Commercial Transport Research Articles

A bibliometric analysis of driving behaviour of commercial transport drivers: An African perspective

Road traffic accident is highly correlated with the behaviour of who is behind the wheel. Reports have shown that Africa as a region leads in the rate of road traffic fatality globally. Despite the growing road safety challenges associated with commercial transport drivers in Africa, and the various interventions by stakeholders to minimise road traffic accidents, little attention is given to the prevalence of the adverse driving behaviour of commercial transport drivers. Consequently, this study, therefore, established a bibliometric analysis to obtain an in-depth understanding of the driving behaviour of commercial transport drivers in Africa. For this study, 219 articles between 1978 and May 21, 2023, extracted from the Scopus database and key bibliometric indicators were established which includes; publication trends, keywords on driving behaviour among commercial drivers, authors, institutions, citation and co-citation analysis, subject categories, and co-occurrence of terms. Furthermore, information collected in this study was analysed using Microsoft Excel and VOSviewer software. The study showcased the views of researchers in terms of Accident risk factors, accident prevention analysis and accident proneness. However, the result revealed insufficient publications in both quantity and quality on commercial vehicle drivers’ behaviour despite the significant contribution of commercial drivers to accidents in Africa. This research established a new direction by linking drivers’ behaviour, and traffic safety with the commercial transport industry and understanding the factors and influence of drivers’ behaviour.

Powered Low-Speed Experimental Aerodynamic Investigation of an Over-Wing-Mounted Nacelle Configuration

Over-wing integration of ultrahigh bypass turbofan engines can be a solution for next-generation commercial transport aircraft since it eliminates the ground clearance issue and it has the potential to reduce ground noise due to acoustic shielding. Moreover, a unique characteristic of this installation type is the powered lift benefit at low-speed flight conditions. This paper aims to experimentally investigate the effect of the engine power setting on the low-speed aerodynamic performance of an over-wing-mounted nacelle configuration comprising a conventional tube-and-wing layout. Thus, low-speed wind tunnel tests were performed for a half-span powered scale model of the aforementioned configuration. The effect of the engine power setting on the wing lift and spanwise pressure distributions was investigated. The experiments were carried out for angles of attack varying from 0 to 6° and inlet mass flow ratios up to 2.4. The results were used to validate computational fluid dynamics simulations conducted for the same wind tunnel conditions. It has been shown that a significant powered lift benefit can be achieved for the studied configuration, without a penalty in the net propulsive force and that the lift increases linearly with the inlet mass flow ratio. Furthermore, it was observed that the engine power setting largely influences the pressure distributions along the wing, especially at the spanwise sections closer to the nacelle. The low-momentum zone created upstream of the engine at high power settings reduces the pressure at the wing’s upper surface, which is the main factor responsible for the increased lift. By taking advantage of such behavior, drag can potentially be reduced at takeoff and climb due to a lower flap setting required for the same lift.

Barriers and drivers for sustainable public transportation in Indian context

Rising negative externalities, including greenhouse gas emissions, climate change, and environmental pollution, shows the need for sustainable and environmentally friendly modes of transportation. Adopting zero-emission, environmentally friendly electric buses in public transportation systems can be an effective solution for both developing and developed countries, including India. While the Indian government is making numerous efforts to promote electric buses in commercial and public transportation systems, it faces several formidable obstacles. This research objective is to analyze and evaluate the primary factors influencing the adoption and usage of electric buses in the Indian public transportation system, within the limited available resources. A survey questionnaire is prepared with several perceptual subjects for the key perceived barriers. An empirical analysis using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is then performed to identify the critical barriers. The result of this study demonstrates that the infrastructural barriers substantially impact the adoption and utilization of electric buses. Further, the study provides critical insights and managerial implications for decision-makers.

What Matters in the Effectiveness of Airborne Collision Avoidance Systems? Monte Carlo Simulation of Uncertainties for TCAS II and ACAS Xa

TCAS II is a rule-based airborne collision avoidance system (ACAS) that is used in current commercial air transport operations, and ACAS Xa is a new optimization-based system. Operational validation studies have mainly used deterministic simulations of ACAS performance using various sets of encounters. Recently a new approach was developed, which employs Monte Carlo (MC) simulation of agent-based models to evaluate the impact of sensor errors and pilot response variability. This paper contrasts the results of both approaches in a comparison of TCAS II and ACAS Xa for various types of synthetic encounters. It was found that conventional estimates of near mid-air collision (NMAC) probabilities are often lower than the estimates achieved using MC simulation, and that the biases in the P(NMAC) estimates are consistently larger for ACAS Xa than for TCAS II. Contributions to unresolved risk are largest for pilot performance, then for encounter types, and finally for sensor errors. The contribution of non-responding pilots is much larger than the differences between TCAS II and ACAS Xa. It is concluded that the agent-based MC simulation overcomes the limitations in traditional evaluation of altimetry errors and pilot response, providing an independent means to effectively analyze the robustness of ACASs.

