Commercialization Of Electric Vehicles Research Articles

Electrolytes with Controlled Polysulfide Insolvability for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

With the rise in manufacturing and commercialization of electric vehicles and home-scale integrated battery systems, low cost and high energy batteries are imperative for meeting the demand of the near-future energy requirements. Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery is widely known as a promising candidate for next-generation batteries due to its high theoretical specific energy (2600 Wh kg-1), abundance in material, and potentially low cost. However, there are many challenges unique to Li-S battery chemistries that impede the practical implementation of Li-S batteries. The foremost known challenge is inhibiting the shuttling effect of polysulfide (PS) species, Li2Sn (2 < n ≤ 8) that occurs during the discharge of the elemental S and the charge of the discharged product Li2S on the S cathode. The formed PS species can migrate from the S cathode to the Li metal anode and react with the Li resulting in loss of active materials and insulation of Li anode, and consequently reduced battery performance and cycle life. Managing the mechanism of PS formation and dissolution is paramount to developing a sustainable Li-S battery. Electrolyte formulation is a key strategy in overcoming the hurdles of Li-S batteries and controlling the degree of PS dissolution. Ether-based electrolytes are promising candidates due to their well-known compatibility with Li metal and their varying degrees of PS solvation and dissolution. This work focuses on designing electrolytes that optimizes the degree of PS dissolution and improving electrode-electrolyte compatibility with the elemental S cathode and the Li metal anode to enhance the cell stability and enable long-term cyclability. A series of electrolytes that have a more controlled degree of PS formation and solvability are developed to improve compatibility of the Li-S battery and enable superior cyclability.

Recent progress on battery thermal management with composite phase change materials

AbstractElectric mobility decarbonizes the transportation sector and effectively addresses sustainable development goals. A good battery thermal management system (BTMS) is essential for the safe working of electric vehicles with lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) to address thermal runaway and associated catastrophic hazards effectively. However, PCMs suffer from low thermal conductivity issues, and hence, enhancement techniques include the use of fins, nano‐additives, extended graphite powder, and so forth. The use of composite phase change materials effectively addresses LIB thermal management widely used in electric vehicles while mitigating thermal runaway, besides providing flame retardancy, thermal/mechanical stability, and electrical insulation, and preventing leakage. It is noted that no single strategy of BTMS is brought down to a safe zone of temperature, and hybrid BTMSs are being employed, invariably involve phase change materials (PCMs) to a large extent. It is essential to utilize CPCMs to address the effects of low‐temperature environments and vibrations considering vehicle driving cycles and operating conditions. It is observed from the review that ultrasonic monitoring and early detection of internal short circuits are the steps towards mitigation of thermal runaway propagation. It is required to utilize optimization methods, machine learning and IoT tools for a feasible PCM based BTMS work. Present review briefly describes potential methods for effective utilization of PCMs, comparison among different methods, challenges associated and potential solutions. It is highly essential to develop compact and economical BTMS with effective CPCMs for better and safer LIB operation to attract large‐scale commercialization of electric vehicles.

State of health estimation based on inconsistent evolution for lithium-ion battery module

Estimating state of health for battery module is one of the most significant and challenging techniques to promote the commercialization of electric vehicles. Based on the relationship changes of branch current and its estimation error during aging, a state of health estimation general framework is presented for battery module. Firstly, the parallel battery module aging experiment is designed. In addition, the consistency changes of branches were analyzed. A neural network model utilizing dual back-propagation for estimating branch current errors was developed by employing the experimental data of battery module. Through estimation error of branch current under five working conditions, two aging characteristics are extracted, one is the slope of compensation value and current, the other is the slope of compensation value and current change rate. These features are fed into gaussian process regression training to obtain a state of health estimation model for the battery module. Furthermore, the model is validated with new european driving cycle working condition. Finally, a dual bidirectional long short-term memory neural network is utilized to illustrate the versatility of the presented universal framework, which can effectively estimate state of health of battery module with the maximum relative error of 2.1226 %.

