Commercial Level Research Articles

Automation of 5G network slicing security using intent-based networking

Network slicing is a fundamental technological advancement that facilitates the provision of novel services and solutions within the realm of 5G and the forthcoming 6G communications. Numerous challenges emerge when implementing network slicing on a large-scale commercial level since it necessitates comprehensive control and automation of the entire network. Cyberattacks, such as distributed denial of service (DDoS) and address resolution protocol (ARP) spoofing, can significantly disrupt the performance and accessibility of slices inside a multi-tenant virtualized networking infrastructure due to the shared utilization of physical resources. This article employs intent-based networking (IBN) to identify and address diverse threats through automated methods. A conceptual framework is presented in which the IBN manager is integrated into the network-slicing architecture to facilitate the implementation of automated security controls. The proposed work is assessed using an experimental test bed. The study's findings indicate that the network slice's performance exhibits improvement when successful detection and mitigation measures are implemented. This improvement is observed in various metrics: availability, packet loss, response time, central processing unit (CPU) and memory utilization.

Efficacy of advanced chelate technology-based 7-mineral supplementation in mitigating aflatoxin B1-induced impairments in broiler chicken performance and intestinal health.

Optimal levels and bioavailability of trace minerals (TM) in the broiler diet are important for improving performance and health status in the presence of dietary toxins. The study examines the effectiveness of advanced chelate technology-based 7-minerals (ACTM) in broilers fed aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-contaminated diets, involving 768 chickens in eight treatments with six replicates, following a completely randomized design. Treatments contained (1) negative control (NC) group receiving a basal diet without AFB1 and containing recommended inorganic TM (ITM) levels (NC+ITM), (2) positive control (PC) group receiving a basal diet with 0.5mg AFB1/kg and recommended ITM levels (PC+ITM), (3) PC diet+toxin binder (ITM+TB), (4 and 5) PC diet with 50% and 100% ACTM instead of ITM (ACTM50 and ACTM100), (6 and 7) PC diet with 12.5% and 25% extra ACTM (ITM+ACTM12.5 and ITM+ACTM25), and (8) PC diet with 125% ITM levels (ITM125). The results showed that the ACTM100 and ITM+ACTM25 treatments resulted in higher average weight gain and European production efficiency index compared to the PC+ITM treatment, but lower than the NC+ITM treatment. Key indicators of gut health, such as ileal digestibility of crude fat and phosphorus, AMEn value, duodenal villus height to crypt depth ratio, villus surface area, and gene expression of junctional adhesion molecule 2 were significantly improved in the ACTM100, ITM+BT, and NC+ITM groups compared to the PC+ITM group. Additionally, jejunal occludin expression increased in the ACTM100, ITM+ACTM25, ITM+TB treatments, and the jejunal zonula occludens-1 expression increased significantly in the ACTM100 and ITM+ACTM25 groups. The results indicate that completely replacing ITM with ACTM or adding ACTM supplement to ITM diets at 25% extra commercial levels can improve growth performance, gut health, and nutrient digestibility in the presence of AFB1 challenge. These effects are comparable to diets containing a commercial toxin binder.

Competitive assessment of biofuel strategies for a case study in eastern Canada: techno‐economic and multi‐criteria decision‐making analysis

AbstractDecarbonizing the energy sector through biomass use entails risks and uncertainties linked to implementing early stage technologies. To address this issue, this work presents a panel‐based multicriteria decision‐making (MCDM) framework for a corn‐ethanol plant seeking to reduce its carbon footprint while investing in new bioenergy products. Six technology pathways were considered including gasification technologies, pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction, and alcohol to jet, with products such as renewable natural gas (RNG), biochar, green diesel, green marine, and biojet. The alternatives were assessed based on a set of six criteria classified into three categories: economic performance, technology and commercial risks, and competitive advantages. The MCDM framework was based on the multiattribute utility theory (MAUT) for which an in‐person panel of decision‐making stakeholders set the criteria weights. Internal rate of return (IRR) was considered the most important criterion, followed by technology readiness level (TRL) and total installed capital cost (TICC). Surprisingly, the commercial readiness level was allocated a low weight. Finally, the potential for a fossil‐free site (PFFS) criterion was perceived by the panel members more as a desirable attribute rather than a requirement. Among the alternatives considered, the flexible production of synthetic natural gas (FlexSNG) gasification‐methanation process was found to be preferred. The panel‐based MCDM framework proved to be a practical and effective tool for assessing early‐stage biofuel strategies, encouraging alignment with technological innovation, sustainable development, and the company's values and future ambitions.