Livelihood Diversification among Sugarcane Farmers in Makarfi Local Government Area, Kaduna State

An Assessment of livelihood diversification among sugarcane farmers was conducted in Makarfi Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. A three-stage sampling procedure was used in the study. The first stage was the random selection of three wards (Makarfi, Tudunwada and Gubuchi) while in the second stage, two villages were also randomly selected from the three wards. Finally, random sampling was employed in selecting a total of one hundred and five (105) farmers from the three wards. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data collected. The result of the study showed that about 39% of the farmer`s income ranged between N110,000 - N150,000 and 46% cultivated below 1ha of land. Furthermore, the study revealed the diversified activities the farmers engage are of agricultural (e.g. livestock production) and non-agricultural forms (e.g. Okada/ tricycle commercial transport). It was found that the primary reason for the diversification is the non-stability of income from sugarcane production. The farmers’ major constraint was a lack of credit facilities to support their livelihood activities. Therefore, the study recommended the government and NGOs revive the rural financial system and provide a conducive policy for rural livelihood.

In situ screening of sodium sulfite residue on edible mushroom using SERS active paper swab

In the present study, a printing paper functionalized with Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) was used as a flexible surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) swab (AgNP@FP) to evaluate its ability to detect sodium sulfite residues on the surface of edible mushrooms. The results showed that the prepared AgNP@FP swab had fingerprint-like signals (at 620 and 927 cm–1), which could serve as a clear confirmation of the analyte. In addition, the swab not only exhibited good repeatability, with spot-to-spot variation of < 2.6% at 620 cm–1 signal intensity, but it also met the requirement of commercial transportation as the peak intensity at 620 cm–1 remained at 57.84% of its initial value after 5 days of storage. The sensitivity of the substrate to sodium sulfite on the surface of oyster mushroom and enoki mushroom was as low as 0.2 mg/mL. The limit of detection (LOD) values of the sulfite residue on the surface of oyster and enoki mushrooms were 1.2 and 1.6 mg/kg, respectively. This study demonstrated that the AgNP@FP swab provided a simple tool for obscure and in situ screening of residues on the surface of agricultural products.

Future renewable energy targets in the EU: Impacts on the German transport

The transport sector is at the center of discussions on accelerating the energy transition due to its still increasing contribution to greenhouse gas emissions worldwide; therefore, the EU has set binding targets for the use of renewable energy in transport through the Renewable Energy Directive. To analyze the economic impact of these targets, we developed an optimization model that considers bio- and electricity-based fuel options, various transport sectors, and future policy requirements. Our study of the German transport sector found that imported alternative fuels play a key role in reducing fossil fuel usage. We also identify two technological and managerial obstacles: policymakers need to prioritize the rapid electrification of vehicles in the near future; and in the distant future, more attention is needed in research for new technologies in commercial transport. Although our findings are tailored to Germany, the employed approach can be transferred to other models and countries.

Yenilebilir yılan pancarı (Arum maculatum) yumru tozu enkapsülasyonu

Cuckoopint (Arum maculatum), an edible wild plant species, grows in Asia, Europe, and North Africa. The aerial parts of the plant are consumed as food. The plant's tubers are used in traditional folk medicine to treat gastrointestinal disorders. When consumed fresh, the plant's tubers have a toxic effect, and the dried form is safe if it does not exceed a certain amount. Tuber powders can also have a poisonous effect when taken in excessive amounts accidentally and unconsciously. In this study, it was investigated whether it is possible to prepare the powder obtained by drying the tubers of the edible wild plant A. maculatum by encapsulating it with chitosan, an edible, biocompatible, mucoadhesive polysaccharide, in specific doses. A. maculatum-chitosan microcapsules were prepared with A. maculatum tuber powder and chitosan. The effects of medium parameters such as pH, temperature, and ionic strength on the microcapsules' structural integrity and release properties were investigated. Encapsulation of tuber powders prepared in specific formulations into microcapsules can help prevent accidental overdose by the public. Commercial storage, transport, and marketing of cuckoopint tuber powder may be possible through encapsulation.

