikistan.Methods. In this article, the comparative method, the method of generalization and expert analysis were used.Results. When considering the role and significance of innovation, it was revealed that new products, technology or equipment based on new knowledge not only contribute to the socio-economic growth in the country, but also determine its higher position in the world community and ensure national security. Therefore, the role of fundamental and applied research, as well as scientific developments and, most importantly, their practical application in the production process, has recently increased.Conclusion. In the second half XX century, scientists, along with the extensive and intensive type of economic growth, began to consider the innovative type. This was due to the fact that investing in information, science, high technology and the commercialization of new knowledge contributed not only to economic growth in developed countries, but formed the prerequisites for the initial stage of a post-industrial economy, or a knowledge-based economy.

KNOWLEDGE IN THE CONCEPT OF NATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS IN THE ERA OF THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

The economic development of countries and regional economic integrations in this century is accompanied by increasing openness and growing production and trade competitiveness of national economies in the world market. In short, the level of national competitiveness determines the ability of its institutions to shape the conditions conducive to business promotion, on the one hand, and the potential of domestic firms to take advantage of such conditions and place products on the world market, on the other. Dynamic economic growth means that companies and countries are increasingly promoting the improvement of trade competitiveness on the world market on the commercial valorization of existing and new knowledge into innovations. Strengthening innovation capacity helps countries accelerate the process of structural change and thus create conditions for dynamic economic growth, which is in the function of improving national competitiveness in the increasingly complex and demanding conditions of global business and competition. The fact is, however, that satisfactory economic development, which is based on the growth of competitiveness, fails to be achieved by all countries. Viewed in that light, the fourth industrial revolution as a phenomenon that dominates modern economic events in the world, opened new possibilities, but at the same time led to the strengthening of many imbalances, one of the expressive forms of which is the growing development gap between individual national economies.
 After forty years of experience in monitoring and comparing the factors of long-term competitiveness of countries, in 2018, the World Economic Forum promoted the Global Competitiveness Index 4.0. The index provides a detailed overview of the key drivers of economic growth and human development indicators in the era of the fourth industrial revolution. As an indicator of national competitiveness, the index is adjusted to the description of real events in business and the overall life of people that are shaped by the phenomenon of the fourth industrial revolution. The concept is based on the observation of the increase of real national production enabled by the growth of consumption of factors of production and total factor productivity as a measure of efficiency in the use of factors based on the commercialization of new knowledge and skills in innovation. Thus conceived, the Global Competitiveness Index 4.0. is a kind of indicator of the factors that determine economic growth and social development in the era of the fourth industrial revolution. It is an annual indicator that enables economic policy makers to assess their progress in a number of areas that determine national competitiveness in today's economic conditions. All indicators that make up the Global Competitiveness Index 4.0 are organized into 12 pillars: Institutions; Infrastructure; Application of ICT; Macroeconomic stability; Health; Skills; Product market; Job market; Financial system; Market size; Business dynamics; and Innovation Capability.

Стратегия трансформации медицинского ВУЗа в исследовательский университет

The transformation of medical universities into research universities is one of the promising models for the development of organizations of higher and postgraduate medical education. Development according to the model of a research university based on the generation of new knowledge through research and development, effective management of intellectual property and commercialization of new knowledge and developments will ensure the broad development of fundamental and applied scientific research for the needs of the industry and the country, training based on scientific achievements, broad international partnership in science with leading academic and scientific centers, as well as large-scale promotion of the results of scientific research and innovations in the practice and policy of healthcare.The purpose of this study was to select and justify the necessary conditions and measures for the transformation of medical universities into a research university. To achieve this goal, the domestic and international experience of creating research universities was analyzed. The object of the study in Kazakhstan was the development programs of research universities already established in Kazakhstan. The analysis of Kazakhstan's experience indicates that both multidisciplinary universities and universities with specialized areas (technical, medical, agrotechnical) can receive the status of a research university. The transformation in the research university is aimed at significantly strengthening the scientific component in the university's activities by widely attracting funding from domestic and foreign grant-givers, increasing funding from the University for scientific research, creating a broad infrastructure for research and innovative activities at the university, creating favorable conditions and motivation for the teaching staff to engage in research and innovative activities, supporting scientific schools, opening a commercialization office and a business incubator, developing scientific publications of the university, etc. All these measures are aimed at increasing the share of income from scientific activities, the growth of publications, the citation rate of articles, the number of international and national patents, the volume of commercialization of research results, improving positions in national and global science rankings, etc.An analysis of international experience indicates that a modern research university works in the interests of a dynamically developing society, it is a training center, a leading research center, as well as a center for innovation and translation of the results of scientific and innovative activities into the field of practical application.The proposed strategy for the transformation of medical universities into research universities includes the following key areas: strengthening and continuous development of the university's human resources in the field of scientific and innovative activities; formation of an effective infrastructure for scientific and innovative activities of university staff and students; improvement of management mechanisms of scientific and innovative activities at the University; creation of an effective environment for involving students in science and supporting young scientists; strengthening cooperation on scientific and innovative activities with leading foreign and domestic universities, research centers, enterprises of the medical and pharmaceutical industry; gaining recognition in scientific and innovative activities at the national and international level.Keywords: research university, medical education, research and innovative activity.

