Commercial Window Glass Research Articles

Influence of gamma ray on optical and structural properties of commercial glass enriched with copper oxide

Commercial glass with composition SiO2 ≈ 71.9, Na2O ≈ 14.25, CaO ≈ 8.6, MgO ≈ 4.05, Al2O3 ≈ 0.66, K2O ≈ 0.037, TiO2 ≈ 0.025, Fe2O3 ≈ 0.08, SO3 ≈ 0.32 mixed with X CuO (X ≥ 0.01) were synthesized by melt-casting method. After that, effects of gamma ray on glass samples were investigated by optical absorption, transmission %, FTIR and ESR spectra. The optical absorption and ESR studies suggested that, Cu-ions exist as Cu2+ valence state and act as modifiers by raising the degree of disorder in the glass network. Physical parameters such as optical energy gap (Eopt), Urbach energy (Eu), refractive index (n) and electrical constant were also calculated to sustain the results obtained from optical absorption measurements. Results show that there are considerable variations in number of NBOs in the structural glass due to the influence of CuO and gamma irradiation. Calibration curve of Commercial window glass containing 0.05 mol % CuO exhibited dosimeter behavior in long dose range among 2.5–80 kGy. Also, characteristic fading curve over a period of 50 days at room temperature has been taken into consideration. Our study showed that the recycled commercial window glass doped with 0.05% CuO could be candidate for radiation dosimeter application.

High-Performance, Large-Area, and Ecofriendly Luminescent Solar Concentrators Using Copper-Doped InP Quantum Dots.

SummaryColloidal quantum dots (QDs) are promising building blocks for luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs). For their widespread use, they need to simultaneously satisfy non-toxic material content, low reabsorption, high photoluminescence quantum yield, and large-scale production. Here, copper doping of zinc carboxylate-passivated InP core and nano-engineering of ZnSe shell facilitated high in-device quantum efficiency of QDs over 80%, having well-matched spectral emission profile with the photo-response of silicon solar cells. The optimized QD-LSCs showed an optical quantum efficiency of 37% and an internal concentration factor of 4.7 for a 10 × 10-cm2 device area under solar illumination, which is comparable with the state-of-the-art LSCs based on cadmium-containing QDs and lead-containing perovskites. Synthesis of the copper-doped InP/ZnSe QDs in gram-scale and large-area deposition (3,000 cm2) onto commercial window glasses via doctor-blade technique showed their scalability for mass production. These results position InP-based QDs as a promising alternative for efficient solar energy harvesting.

The effect of particle size on radiation shielding properties for bismuth borosilicate glass

The aim of this work is to study the radiation shielding properties of size dependent bismuth in sodium calcium borosilicate glasses. The Bi2O3 in these glasses have the particle size in micrometer (M-BNCBS) have been compared the radiation shielding properties with the glasses that replaced the Bi2O3 with Bi nano-powder (N-BNCBS). The results show that the density of M-BNCBS and N-BNCBS is higher at higher concentration of Bi and the particle size of Bi does not affect to the density of glasses. The molar volumes increase with Bi content and show the higher in N-BNCBS with relative different increase with Bi content due to the NBOs more created. The N-BNCBS have the values of mass attenuation coefficients, effective atomic numbers and electron densities higher than M-BNCBS due to the larger electron cloud density in N-BNCBS. The half value layer of N-BNCBS found to be less than M-BNCBS. These results show that the particle size will affect the radiation shielding properties. Moreover, the radiation shielding properties of these glasses found to be better than Commercial window glass and some standard shielding concrete when compared.

Physical, mechanical and gamma-ray shielding properties of highly transparent ZnO-MoO3-TeO2 glasses

Physical, mechanical and radiation shielding properties of ZnO-MoO3-TeO2 glasses were studied. Density, molar volume, oxygen molar volume, oxygen packing density were evaluated for the interpretation of physical properties. Mechanical properties were determined through Vickers hardness measurements. The shielding estimation was accomplished by studying linear attenuation coefficient (LACμ), mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), effective atomic number (Zeff), effective electron density (Neff), mean free path (mfp), exposure buildup factor (EBF) and energy absorption buildup factor (EABF). The glasses were irradiated by 133Ba radioactive source emitting gamma rays in the range of 79.61 keV to 383.80 keV to determine LACs and MACs. mfp values were calculated for present glasses and compared with various concretes and a commercial window glass in energy region 81–384 keV. The glass structure became stronger and mechanical properties showed an increment with increasing MoO3 content. Synthesized glasses have lower mfp values indicating better shielding properties than concretes and window glass.