Культуротворческий потенциал креативных индустрий в модернизации социально-культурной сферы

In the era of rapid socio-economic transformations, culture is gaining new importance as a key factor in the innovative development of society. The primary objective of this research is to identify and systematically ana-lyze the key aspects influencing the development of creative industries, and to ascertain their impact on the socio-cultural improvement of society. Various theoretical approaches to understanding the phenomenon of creative industries are examined, along with an analysis of their evolution and classification criteria. Particular emphasis is placed on the degree of integration with technologies, the scale of activities, forms of organization, as well as the levels of commercialization and innovation within creative industries. The systematization and analysis of the concepts proposed by the leading researchers was carried out, which made it possible to create a solid theoretical foundation for further study. The findings of this study demonstrate that creative industries, as a tool for the modernization of the socio-cultural sphere, play a significant role in shaping the new identity of cities and regions, contributing to their sustainable development. The results of the work can be useful for fur-ther research and practical application in the field of cultural policy and creative project management.

Международная конкурентоспособность отрасли биотехнологий во Франции в контексте стратегии научно-технического развития страны

The article reveals the specifics of the legislative framework of France, which considers the development of innovations in the country. In addition to certain laws that directly or indirectly regulate the activities of companies in the field of innovation, the authors note the importance of the provisions of the French Scientific and Technological Development Strategy. In the named Strategy the main focus is made on supporting innovation through effective tools to stimulate the innovative development of the national economy. The object of research in the article is the biotechnology sector that is one of the most competitive sectors of the French economy and according to the UNCTAD classification, contains "advanced" and in some cases "breakthrough" technologies. The development of this industry in the Fifth Republic is organized in clusters, contributes to the reindustrialization of the country's territories, increases employment and reduces carbon dioxide emissions. The authors of the article conducted a comparative analysis of participants and funded projects of biotechnological clusters in France in 2024, using the annual cluster reports. Thus, the authors revealed that cluster financing in France occurs at the federal, regional and local levels. Besides the state as the main investor of innovative projects, France apply such an instrument like a system of public-private partnerships, as well as attracting private capital in the form of venture investments. The authors note that, despite its high international competitiveness, the biotechnology industry in France faces certain challenges: difficulties in increasing the level of commercialization of products related to the timing of clinical trials; fact of luring companies with promising projects to other countries; complexity in financing start-ups; dependence on raw materials in biobanks located outside Europe; weak presence in global value chains. The authors propose specific measures to maintain and increase the level of international competitiveness in the field of healthcare biotechnology for the EU in general and France in particular.

Conceptual design and environmental evaluation of the Biorefinery approach for R-phycoerythrin extraction and purification.

Marine algae are considered promising resources both at present and in the near future. Their availability, together with their molecular structure and properties, increases their applicability in various sectors: food and feed, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and bioenergy. However, the "bio" qualification does not always imply a lower impact compared to fossil-based process schemes. Therefore, to verify the suitability of algae-based scenarios from a sustainable and circular perspective, it is necessary to assess their sustainability potential through process modelling (scaling up from laboratory scale to evaluate their potential at commercial level), environmental assessment (using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method) and circularity analysis (by quantifying circularity indicators focusing on recovery, waste management and effective use of resources). In this context, this research report focused on the techno-economic assessment (TEA) and LCA of three alternative scenarios based on the extraction of R-phycoerythrin from offshore harvested macroalgae: water extraction followed by enzymatic digestion (S01), ultrasound-assisted extraction (S02) and water extraction (S03). In addition, the evaluation of environmental, social and circularity indicators and the application of the Greenness Grid methodology were included. According to the results obtained, S01 is the most promising alternative among the three scenarios due to its process productivity, lower environmental impact and potential sustainable scenario score according to the Green Chemistry assessment. Regarding the economic perspective, S03 is the only one that does not reach economic viability. Future studies should focus on improving process efficiency, promoting the use of renewable energy resources and supporting technological progress in emerging extraction processes.

A novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant supplemented to an all-vegetable broiler diet totally replaced added trace minerals including zinc, iron, copper and manganese in two experiments

Two experiments tested the effect of a bacterial 6-phytase (PhyG) supplemented to a vegetable broiler diet without or with added trace minerals (TM), on growth performance and TM utilization. Each tested 12 treatments in a 2 × 6 factorial arrangement with 3,360 Ross 308 males (35 birds/pen, 8 pens/treatment) in a randomized complete block design. Phytase levels comprised no PhyG or PhyG at 2,000, 1,500 and 1,000 FTU/kg during 0 to 10, 10 to 20 and (Experiment 2) 20 to 35 d of age, respectively; TM diets comprised: no added TM (diet 1); 10, 15, 3 and 10, or 20, 30, 6 and 20 mg/kg of Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn as sulphate (diets 2 and 3); 15, 3 and 10 mg/kg of Zn, Cu and Mn as oxide and 15 mg/kg Fe as sulphate, or 30, 6 and 20 mg/kg of Zn, Cu and Mn as oxide and 30 mg/kg Fe as sulphate (diets 4 and 5), and; 10, 3, 15 and 10 mg/kg of organic Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn (diet 6). Apart from no added TM, basal diets were nutritionally adequate; phytase-supplemented diets were reduced in Ca and retainable P. All diets were pelleted and fed ad libitum. In both experiments during all phases there were interactions (P < 0.05) between phytase and TM on BW, BW gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), FCR (experiment 2 only) and tibia Zn. Without phytase, TM improved (P < 0.05) these measures. Phytase without TM increased (P < 0.05) d 35 BW, overall BWG and FI, equivalent to or beyond the level achieved by TM without phytase. Tibia Zn at d 10 and 20 in Experiment 2 was increased by phytase beyond the level achieved by TM without phytase (P < 0.05). Phytase also increased (P < 0.05) liver Zn, Fe, and Mn at d 10 and 20 and plasma Zn at d 20 d. There was no consistent effect of TM source or dose on bird responses. In conclusion, PhyG phytase replaced the effect of added TM on performance during 0 to 35 d of age and could support a reduction in commercial dose levels of added TM in all-vegetable broiler diets.

Cung và cầu tín dụng thương mại: Trường hợp mua, bán chịu vật tư nông nghiệp ở Đồng bằng Sông Cửu Long

The objective of the article is to estimate the influence of factors on supply and demand trade credit in case of buying and selling agricultural materials of agents and rice farmers in the Mekong Delta, Vienam. The estimated results from the primary data of 574 transactions show that there are three factors that have positive coefficients with statistical significance in two states of supply and demand (familiar time, agent number and agricultural land area farmer's karma). The geographical distance factor has statistical significance in two states of supply and demand, but in the supply state, this factor has a positive coefficient and in the demand state, this factor has a negative coefficient. Three factors with statistically negative coefficients in both states are the experience of farmers, farming income and translation value. In addition, for experienced agents that have a positive influence on commercial credit level, for farmers, the number of agents has a positive influence on the ability to buy the farmer. The research results can enable stakeholders (farmers, input suppliers, and government agencies) to make decisions that improve operational performance and foster sustainable agriculture.

Spectroscopic analysis of Sri Lankan vein graphite, industrially purified using green and chemical approaches

Sri Lanka is well known for high-quality vein graphite, which can be exported with value addition at a higher price than the raw form to remain competitive in the global market. The present study aims at industrial scale production of Sri Lankan vein graphite above 99.9% purity level using ecofriendly and chemical methods. For the first time a novel mechanical floatation method was followed to purify vein graphite above 99% on mass scale. Acid leaching method was followed subsequently to remove most of the impurities from graphite at industrial scale as well. Subsequently, alkali-acid method was followed for further purification of graphite. The raw and treated graphite were subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis to verify any structural change resulting from the treatment process. XRD analysis showed that the crystalline structure of graphite has not significantly changed upon treatment. XPS and FTIR spectroscopic analysis also revealed that there is no apparent functional groups attached to graphite structure after treatment. SEM images demonstrated a flaky appearance of graphite without any clear changes in morphology even after the treatment with acids at commercial level quantitates. The results illustrated that combination of the flotation technique and chemical treatment allow graphite purification well above 99.9% carbon without significant structural changes.