INNOVATIVE SME IN SERBIA

Turbulent environment, crisis, globalization, rapid technical and technological progress, constant changes require new creative ideas from SME, new knowledge and constant innovation. SME should learn to live with constant changes. Knowledge is the driving force of any innovative venture.Isak Adizes points out: "On one occasion, I asked Ferdinand Porsche (the son of a founder of a car company) if he had two choices ahead of you: to lose all your people or to lose all your machines from which to give up before? He answered the machine! Why? What is easier to replace machines or people? Well machines of course. People have become the most valuable assets of SME because they have knowledge .. The recovery, development and competitiveness of SME depends on the ability and speed of using new knowledge and technologies (innovation capabilities). According to the European Commission, the creation, use and commercialization of new knowledge and technologies are essential for achieving competitiveness. The knowledge base encourages the development of innovations. Innovations as the most important source of change occupy a central place in the knowledge economy. Innovative SME are those who have implemented a one innovation. According to the OECD, a knowledge-based economy is an economy based on the creation, use and dissemination of knowledge and information. The innovative SME are the driving force for knowledge-based economy, they are the most efficient, most dynamic and flexible part of the economy and contribute to increasing the overall competitiveness of the Serbian economy. The paper presents the concept of innovative SME, development conditions and limitations. The importance that innovative SME have for the development of the SME sector in Serbia, as well as the creation of a competitive economy. The importance of the knowledge and innovation relation in innovative SME is also shown, as a key factor in the change and development of the economy as a whole.We given guidelines for improvement and further development of innovative SME in Serbia.

Smart technologies in education and formation of entrepreneurial competencies

Currently, the universities role in Russia is seriously changing: universities call up to become the locomotives of economic development in the region, using their potential in education and science. Special results are expected in process development through the commercialization of know-how created in higher educational institutions. The commercialization includes the entrepreneurship promotion. In order to increase competitiveness and fulfill a special mission, many Russian universities set such ambitious goals for themselves. In an entrepreneurial university, the commercialization of new knowledge is becoming one of the main goals, while educational activities are aimed at training of scientists, specialists having scientific knowledge, and entrepreneurs. The study purpose is to identify the needs of students learnt in the university in the formation of innovator’s competencies; substantiation of the possibility for using Smart-technologies in the development of entrepreneurial competencies in the industrial center of the Far East. As a result of the study, the motives of future graduates to engage in business activities were identified; the factors hindering the development of innovative entrepreneurial activity (IEA) were studied; as well as the need to obtain specific knowledge, abilities and skills at each stage of the IEA. It is shown that the formation of innovator’s competencies should be carried out with the help of Smart-education, using the network interaction (based on the triple helix model), a digital format system; student’s orientation to the priority trends of intellectual, scientific and process of the country and region development. The study results can be used by leaders of higher educational institutions to develop the entrepreneurial university functions.

Structural and functional model of commercialization innovative activity results in universities

Innovative activity of universities is a fundamental direction of innovative development of the Russian economy. Universities play the role of innovation centers in regions and industries. The interests of the state, business and the higher school are integrated in the course of creation, development and commercialization of new knowledge. Process of commercialization is continuous as innovative search. It begins along with the beginning of developments. Process of commercialization will begin when the higher education institution has a problem of generation of profit from scientific activity. At the same time various commercializations of forms can be used: as with full alienation of laws of estate of intellectual property, as with maintaining the rights of use of development behind the university. Perspective model of commercialization of university research and development at which the Higher Education Institution remains the owner of the values created in his walls, this creation of the small innovative enterprises. In work results of a research of application of this form are given in the Russian universities. Creation of the small innovative enterprises has a number of positive aspects, both for the university, and for economy of the region and the country in general. Article contains research results of development a transfer infrastructure of higher education institutions technologies to real production. It revealed formation of high innovative capacity of regions. Infrastructure of commercialization of high school research and development is defined as a complex of the interconnected serving departments of higher education institution. They accompany realization of research activity of workers of the university and provide a possibility of commercialization of results of innovative activity. The structurally functional model in which separate elements of innovative infrastructure of the university correspond to a certain form of commercialization and stages of commercialization of innovative activity of higher education institutions is presented in article.