EPR dosimetric properties of different window glasses

To better estimate the individual dose and assess the levels of radiation accidents, this paper exhaustively explored the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) dosimetric properties of window glasses. Three types of commercial window glasses were ground into five different sizes and washed with various solutions to explore the influence of grinding and washing. An in-depthanalysisof the thermal stability of the radio-induced EPR signal was conducted at 40–200 °C for a varying length of time. The postirradiation signal stability with different storage conditions was also studied. For the dose response, irradiated samples (4–30 Gy) were used to build calibration curves. The results were as follows. Irradiated window glasses exhibit a paramagnetic center with an EPR signal at g = 2.0038 ± 0.0016. Different filling factors of the cavity make a difference in the signal. A glass size of 1–2 mm is optimal for the experiments. Alcohol and distilled water do not affect the EPR signals. A quick thermal treatment at 200 °C for 20 min can clear the radio-induced signals. Sunlight can accelerate the decline of the radio-induced signals, whereas low-temperature storage slows down that decline. The background signals and radiation responses are different for the same type of glass from different manufacturers. Finally, transparent window glasses show characteristics more suitable for dosimetry and triage applications than glasses of other types. In summary, window glasses are promising for applications in accidental retrospective dosimetry and have great potential for improvement in future work.

ZnO-B2O3-PbO glasses: Synthesis and radiation shielding characterization

A group of glass samples of chemical formula (10ZnO-(40-x) B2O3-(50 + x) PbO) with x varying from 0 to 40 wt fractions were prepared by solid state reaction method. Amorphous nature of these glasses samples confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra. The density of the prepared samples was measured, and molar volume was calculated. The radiation shielding properties such as mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ), half value layer (HVL), tenth value layer (TVL), effective atomic number (Zeff), mean free path (MFP), and buildup factor (BEF) for the prepared glasses were evaluated in the energy range 0.015–15 MeV using XCOM program. Also, the mass attenuation coefficient has been calculated using Monte Carlo simulation (MCNPX code) at six energies (between 0.356 and 1.33 MeV) and the output results have been compared with those collected by XCOM. The MCNPX results match most of the XCOM data very well. The results showed that the mass attenuation coefficient of the prepared glasses is increased with the addition of PbO. ZBP5 glass sample has the highest effective atomic number while ZBP1 sample has the lowest. The radiation shielding properties for the prepared glasses were compared with some commercial window glasses and different types of glass systems.

Comparative study of gamma ray shielding competence of WO3-TeO2-PbO glass system to different glasses and concretes

The photon attenuation coefficients of 20WO3-(80-x) TeO2-xPbO (where x = 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5 and 20 mol %) tellurite glasses have been studied in the energy region of 1 keV–100 GeV. The addition of PbO into the glass system increases the mass attenuation coefficients and decreases the mean free path and the half value layer. Moreover, WTP5 which contains 20 mol% of PbO shows the highest radiation shielding capability. In addition, tellurite glasses have been compared with other glass systems, some standard shielding concretes and three commercial window glasses in terms of mass attenuation coefficients, mean free path and half value layer. The G-P fitting method also used to evaluate the exposure buildup factor of the present glasses. The exposure buildup factor of the present samples has also been compared with the other glasses, lead and concretes. It has-been found that the glasses under study have higher values of mass attenuation coefficients than that of commercial window glasses. Also, it has been found that the present glasses have lower mean free path, thus possess better shielding properties than different concrete samples and other selected glasses.

Performance of ZnO-doped recycled window glass as a thermoluminescence dosimeter

Thermoluminescence properties of Thai commercial window glass provided by Guardian Industries Corporation (denoted as WG) were studied. WG was doped with varying concentrations of ZnO. The composition of glass is 90WG-10Na2O-xZnO (where x = 0.000, 0.001, 0.010, 0.100, 1.000 mol%). Glass samples were recycled by using melt quenching technique and cut into the dimensions of 6×6×1 mm3. After irradiated glass samples with X-ray at photon energy 160 keV in absorb dose rang 0-14 mGy, the glow curve structure, TL sensitivity, linearity and minimum detectable dose were investigated.

A comparative study of gadolinium based oxide and oxyfluoride glasses as low energy radiation shielding materials

The Gadolinium based oxide and oxyfluoride glass systems were prepared using conventional melt quenching method and studied for their radiation shielding properties. The mass attenuation coefficients (μm), effective atomic numbers (Zeff) and effective electron densities (Ne) of the glasses at different photon energies were calculated theoretically by WinXcom program and experimentally determined by the transmission method. Moreover, the mass attenuation coefficient was investigated using Geant4 Monte Carlo code and compared with each other. The gamma ray energies were varied by Compton scattering technique. The values of attenuation parameters of both the glass systems have been found to be decrease with the increase in gamma ray photon energy. The results show that, the experimental values of mass attenuation coefficients, effective atomic numbers and effective electron densities are in good agreement with the theoretical values. It seems that Geant4 values are systematically lower than WinXCom. It could be caused by the simplification of geometry in Geant4. Although, the oxide glass system have superior shielding properties than oxyfluoride glass system, but, still, it has better shielding properties than commercial window glass and some existing concretes indicating the potential of this glass to be used as gamma ray shielding material. Moreover, there is no effect of fluoride component on the optical spectra. The optical absorption spectra of the glass systems under investigation have been shown with light transparency which is an edge to be used as radiation shielding material.