(Invited, Digital Presentation) Discovery to Product: A Reflection on the Path from Electrochemical Materials Research to Traction Batteries to the Commercialization of Electric Vehicles

We live in an age wherein many industry analysts and surveys indicate that within the not-too-distant future, perhaps within 10 years, battery electric vehicles (BEVs) will outsell vehicles employing internal combustion engines. How did we arrive at this point in history?In this talk, I will overview some of the key drivers I’ve seen in my nearly four decades of work on the research, development, and commercialization of BEVs. The path I’ve witnessed has been highly nonlinear, making trend predictions along the way difficult. Collaborations, including Public-Private Partnerships, Joint Ventures, and relationships, have been of vital importance. In addition, I’ve found that in attempting to participate in the path of invention to commercialization, having a firm basis on governing foundational principles is an indispensable asset. In my case, learning from predecessors and colleagues about electrochemical materials and characterization and elements of battery cell modeling provided the requisite foundation.Last, I’ll note that clear and compelling communication within a company and externally is necessary to bring inventions to innovation and commercialization. It is only through such communications that necessary resource allocation emerges.

Metallized Plastic Foils: A Promising Solution for High‐Energy Lithium‐Ion Battery Current Collectors

AbstractTo meet the growing demand for safe and high‐energy batteries, particularly for the commercialization of electric vehicles, a need for further advancement has arisen. An innovative and promising solution for current collectors in LIBs is a metallized plastic current collector (MPCC) with metal‐polymer‐metal multilayer composite structure. This approach offers several advantages. First, it effectively reduces the inert weight and thickness of LIBs, thereby enhancing their energy density. Second, a polymer with electrical insulation and high elongation properties in the MPCC significantly improves the safety performance of LIBs by preventing thermal runaway. Despite its potential for large‐scale application in LIBs, the MPCC still faces significant challenges, such as weak interfacial adhesion force and low electrical conductivity. Therefore, researchers in the field of energy storage are currently focusing on the design, modification, and development of practical MPCCs. Hence, in this review various polymers, preparation approaches, and MPCCs are comprehensively analyzed and summarized. Additionally, detailed discussions are provided on the advances, key issues, improvements and corresponding mechanisms associated with MPCCs. Finally, valuable guidance and future directions are provided for the design and improvement of advanced MPCCs in high‐energy LIBs, thus facilitating the commercialization process.

Charging Optimization of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Charge Transfer Limitation and Mass Transport Limitation

Fast charging of lithium-ion batteries is essential to alleviate range anxiety and accelerate the commercialization of electric vehicles. However, high charging currents seriously deteriorate battery life due to the danger of metallic lithium deposition on the anode and the accompanying degradation reactions. In this work, a reduced-order electrochemical-thermal coupled model with typical side reactions is applied to capture the dependent variables related to the behavior of lithium plating. To completely suppress lithium plating, two novel charging algorithms are designed based on the constraints of the minimum lithium plating overpotential in the anode and the maximum surface concentration at the anode/separator interface, respectively. The definitions of the sensitive parameters in the two algorithms are weighed, and the current rates of 0 to 100% state of charge at different temperatures are optimized. Then, the fast charging strategies under the specific temperatures are optimized according to the sequence of preventing the minimum lithium plating overpotential, saturated surface concentration and cut-off voltage from exceeding the preset values. Finally, the proposed charging strategies and the conventional charging protocols are performed in cyclic aging tests at different temperatures, which verified that the proposed charging strategies can significantly shorten the charging time and delay battery aging.

Success Factors of Electric Vehicle Commercialization: A Literature Review

The sales growth of motorcycles in Indonesia is increasing. It has reached 120 million units in 2022. It shows that the automotive industry in Indonesia has very high economic potential. However, the increasing number of vehicles can cause new problems related to the environment. Most motorized vehicles in Indonesia use non-renewable energy, such as fossil fuels. Since fossil fuels have a negative impact on the environment, electric-powered vehicles are introduced. Local Indonesian manufacturers have had electric motorbikes since 2018. However, the number of sales of electric motorbikes in Indonesia is still far from the target set by the Government. One obstacle in achieving electric motorcycles' sales target is readiness for product commercialization. Multiple factors influence the success of product commercialization. Indonesia's ability to manufacture and sell products of interest to the public plays an essential role in the success of the commercialization of electric motorbikes. The right commercialization strategy can encourage local electric motorcycle manufacturers to compete with non-local producers. Therefore, this study aims to explore future research opportunities related to success factors and obstacles to the commercialization of electric motorcycles. The survey results show that fuel cells, batteries, energy storage systems, charging infrastructure, durability, cost, and innovation are often discussed in previous studies related to commercialization.