Knowledge Spillovers and Absorptive Capacity—Institutional Evidence from the “German Mittelstand”

Recent extensions to the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship (KSTE) show that the successful commercialization of new knowledge by incumbents depends on their absorptive capacities. For policy-makers focusing on increasing incumbents’ innovative performance, the systematic reduction of knowledge filter through improved absorptive capacities thus becomes a crucial goal. While the general working mechanisms of knowledge filter have been analyzed within the KSTE framework, few institutional solutions to increase absorptive capacities have been put forth. This study provides an initial case study explaining a specific institutional framework fostering the systematic penetration of knowledge filters by incumbent firms in the case of German SMEs. Using a set of 177 in-depth interviews with firm representatives, the system of interrelated organizations, institutional arrangements, shared values, and economic incentives associated with the institutional structures for knowledge spillovers for German SMEs are described. I identify institutional characteristics connected to the dual system of vocational training, regulatory measures, and economic incentives mutually enforcing and fostering broad knowledge spillovers. This exploratory approach enables deriving hypotheses for the further study of knowledge filters as well as policy implications for the design of institutions increasing incumbents’ absorptive capacities.

Knowledge Spillovers and Absorptive Capacity Institutional Evidence from the German Mittelstandd

Recent extensions to the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship (KSTE) show that the successful commercialization of new knowledge by incumbents depends on their absorptive capacities. For policy-makers focusing on increasing incumbents’ innovative performance, the systematic reduction of knowledge filter through improved absorptive capacities thus becomes a crucial goal. While the general working mechanisms of knowledge filter have been analyzed within the KSTE framework, few institutional solutions to increase absorptive capacities have been put forth. This study provides an initial case study explaining a specific institutional framework fostering the systematic penetration of knowledge filters by incumbent firms in the case of German SMEs. Using a set of 177 in-depth interviews with firm representatives, the system of interrelated organizations, institutional arrangements, shared values and economic incentives associated with the institutional structures for knowledge spillovers for German SMEs are described. I identify institutional characteristics connected to the dual system of vocational training, regulatory measures and economic incentives mutually enforcing and fostering broad knowledge spillovers. This exploratory approach enables deriving hypotheses for the further study of knowledge filters as well as policy implications for the design of institutions increasing incumbents’ absorptive capacities.

On the economic impact of university proof of concept centers

University proof of concept centers (PoCCs) are an organizational innovation intended to improve the dissemination and commercialization of new knowledge. During the past 15 years, at least 32 university-affiliated PoCCs have been established at universities within the United States. Despite this recent growth, little systematic empirical research exists relating to the organization or impact of PoCCs. Analyzing data published by the Association of University Technology Managers, we find that universities affiliated with a PoCC enjoy a positive and statistically significant increase in the number of spinoffs established each year after adoption. While additional research is needed, our findings are consistent with the presumption that PoCCs may offer a promising new tool for regional and national economic development.

How Necessary are Intermediary Organizations in the Commercialization of Research?

As universities around the world are under pressure to produce commercial outputs of their research results, it is surprising how a few studies have been conducted about intermediary organizations and their role in this matter. The intermediaries’ basic roles to diminish market and system failures in innovation processes are targeted to respond to the challenges that may emerge in innovation processes, in general, especially in the commercialization of academic research. In this article, we analyse the roles of, and needs for, different kinds of intermediary organizations in two Finnish technology agglomerations from the perspective of the commercialization of new knowledge. We use the Triple Helix concept as a theoretical starting point for our empirical analysis. As many challenges in Triple Helix linkages prove that policy interventions to support the activities of intermediary organizations are justified up to certain point. However, the role of these “go-between” actors may also be irrelevant if networks between university–firm–government helices function well. In addition, many of the challenges in the commercialization of new knowledge originated from the failures of policy implementation concerning the public or semi-public intermediaries.

The broader economic consequences of transport infrastructure investments

A major question in Economic Geography relates to the scale and nature of transport infrastructure’s contribution to the broader economy. While Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) is the most widely used of the three potential approaches, the recent interest in the wider economic benefits of transport infrastructure has spawned a variety of macroeconomic models. However, the estimates of magnitudes and direction of economic impacts of infrastructure by various macroeconomic models are sharply different, and these models shed little light on causal mechanisms linking transport and the economy. This paper has two aims: first, to highlight the wider economic benefits of transport infrastructure from the observed role of railroads and waterways in economic development, and two by reviewing recent theoretical developments to identify the multiple causal mechanisms which link transport and economic growth such as : market expansion, gains from trade, technological shifts, processes of spatial agglomeration and processes of innovation and commercialization of new knowledge in urban clusters (made possible by transport improvements). Hence the need for developing general equilibrium analyses of transport-economy linkages.

Capitalism and democracy in the 21st Century: from the managed to the entrepreneurial economy *

This paper explains how and why the developed countries are undergoing a fundamental shift away from a managed economy and towards an entrepreneurial economy. This shift is shaping the development of western capitalism and has triggered a shift in government policies away from constraining the freedom of business to contract through regulation, public ownership and antitrust towards a new set of enabling policies which foster the creation and commercialization of new knowledge. The empirical evidence from a cross-section of countries over time suggests that those countries that have experienced a greater shift from the managed to the entrepreneurial economy have had lower levels of unemployment.