An Overview of Thermochemical Reduction Processes for Titanium Production

Titanium is one of the most abundant metals with superior properties such as excellent mechanical properties, high strength-to-weight ratio, and oxidation and corrosion resistance. However, it is commercially expensive to produce; hence, its use is limited. Currently, the Kroll process remains the most commercially exploited to produce titanium. Therefore, this paper thoroughly reviews some other proposed and developing thermo-reduction methods using the two main precursors titanium dioxide (TiO2) and titanium chloride (TiCl4) together with the environmental impacts they cause. The exorbitant production cost and environmental issues have resulted in enormous research and development to innovate more sustainable methods of titanium production. The various processes were comprehensively analyzed to assess whether they have the potential to expand to be economically viable. From this review, it is apparent that most of the methods still require further research to scale them up to an industrial and commercial level. Recent developments including the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Ti (CSIR-Ti), Titanium Reduction Oxide (TiRO), Preform Reduction Process (PRP), and hydrogen-assisted magnesiothermic reduction (HAMR) processes are auspicious for producing high-purity titanium sustainably.

Effects of participation intensity on agricultural commercialization level among sweet potato farmers in Kwara and Osun States, Nigeria

This study examined the effects of participation intensity on agricultural commercialization of sweet potatoes in Kwara and Osun States, Nigeria. Sweet potato is particularly a suitable food security crop as it produces a high yield in a short growing season even under low rainfall. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 485 sweet potato farmers. An interview guide was used to obtain primary data, which were analysed using descriptive and double hurdle Craggit regression models. The results revealed that majority of the respondents were male (86% and 87.6%) in both Kwara and Osun states, while the mean ages were 42 and 43 years, respectively. The results further showed that sweet potato intensity of participation in commercialization was significantly determined by gender, quantity consumed, and transaction cost of the crop in Kwara State (p&lt;0.1, p&lt;0.01, and p&lt;0.05), respectively. However, for Osun state, it was significantly determined by age, gender, education, quantity consumed, and cooperative membership (p&lt;0.1, p&lt;0.1, p&lt;0.01, p&lt;0.01 and p&lt;0.01), respectively. The study concluded that agricultural commercialization level of sweet potato was directly influenced by many factors in the study areas. It is therefore recommended that farmers should be assisted in lowering their transaction costs, particularly in terms of transportation costs. Cooperative membership performance should be enhanced positively for farmers through seminars, symposiums, and training.

Utilization of Solar Energy to Enhance Energy Independence in Pematang Serai Village, Langkat Regency

This study aims to evaluate the potential of solar energy in Pematang Serai Village, Tanjung Pura District, Langkat Regency, to support the development of solar power plants (PLTS) as an alternative energy source. This village faces challenges of dependency on fossil energy, which is non-renewable and harmful to the environment. Using qualitative and quantitative research approaches, data collection was conducted through direct observation, interviews, and measurement of sunlight intensity with specialized devices. The results show that the sunlight intensity in this village peaks at 12:00 PM, with an input power of 74.91 W/m² and an average panel efficiency of 15%. The total power produced over six hours reaches 922.38 Wh, providing a significant opportunity to create an energy-independent community through renewable energy utilization. This study suggests the application of PLTS at both household and commercial levels as a practical solution to decrease reliance on fossil energy.

Development of Image-Based Water Level Sensor with High-Resolution and Low-Cost Using Image Processing Algorithm: Application to Outgassing Measurements from Gas-Enriched Polymer.

A high-resolution and low-cost image-based water level sensor was developed using an image processing algorithm. The sensor measures water levels in six channels simultaneously. The image processing algorithm automatically identifies water level images and determines the water levels by analyzing the brightness of the images. The measured water levels were verified by comparison with the calibrated water levels using known length standards. The performance test results of the developed water level sensor were compared with those of commercial water level sensors, demonstrating a superior resolution of 0.06 mm and an inexpensive cost of USD 80. In addition, the developed sensor demonstrated an accuracy of 0.9%, a stability of 0.3%, an adjustable measurement range, and an instantaneous response time. In conclusion, the image-based water level sensor that was developed provides a reliable method for real-time visual monitoring of water levels in six channels simultaneously.