Bismuth modified shielding properties of zinc boro-tellurite glasses

In the present work, the gamma ray shielding properties of tellurium oxide based quaternary glasses in the system TeO2-B2O3-Bi2O3-ZnO have been investigated. By using WinXCom software, mass attenuation coefficients (μ/ρ), half value layers (HVL), effective atomic numbers (Zeff) and electron densities (Ne) for total photon interaction in the energy range of 1 keV–100 GeV were calculated. The values of μ/ρ and Zeff found increase with an increase in Bi2O3 content. The obtained results of the selected glass systems have been compared, in terms of μ/ρ and HVL with commercial window glasses, some common shielding concretes, and other glass systems in order to test the validity of these glass systems with respect to the radiation shielding. The shielding effectiveness of the selected glasses is found comparable to that of common ones; which indicates that the tellurium glasses may be developed as gamma ray shielding materials.

Microstructure of planar glass substrates modified by Laser Ablation Backwriting (LAB) of metal targets

Abstract Geometrically controlled, channel-like structures were prepared on commercial, soda-lime glass substrates, by a Laser Ablation Backwriting (LAB) process using a commercial Nd:YVO 4 laser fitted with a beam steering galvanometer mirror unit. 70Cu30Zn Brass alloy, Ag and Al metal targets were evaporated onto glass substrates by simple irradiation through the same glass substrates. The resultant structures were characterized by SEM, TEM, and UV-vis-nIR spectroscopy. These revealed the presence of metal nanostructures in the case of brass and Ag targets, with their typical local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) bands. In contrast, Al was not found in its elemental form, but rather integrated into the glass substrate. These results were confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDS) studies, performed with TEM and SEM observation on representative, polished cross section samples. Preliminary light guiding studies demonstrated the potential to develop burried waveguides just below the surface of the glass substrates in all cases, suggesting that LAB may be a convenient method to prepare stable waveguides by modifying inexpensive, commercial window glass.

Sol–gel coatings: An alternative route for producing planar optical waveguides

Inorganic and hybrid planar waveguides with different compositions (silica–titania, methacrylate–silica–cerium oxide, zirconia–cerium oxide and silica–zirconia) have been obtained by sol–gel synthesis followed by dip-coating. Soda-lime glass slides and conventional commercial window glass were used as substrates. The thickness and refractive index of the coatings were determined by profilometry and Spectroscopic Ellipsometry. Waveguide efficiency was measured at ca. 70.8% with a He–Ne laser beam, coupled with an optical microscope objective into and out of the waveguiding layer via a double prism configuration. Thicknesses between 150 and 2000 nm, along with refractive index values ranging between 1.45 and ~ 1.99 (λ = 633 nm) were obtained depending on the sol composition and the dip-coating conditions. This wide range of values allows designing multilayered guides that can be used in a variety of applications.

Comparison of some lead and non-lead based glass systems, standard shielding concretes and commercial window glasses in terms of shielding parameters in the energy region of 1 keV–100 GeV: A comparative study

The effective atomic numbers, Z eff of some glass systems with and without Pb have been calculated in the energy region of 1 keV–100 GeV including the K absorption edges of high Z elements present in the glass. Also, these glass systems have been compared with some standard shielding concretes and commercial window glasses in terms of mean free paths and total mass attenuation coefficients in the continuous energy range. Comparisons with experiments were also provided wherever possible for glasses. It has been observed that the glass systems without Pb have higher values of Z eff than that of Pb based glasses at some high energy regions even if they have lower mean atomic numbers than Pb based glasses. When compared with some standard shielding concretes and commercial window glasses, generally it has been shown that the given glass systems have superior properties than concretes and window glasses with respect to the radiation-shielding properties, thus confirming the availability of using these glasses as substitutes for some shielding concretes and commercial window glasses to improve radiation-shielding properties in the continuous energy region.