PENINGKATAN PEMAHAMAN SISWA MA NU MRANGGEN MENGENAI TANGGUNGJAWAB PENGANGKUT DALAM PENGANGKUTAN NIAGA

Public transportation is one of the transportation media that is very necessary for the community and the government to minimize the use of private transportation as well as congestion that is becoming more and more common in big cities in Indonesia. The use of public transportation is carried out by the government through State-Owned Enterprises (BUMN) and Privately-Owned Enterprises (BUMS) through land, sea and air transportation. Public transportation in the past 1 (one) decade has become the main center of attention for the central and regional governments in order to minimize the accident rate on public transportation and make various policies to protect passengers and their heirs if unwanted things happen. So far, many students do not know the responsibilities of carriers in public transportation, therefore it is necessary to do community service in the form of outreach to increase the understanding of MA NU Mranggen students regarding the responsibilities of carriers in public transportation. This service is carried out by means of lectures and direct questions and answers and evaluation by distributing questionnaires before and after the activity is carried out. This service is carried out by an implementation team consisting of 1 (one) chairperson, and 2 (two) members. The implementation team is lecturers at the Faculty of Law, University of Semarang who are competent in mastering material regarding the responsibilities of carriers in commercial transport. The results of the dedication which took the theme of the rights of persons with disabilities, based on an average increase of 70.0%.

Learning from past in the aircraft maintenance industry: An empirical evaluation in the safety management framework

The growth of commercial air transport arguably translates into more aging passenger aircraft queuing up for major maintenance, modifications, and/or freighter conversion with the aircraft maintenance industry. In the competitive business environment, this increased maintenance demand possesses the potential to stress the industry and make safety vulnerable. In the aircraft maintenance industry, several aircraft accidents and incidents have resulted from organizational failure to learn from the past. To address this chronic problem, this study aims to (a) establish a learning process model for the aircraft maintenance industry, (b) identify the factors that influence learning, and (c) determine the effect of identified factors on learning from the past. A review of scholarly articles and regulatory publications enabled the development of learning from the past process model and a data collection tool, followed by structural equation modeling to quantify the relationship among influencing factors. The study was conducted in the Indian aircraft maintenance environment and is based on the perspective of the front-line maintenance staff. The study found that safety communication is the decisive stage for learning from the past. Contextualization of the safety information and evaluating the lessons learned during safety communication strongly impact learning from the past, for which existing regulatory provisions are vulnerable. The findings of this study are meant to assist State regulators and management of the aircraft maintenance industry; nevertheless, safety managers and practitioners in other ultra-safe, high-risk sectors may also apply the results in compliance with the respective regulatory guidelines.

Genome-wide SNP-based diversity analysis and phylogeographic inference in the ark shell (Anadara broughtonii)

The ark shell (Anadara broughtonii) is a marine bivalve inhabiting the West Pacific coasts. Its natural resources have declined considerably in recent years due to overexploitation. Understanding of the genetic diversity and population structure of A. broughtonii is important for conservation and species-specific management. The Specific-Locus Amplified Fragment Sequencing (SLAF-seq) method was used to screen the SNPs for exploring the genetic diversity and phylogeographic characterization in 40 Anadara broughtonii individuals, 10 each from 4 sample locations: China, Japan, Korea, and Russia. We generated 394,768 SLAFs and developed 452,144 polymorphic SNPs. The observed and expected heterozygosity (Ho and He) ranged from 0.1805 to 0.3216 and from 0.1504 to 0.2156, respectively. Relatively strong differentiation was detected between populations from China/Russia and those from Japan/Korea, possibly related to the barrier effects from the Shandong Peninsula and the Korean Peninsula. Phylogenetic and Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) supported the 40 individuals were mainly classified into four genetically distinct groups according to their sampling locations. Overall, Japanese and Korean populations owned higher genetic diversity. However, the two native populations may probably be affected by human activities such as artificial culture and commercial transportation. In order to avoid the further admixture of the native population of A. broughtonii, more attention should be paid to the germplasm resources protection of this species. Our results demonstrated the capability and high resolution of SNPs derived from SLAF-seq to measure the population genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure of A. broughtonii.

Influence of Transportation on Stress Response and Cellular Oxidative Stress Markers in Juvenile Meagre (Argyrosomus regius).