Electric Vehicle Batteries: Past, Present, and Future

Electric vehicles (EVs) were first commercialized over 100 years ago, using lead-acid batteries. Due to low battery energy density limiting the vehicle range, EVs were surpassed by gasoline powered cars that have dominated the auto industry until now. It took electrochemists 100 years to achieve the order of magnitude increase in specific energy needed for electric vehicles to become competitive. The Nobel prize technology of the lithium-ion battery has provided the necessary high energy density together with other excellent performance attributes including high power and long life in an affordable package for the modern EV. This breakthrough has enabled a return to commercialization of electric vehicles this time with excellent performance. Millions of electric vehicles are now being produced and sold globally with huge investments being made in EVs and Li-Ion batteries by the automotive and battery industries.

LIB 습식분리막 열손상에 따른 발화위험성에 관한 연구

LIB-related fires are continuously increasing due to the increase in personal transportation means and the commercialization of electric vehicles. Among the LIB components, the separation membrane is the most important key material for stability, and there is a problem in that it is lost at the scene of a fire and cannot confirm its shape. Accordingly, fire statistics and cases were analyzed, and the experimental outline was established through theoretical consideration of the wet separation membrane, which is the most used as a personal transportation means. As for the experimental method, we conducted a study on the shrinkage rate and tensile strength of the wet separator according to thermal damage for each temperature change with five experimental variables using the wet separator, which plays an important role in the stability of the battery components, as a sample. Through this, the change in shrinkage rate and mechanical properties of the wet separator were derived to understand the fire of lithium-ion batteries caused by damage to the wet separator and to contribute to the fire investigation analysis technique.

ANN Based MPPT for Electric Vehicle Charging Station

Power is the crucial key for the commercial growth of any developing country. In recent years, environmental concerns and rising oil prices have contributed to the development and commercialization of Electric Vehicle (EV) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV). Electric Vehicle is emerging in the market with rapid pace and their supporting equipment has become inevitable. The charging station is one such module, were this work has been attempted. In this proposed work, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based MPPT is applied to track the maximum power from the solar panel which is employed in the EV charging station. In ANN, Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is used for tracking maximum power. This algorithm trains the neural network which is used for controlling the duty cycle of the DC-DC converter. Here electric vehicle charging station integrates solar photovoltaic (PV), energy storage system. The output and efficiency is compared between the Bayesian Regularization and Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. Based on the results obtained, the performance of the proposed method is evaluated using MATLAB/ Simulink software and the advantage of this type of method is that it has greater accuracy.

The Current Situation of the Development of Electric Vehicle Technology in Turkey

The environmental damage caused by internal combustion vehicles used in transportation, the diminishing availability of fossil fuels, and the lower cost of electricity in comparison to gasoline and diesel, are the primary reasons for the trend toward electric vehicles (EV). In parallel to the increase in electric vehicles, the number of charging stations has increased as well, which has contributed to the widespread utilization of electric vehicles. When the history of electric vehicles has been investigated, it became clear that the first studies began in the early 1800s. During those years, as oil output expanded in response to the period's conditions, electric vehicles' popularity diminished in comparison to internal combustion vehicles. Additionally, range, charging durations, and power have limited the commercialization of electric vehicles. With global warming approaching alarming levels and new technology emerging, demand for electric vehicles has increased. Turkey, with its technological advancements and investments in electric vehicles, is observed to be following the global electric vehicle market. In this study, the electric vehicle development process in Turkey was assessed, as was the distribution of existing charging stations for businesses and domestic vehicles.

Commercialization of Electric Vehicles in Hong Kong

Road vehicles are responsible for air pollution in Hong Kong, and electric vehicles (EVs) are a promising alternative to internal combustion engine vehicles as the city is transitioning to clean energy. In this work, EV adoption in Hong Kong is investigated and analyzed, including the global EV markets, present EV status in Hong Kong, local challenges facing EV development, suggestions for EV promotion in Hong Kong, emerging technologies, and decommissioning of batteries and EVs. The challenges of EVs include insufficient charging infrastructures, inadequate management of public charging facilities, difficulties in EV repair and maintenance, “dead mileage” during charging, unacceptable long charging times, and limited commercial EV models. Strategies such as providing incentives and bonuses for commercial EVs, offering high-power quick-charging facilities, actively developing commercial EVs, installing more charging infrastructures for private EVs, building connections among stakeholders, encouraging the participation of the private sector to promote fee-based services, and supporting the development of innovative technologies should be implemented to promote EVs in Hong Kong. Emerging technologies for EVs such as wireless charging, smart power distribution, vehicle-to-grid and vehicle-to-home systems, connected vehicles, and self-driving are discussed. Eco-friendly decommissioning of EV batteries can be realized by recycling and second-life applications. This paper serves as a reference and guide for the sustainable and smart evolution of the transportation sector in Hong Kong and other global large cities.