Evaluating the Impact of Various Existing Computer Vision Models on Reducing False Negatives and Positives in Commercial and Residential Security Surveillance Systems

Abstract: The following analytical study examines the contributions different computer vision models have made to reduce false negatives and positives in surveillance systems. Synthesizing the results of existing research regarding models in different environmental conditions, the work further compares the implications of these technologies at commercial and residential levels. The contexts of environmental and operational variances are tested apart to find any resultant trends and/or challenges. Conclusions are then derived from these results to recommend specific models that would perform better in a residential or commercial setting. Limitations are observed and results are discussed in a larger multi-disciplinary context.

Redox flow stacks with tubular cell design—Feasibility and performance

Redox flow batteries are a reliable option for the storage of energy from renewable resources and the all vanadium cell chemistry features the highest level of commercialization. The storage market demands further cost reductions. A tubular cell design can lower power specific costs by featuring reduced material needs and enabling the use of cost efficient extrusion processes of cell components. The feasibility of tubular all vanadium cells has already been shown in previous studies of the authors. In this study, we report on the progress of a recent cell generation and the integration of single cells into stacks. The performance of the current cell and stack generation has reached the region of planar cells with discharge current densities of idch> 300mAcm-2 at SOC≈0.5 and Ucell=0.8V as well as maximum power densities of P/Area> 300mWcm-2 with respect to the membrane area and of P/Volume> 750kWm-3 with respect to the cell body volume. The single cell performance turns out to be reproduceable with negligible losses at stack level in a 5p setup. In this way, the feasibility of tubular stacks is demonstrated. We claim the tubular approach to be transferrable to other cell chemistries.

Seguros agropecuarios basados en índices. Situación actual y visión de mercado de compañías aseguradores

This paper presents the stage of development of agricultural index insurances in Argentina. Market penetration and five-year commercial prospects are analyzed using survey data from a sample of data provided of insurance companies. The majority of the parametric insurance approved by the National Insurance Superintendence in Argentina are designed to cover rainfall events for typical agricultural activities in the Pampas region, with little development for regional productions and/or areas outside the Pampas. One third of the insured companies currently offers this type of insurance, although sales level is null to medium. In the medium term, insurers perception of commercialization level of this type of insurance for crops and livestock is considered acceptable. Insurance companies agree on the importance of public-private programs to expand market, and the need of adequate climate data to improve the design and fit of these coverages to farmers.

(Invited) Development of High-Performance Sn Based Halide Perovskite Transistors

Developing high-mobility p-type semiconductors that can be grown using cost-effective scalable methods at low temperatures, has remained challenging in the electronics community for the integration of complementary electronics with the well-developed n-type metal oxide counterparts. Tin (Sn2+) halide perovskites emerge as promising p-type candidates but suffer from low crystallisation controllability and high film defect density, which result in uncompetitive device performance. In this talk, I would like to introduce a general overview and recent progress of our group of p-type Sn-based metal halide perovskites for the application of field-effect transistors (FETs). In the first part of the talk, I will mainly address inorganic perovskite thin-film transistors with exceptional performance using high-crystallinity and uniform cesium-tin-triiodide-based semiconducting layers with moderate hole concentrations and superior Hall mobilities, which are enabled by the judicious engineering of film composition and crystallization. The optimized devices exhibit high field-effect hole mobilities of over 50 cm2 V− 1 s− 1, large current modulation greater than 108, and high operational stability and reproducibility [1,2]. In the second part of the talk, I will introduce A-site cation engineering method to achieve high-performance pure-Sn perovskite thin-film transistors (TFTs). We explore triple A-cations of caesium-formamidinium-phenethylammonium to create high-quality cascaded Sn perovskite channel films, especially with low-defect phase-pure perovskite/dielectric interface. As such, the optimized TFTs show record hole mobilities of over 70 cm2 V− 1 s− 1 and on/off current ratios of over 108, comparable to the commercial low-temperature polysilicon technique level [3]. The p-channel perovskite TFTs also show high processability and compatibility with the n-type metal oxides, enabling the integration of high-gain complementary inverters and rail-to-rail logic gates. References Liu, Y.-Y. Noh et al, Nature Electronics 5, 78-83 (2022).Liu Y.-Y. Noh et al, Nature Electronics 6, 559-571 (2023).H. Zhu, Y.-Y. Noh et al, Nature Electronics 6, 650-657 (2023).