Study on borate glass system containing with Bi2O3 and BaO for gamma-rays shielding materials: Comparison with PbO

Abstract In this work, the mass attenuation coefficients and shielding parameters of borate glass matrices containing with Bi 2 O 3 and BaO have been investigated at 662 keV, and compare with PbO in same glass structure. The theoretical values were calculated by WinXCom software and compare with experiential data. The results found that the mass attenuation coefficients were increased with increasing of Bi 2 O 3 , BaO and PbO concentration, due to increase photoelectric absorption of all glass samples. However, Compton scattering gives dominant contribution to the total mass attenuation coefficients for studied glass samples. Moreover the half value layers (HVL) of glass samples were also better than ordinary concretes and commercial window glass. These results reflecting that the Bi-based glass can use replace Pb in radiation shielding glass. In the case of Ba, may be can use at appropriate energy such as X-rays or lower.

Gamma-Rays Absorption Studies of PbO-SiO<sub>2</sub> Glass System

Mass attenuation coefficient, total interaction cross-section and effective atomic number of xPbO:(100-x)SiO2, where 30 x 70 (% weight), glass system have been investigated at 662 keV on the basis of the mixture rule. The results are in good agreement with the theoretical values, calculated by WinXCom. The mass attenuation coefficient increases with PbO content, due to higher probability of photoelectric absorption in glass. However, Compton scattering gives dominant contribution to the total mass attenuation coefficient for the glass samples studied. The shielding properties of the glass samples are also better than ordinary shielding concretes and commercial window glasses. These results indicate that the glass systems prepared in this study has a potential to be used as radiation shielding materials.

Gamma-rays shielding properties of xPbO:(100 − x)B 2O 3 glasses system at 662 keV

The mass attenuation coefficients, total interaction cross-sections and effective atomic numbers of xPbO:(100 − x)B 2O 3 (where 30 ⩽ x ⩽ 70% weight) glass system have been investigated on the basis of the mixture rule. The results are good agreement with the theoretical values, calculated by WinXCom. Mass attenuation coefficients were increased with increase PbO content, due to increase effective atomic number of glass samples, which increase probability of photoelectric absorption in glass. However, Compton scattering gives dominant contribution to the total mass attenuation coefficients for studied glass samples. Their shielding properties of glass samples are also better than ordinary shielding concretes and commercial window glass which can be used with advantage as transparent in visible region. These results are indicating the potential of glasses in radiation shielding materials.

Response of commercial window glass to gamma doses

Abstract This work reports experimental results of an effort undertaken to identify and characterize the radiation-induced defects created during gamma (γ)-irradiation of commercial glass on the basis of optical absorption measurements performed before and after irradiation. It is assumed that the induced absorption band formed after γ-irradiation of soda-lime-silica (SLS) glasses are created by some hole-type color centers related with non-bridging oxygen ions (NBO−) located in different surroundings. Results have been discussed taking into consideration the presence of iron as impurity in the glass structure. It is well known that the absorption bands of Fe3+ in the visible range is at 420–440 nm, in this study the band at 430 nm was followed. Also, the optical gap variations (ΔEopt) induced by γ-irradiation were investigated. Moreover, the study illustrated that the optical absorption sensitivity and the mechanism of fading either at room or elevated temperature has been discussed in relation to successive irradiation doses, dose rate and thickness. The results are discussed on the basis of the annihilation mechanisms of induced irradiation defects.

Effect of post-irradiation thermal treatments on the stability of gamma-irradiated glass dosimeter

A commercial window glass has been investigated as a routine high dose dosimeter for gamma irradiation. The irradiated samples showed rapid fading at room temperature immediately after irradiation. This short-term rapid fading was followed by a slow fading at long-term. This strong initial fading is a problem for dosimetry purposes. However, when the dosimeter is measured at the same time interval after irradiation, it maintains proportionality to dose. Calibration curves have to be used for different time intervals after irradiation. In order to improve post-irradiation stability dosimeters were submitted to different post-irradiation thermal treatments from (−20) up to 150 °C. After that, optical absorbance measurements were carried out up to 2 months at room temperature. The heating at 150 °C for 20 min was found to be the most suitable procedure for the removal of unstable entities responsible for the initial rapid fading. Due to these heat treatments, variation of response was found almost negligible 24 h after irradiation for several months. Calibration curves demonstrated the applicability of this glass as routine dosimeter in the dose range of 0.5–90 kGy.

Effect of cooling rate on structure and mechanical behavior of glass by MD simulation

By using the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation method, we investigated the effect of cooling rate on structure and mechanical behavior under stress, including deformation and fracture, for a typical commercial window glass. An increased cooling rate reduced the degree of polymerization in the network structure of the glass. The structure in this case, was found to exhibit smaller rings and smaller bond angles. As a result, the glass cooled at a higher rate had a smaller Young’s modulus and flowed more readily. This probably leads to faster stress relaxation and less tendency to crack, i.e., lower brittleness. The nano-structure and mechanical properties simulated are discussed in comparison with actual experimental data.

Degradation of Commercial Window Glass

Degradation of Commercial Window Glass