Inhibiting Li Plating on Graphite Electrodes during 4C Fast-Charging with Atomic Layer Deposition

The ability to increase the charging rate of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is of critical importance to the widespread commercialization of electric vehicles (EVs).1 One of the primary factors limiting the fast-charge ability of state-of-the-art LIBs is the tendency for plating out of metallic Li on the graphite electrode during charging.2 This phenomenon leads to rapid capacity fading of the cell, consumption of the electrolyte (cell drying), and the potential for short-circuit from dendrites penetrating the separator.To prevent/mitigate these effects, we implement a surface coating on post-calendared graphite anodes. To date, the vast majority of atomic layer deposition (ALD) coatings that have been investigated as electrode coatings are simple binary metal oxides that have very low ionic conductivity. This has limited the maximum usable thickness due to high impedance. In contrast, the ALD coating used in this work is a lithium borate-carbonate (LBCO) solid electrolyte film. The film has previously been shown to exhibit ionic conductivities above 2*10-6 S/cm and excellent electrochemical stability, including with Li metal.3 Full graphite-NMC 532 cells with ALD-coated graphite electrodes exhibit dramatic improvements in performance during 4C fast-charging, enabling fast-charging of high loading (>3 mAh/cm2) electrodes in 15 minutes with minimal Li plating. This resulted in >40x improvement in the cycle life to 80% capacity retention in 7x10 cm pouch cells.The cells with LBCO-coated electrodes demonstrated improved Coulombic efficiency, decreased interfacial impedance, decreased cell polarization, improved rate capability, improved cycle life, and dramatically reduced Li plating during fast charging. The properties and performance of the coating will be examined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), differential voltage analysis, and electron microscopy. This work represents a significant advance in the state-of-the art of electrode coatings for fast-charging of LIBs with high electrode loadings. It also demonstrates the critical role of the SEI in fast-charging, and the opportunity it presents for achieving enhanced performance. References (1) Zeng, X.; Li, M.; Abd El‐Hady, D.; Alshitari, W.; Al‐Bogami, A. S.; Lu, J.; Amine, K. Commercialization of Lithium Battery Technologies for Electric Vehicles. Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9 (27), 1900161. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201900161.(2) Gallagher, K. G.; Trask, S. E.; Bauer, C.; Woehrle, T.; Lux, S. F.; Tschech, M.; Lamp, P.; Polzin, B. J.; Ha, S.; Long, B.; Wu, Q.; Lu, W.; Dees, D. W.; Jansen, A. N. Optimizing Areal Capacities through Understanding the Limitations of Lithium-Ion Electrodes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2016, 163 (2), A138–A149. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0321602jes.(3) Kazyak, E.; Chen, K. H.; Davis, A. L.; Yu, S.; Sanchez, A. J.; Lasso, J.; Bielinski, A. R.; Thompson, T.; Sakamoto, J.; Siegel, D. J.; Dasgupta, N. P. Atomic Layer Deposition and First Principles Modeling of Glassy Li3BO3-Li2CO3 Electrolytes for Solid-State Li Metal Batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 2018, 6 (40), 19425–19437. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta08761j.

Multiphysics simulation optimization framework for lithium-ion battery pack design for electric vehicle applications

Large-scale commercialization of electric vehicles (EVs) seeks to develop battery systems with higher energy efficiency and improved thermal performance. Integrating simulation-based design optimization in battery development process expands the possibilities for novel design exploration. This study presents a dual-stage multiphysics simulation optimization methodology for comprehensive concept design of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery packs for EV applications. At the first stage, multi-objective optimization of electrochemical thermally coupled cells is performed using genetic algorithm considering the specific energy and the maximum temperature of the cells as design objectives. At the second stage, the energy efficiency and the thermal performances of each optimally designed cell are evaluated under pack operation to account for cell-to-pack interactions under realistic working scenarios. When operating at 1.5 C discharge current, the battery pack comprising optimally designed cells for which the specific energy and the maximum temperature are equally weighted delivers the highest specific energy with enhanced thermal performance. The most favorable pack design shows 8% reduction in maximum pack temperature and 16.1% reduction in module-to-module temperature variations compared to commercially available pack. The methodology for design optimization presented in this work is generic, providing valuable knowledge for future cell and pack designs that employ different chemistries and configurations.