Room-Temperature Light Emission from Ion-Implanted Sige/Si and Ge/Si Quantum Dots on Si(001)

Si Photonics is poised to bring vast benefits to data transfer and sensing applications. Many necessary components for Si photonics have already reached the level of commercialization. Most troublesome, however, is the development of a suitable light source that can be readily integrated with Si technology and that fulfills mandatory emission characteristics [1-3]. Silicon’s indirect band gap makes the implementation of useful light-emitting diodes and lasers on Si Photonic platforms challenging, as light emission is confined to cryogenic temperatures.In this paper, we emphasize that combining group-IV-based nanostructures and point defects can lead to direct bandgap recombination paths in Ge/Si and SiGe/Si systems, leading to pronounced luminescence emission at room temperature and above [4]. The Ge/Si and SiGe/Si nanostructures (quantum dots) can be formed via strain-driven self-assembly, while the defects are intentionally created using low-energy ion implantation [4-7]. The latter allows defects to be confined within the quantum dots while the surrounding Si matrix remains crystalline.Due to the band structure differences of Si and Ge, the effect of resulting defects that are of the split-interstitial type are vastly different for Ge and SiGe alloys. We performed first-principles calculations to show that in the case of Ge on Si, direct bandgap recombination is enabled at the Brillouin zone center, while for SiGe alloys, direct recombination is only possible in X-direction of the Brillouin zone [8-9]. In both cases, however, pronounced photoluminescence light emission from these defect-enhanced quantum dots at room temperature is observed [6,7] This is also true for electrically-driving these light emitters in p-i-n diodes [9,10] for which the luminescence emission is barely decaying up to a sample temperature of 100°C [10].We note that the sample structure can be modified and improved post-growth using thermal annealing and passivation of parasitic defects using hydrogen [11,12].

Effects of vegetable commercialization on household food security: a generalized propensity score matching approach

ABSTRACT The commercialization of smallholder farmers is seen as the most significant driver of improved food security and household welfare in most countries with low-agricultural economies. This study used a Generalized Propensity Score Matching (GPSM) approach to evaluate the average causal effects of vegetable commercialization levels on the food security status of households in Sabbata Hawas Woreda, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Data were collected through surveys of 385 farm households, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and observations. The results revealed that vegetable commercialization had both positive and negative effects on households’ food security. The MAHFP increased steadily as the levels of commercialization increased. However, the lower levels of commercialization are associated with negative outcomes for calorie intake, food consumption scores, and household dietary diversity scores. The caloric intake, HDDS, and FCS were improved after commercialization levels reached 50%, 40%, and 25% respectively. The findings indicate that an increase in commercialization may not always lead to consistent increases across all indicators of food security and it has heterogeneous effects on households with different levels of commercialization. The subsequent policy recommendations of the study results are that, even though smallholder commercialization strategies are crucial for ensuring increased food production, productivity, and incomes for food security, it still requires taking into account the heterogeneous food security effects of vegetable commercialization levels.

High-Stable All-Iron Redox Flow Battery with Innovative Anolyte based on Steric Hindrance Regulation.

All-soluble all-iron redox flow batteries (AIRFBs) are an innovative energy storage technology that offer significant financial benefits. Stable and affordable redox-active materials are essential for the commercialization of AIRFBs, yet the battery stability must be significantly improved to achieve practical value. Herein, ferrous complexes combined with the triisopropanolamine (TIPA) ligand are identified as promising anolytes to extend battery life by reducing cross-contamination due to a pronounced steric hindrance effect. The coordination structure and failure mechanism of our Fe-TIPA complexes were determined by molecular dynamics simulation and spectroscopic experiments. By coupling with [Fe(CN)6]4-/3-, Fe-TIPA/Fe-CN AIRFBs retained excellent stability exceeding 1831 cycles at 80 mA ⋅ cm-2, yielding an energy efficiency of ~80 % and maintaining a steady discharge capacity. Moreover, the all-soluble electrolyte was tested in an industrial-scale Fe-TIPA/Fe-CN AIRFB prototype energy storage system, where an energy efficiency of 81.3 % was attained. Given the abundance of iron resources, we model the TIPA AIRFB electrolyte cost to be as low as 32.37 $/kWh, which is significantly cheaper than the current commercial level. This work demonstrates that steric hindrance is an effective measure to extended battery life, facilitating the commercial development of affordable flow batteries.