An enhanced approach to optimally place the solar powered electric vehicle charging station in distribution network

Hazardous characteristics of the on-road vehicle-based emission rising an alarming situation for the urban communities. In this line, emission-free electric vehicles ensure a significant reduction in air pollution and improve ecological nature. However, the large-scale commercialization of electric vehicles is facing substantial addition in the electric demand which affects the stability of the distribution networks. Thus, in this paper, a comprehensive framework to optimally place the solar-powered charging stations in a distribution network with improved voltage profile, minimum power loss and reduced cost is proposed. The proposed methodology consists of a stochastic approach to predict the expected EV load demand at the charging stations, and a Feed-forward neural network to evaluate the expected solar power from the associated PV plant. Further, the impact of EV load demand on the distribution network, in terms of per unit voltage profile, voltage stability index, average voltage deviation index and power loss, is explored. Later, a computational methodology i.e. improved chicken swarm optimization is used to optimally place the charging stations in IEEE 33 bus system. The results are compared with the Jaya algorithm and teaching-learning-based optimization; the comparative study shows the dominance of the improved chicken swarm optimization.

The Role of Solid Electrolyte Interphase Enabler in Li Metal Batteries

To facilitate the massive commercialization of electric vehicles, it is imperative to enhance the energy density of the state-of-the-art lithium battery technology. [1] Lithium metal battery (LMB) is considered as a promising energy storage system because of the exceptionally low electrochemical potential and ultrahigh specific capacity of the lithium metal anode. [2-4] Yet, the extensive application of LMBs is still obstructed by the extreme reactivity of lithium metal, which leads to severe safety problems. [5-6] To tackle this issue, the re-design of the electrolyte is viewed as the most practical approach due to its cost effectiveness. [7-8]In this presentation, we successfully establish a solvation rule for the SEI enabler to achieve stable cycling of the lithium metal anode through a variety of electrochemical and solvation studies such as a Li/Cu cell test and IR-DOSY analysis. Fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) was used as the exemplary solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) enabler because it is the most common SEI enabler in the LMB electrolyte, and it is able to form a desirable SEI on the lithium metal surface. The results of all electrochemical studies point to the existence of a critical ratio between FEC and a co-solvent (e.g., DMC, EMC, and EA) for the stable cycling of LMBs. If the FEC/co-solvent ratio is lower than the critical ratio, not only will an unstable SEI be formed, but the SEI will also be gradually deteriorated by the significant decomposition of lithium complexes, with Li+ solvated solely by the co-solvent/non-SEI enabler. We discovered that the solvation number of FEC must be ≥ 1 to ensure the formation of a stable SEI, which mainly resulted from the sacrificial reduction of the SEI enabler and subsequent repair of the SEI to facilitate stable cycling of LMBs. This finding is crucial for the future development of functional electrolytes in that the ratio of FEC to co-solvent must exceed the critical volume/molar ratio for the solvation number of FEC to be ≥ 1.Reference: Schmuch, R.; Wagner, R.; Hörpel, G.; Placke, T.; Winter, M., Nature Energy 2018, 3, 267–278.Li, X.; Zheng, J.; Engelhard, M. H.; Mei, D.; Li, Q.; Jiao, S.; Liu, N.; Zhao, W.; Zhang, J. G.; Xu, W., ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2018, 10 (3), 2469-2479.Xu, W.; Wang, J.; Ding, F.; Chen, X.; Nasybulin, E.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, J.-G., Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7 (2), 513–Fang, C.; Li, J.; Zhang, M.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, F.; Lee, J. Z.; Lee, M. H.; Alvarado, J.; Schroeder, M. A.; Yang, Y.; Lu, B.; Williams, N.; Ceja, M.; Yang, L.; Cai, M.; Gu, J.; Xu, K.; Wang, X.; Meng, Y. S., Nature 2019, 572, 511.Alvarado, J.; Schroeder, M. A.; Pollard, T. P.; Wang, X.; Lee, J. Z.; Zhang, M.; Wynn, T.; Ding, M.; Borodin, O.; Meng, Y. S.; Xu, K., Environ. Sci. 2019, 12, 780.Liang, X.; Pang, Q.; Kochetkov, I. R.; Sempere, M. S.; Huang, H.; Sun, X.; Nazar, L. F. Nature Energy 2017, 2 (9), 17119.Zheng, J.; Engelhard, M. H.; Mei, D.; Jiao, S.; Polzin, B. J.; Zhang, J.-G.; Xu, W. Nature Energy 2017, 2, 17012.Cao, X.; Ren, X.; Zou, L.; Engelhard, M. H.; Huang, W.; Wang, H.; Matthews, B. E.; Lee, H.; Niu, C.; Arey, B. W.; Cui, Y.; Wang, C.; Xiao, J.; Liu, J.; Xu, W.; Zhang, J.-G., Nature Energy 2019, 4, 796.

Future of Flow Batteries in Electric Vehicle Applications

Electric vehicles are used nowadays to reduce carbon emissions and green house gases. The main challenge in the electric vehicles is the energy storage systems. For battery operated vehicles, the increase in charging time is the major concern and range of the vehicles for a single charge is not satisfied. This leads to restrict the commercialization of electric vehicles. To overcome this, researchers and industry peoples has developed a hybrid vehicle technology which contains both electric and internal combustion engines. The efficiency of the hybrid vehicle is increased when it is incorporated with IC engines. But still the energy storage issues are censorious. Now the potential area in the energy storage systems is flow batteries. The main advantage of the flow batteries is fast charging tendency. Refuelling is possible only in case of flow batteries among all energy storage devices used in electric vehicles. This paper provides the study of flow batteries used in electric vehicles and comparison of different flow batteries for electric vehicle applications.

Wide Band Gap semiconductor material for electric vehicle charger

Electric vehicle technology is going to be the future of transportation, with the increase in technological advancement and the growing concerns on the greenhouse gas emission. The charging of electric vehicles is an important criterion for the fast commercialization of electric vehicles. The Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Material Based Power converter is gaining more attention; Since the increase in efficiency of PV and reduction in the cost of the PV module. This paper provides the theoretical guidelines to develop a high efficient reliable electric vehicle charging system. This paper presents the different areas to be concentrated for an efficient electric vehicle charging system and presented the need for wide bandgap semiconductor material for electric vehicle chargers. A comparison is made between silicon MOSFET versus silicon carbide and gallium nitride that has low power loss at high-frequency operation.

Toward High-Energy-Density Lithium Metal Batteries: Opportunities and Challenges for Solid Organic Electrolytes.

With increasing demands for safe, high capacity energy storage to support personal electronics, newer devices such as unmanned aerial vehicles, as well as the commercialization of electric vehicles, current energy storage technologies are facing increased challenges. Although alternative batteries have been intensively investigated, lithium (Li) batteries are still recognized as the preferred energy storage solution for the consumer electronics markets and next generation automobiles. However, the commercialized Li batteries still have disadvantages, such as low capacities, potential safety issues, and unfavorable cycling life. Therefore, the design and development of electromaterials toward high-energy-density, long-life-span Li batteries with improved safety is a focus for researchers in the field of energy materials. Herein, recent advances in the development of novel organic electrolytes are summarized toward solid-state Li batteries with higher energy density and improved safety. On the basis of new insights into ionic conduction and design principles of organic-based solid-state electrolytes, specific strategies toward developing these electrolytes for Li metal anodes, high-energy-density cathode materials (e.g., high voltage materials), as well as the optimization of cathode formulations are outlined. Finally, prospects for next generation solid-state electrolytes are also proposed.

Model-Based End of Discharge Temperature Prediction for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Battery fast charging is one of the key techniques that affects the public acceptability and commercialization of electric vehicles. Temperature is the critical barrier for fast charging as at low temperatures an increased risk of lithium plating and at high temperatures safety concerns limits the charging rate. To facilitate a fast charging mechanism, preconditioning the battery and maintaining its temperature is vital. Battery temperature prediction before a fast charging event can help reducing the energy consumption for battery preconditioning. In this paper, we propose a method for battery end of discharge temperature prediction for fast charging purposes. Firstly, a Gaussian mixture data clustering is performed on battery load data characterisation, subsequently a Markov model is trained for load prediction, and finally a battery lumped parameter equivalent circuit and thermal model is developed and employed for end of discharge time and ultimately end of discharge temperature prediction. Cylindrical lithium-ion battery is selected to prove the concept and both simulations and experiments show the capabilities of the proposed method for temperature prediction of batteries under load profiles obtained from real-world drive cycles of electric vehicles.