In aquaculture, the transportation of live fish is a crucial but stress-inducing practice, necessitating a thorough understanding of its impact on fish welfare. This study aimed to assess the physiological stress response of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) juveniles during a 24 h commercial transport by quantifying muscle cortisol levels using a specific radioimmunoassay. Additionally, an immunohistochemical approach was used to detect and localize the cellular distribution of oxidative-stress-related biomarkers within various tissues and organs. The results demonstrated a significant increase in muscle cortisol levels following the loading procedure, remaining elevated above basal levels throughout the 24 h transport period. This effect may be attributed to either insufficient time for recovery from the loading stress or prolonged transportation-related stress. Immunostaining for all the antibodies we examined was observed in multiple tissues and organs, but we found no notable variations among the various transport phases. In conclusion, the observed stress response appears to be mainly linked to loading stress and the transport process itself, emphasizing the importance of implementing appropriate operational procedures to safeguard fish well-being during transport. Nonetheless, the unaltered distribution of oxidative stress markers between the control and transported groups suggests that the experienced stress might be within tolerable limits.

Catalytic upgrading of bio-oil from halophyte seeds into transportation fuels

Because of socioeconomic considerations, wide-scale production of biofuel necessitates the utilization of nonedible biomass feedstock that does not compete for land and fresh water resources. In this regard, Salicornia bigelovii (SB) is the most investigated halophyte species. The high oil content in SB seeds has sparked mounting research that aims to utilize SB as an industrial crop in the production of bio-oil, particularly in coastal areas where these plants thrive. However, the oil extracted from the pyrolysis of raw SB seeds is largely dominated by oxygenated fatty acids, most notably 9,12-octadecadienoic acid and 9,17-octadecadienal, typical to that of other crops. The pyrolysate bio-oil of the raw SB seeds exhibited a relative yield of oxygenated compounds that decreased from 57.05 % at 200 °C to 9.81 % at 500 °C, and the relative yield of nitrogenated compounds increased from 4.86 % at 200 °C to 21.97 % at 500 °C. To improve the quality of the produced bio-oil, herein we investigated the catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of the fragments that were produced from the thermal degradation of SB seeds. A 5 %Ni–CeO2 catalyst was prepared and characterized by a wide array of methods X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, temperature programmed reduction, scanning electron microscope, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, and thermogravimetric analyzer. The catalytic run was executed between 200 and 500 °C in a flow reactor. The deployed catalytic methodology displayed a profound HDO capacity. At 400 °C, for instance, the gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) detected loads of paraffin and aromatic compounds exists at appreciable values of 48.0 % and 28.5 %, respectively. With a total relative yield of 43.2 % (at 400 °C), C8–C15 species (i.e., jet fuel fractions) were the most abundant species in the upgraded SB bio-oil. The release of H2, CO, CO2, and CH4 was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using gas chromatography thermal conductivity detector and Fourier infrared spectroscopic analysis. When the Ni–CeO2 catalyst was utilized, a complete deoxygenated bio-oil was obtained from SB seeds using the surface-assisted HDO reaction. On the basis of the elemental analysis, the biochar's hydrogen and oxygen contents were found to decrease significantly. Density functional theory computations showed mechanisms for reactions that underpinned the experimentally observed hydrodeoxygenation process. Outcomes presented herein shall be instrumental toward the effective utilization of halophyte in the production of commercial transportation fuels.

Enhanced Radiation Levels at Aviation Altitudes and Their Relationship to Plasma Waves in the Inner Magnetosphere

AbstractIt is believed that galactic cosmic rays and solar energetic particles are the two major sources of ionizing radiation. However, the radiation source may also be due to relativistic electrons that are associated with precipitation from the Van Allen radiation belts. In this study, we use Automated Radiation Measurements for Aerospace Safety (ARMAS) measurements to investigate the precipitation mechanism of energetic radiation belt electrons. ARMAS instruments are flown on agency‐sponsored (NASA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Science Foundation, Federal Aviation Administration, DOE) flights, commercial space transportation companies and airliners (&gt;9 km) in automated radiation collection mode. We identified magnetic conjunction events between ARMAS and NASA's Van Allen Probes to study the highly variable, dynamic mesoscale radiation events observed by ARMAS instruments at aviation altitudes and their relationship to various plasma waves in the inner magnetosphere measured by the Van Allen Probes. The results show that there is a strong correlation between dose rates observed by ARMAS and plasmaspheric hiss wave power measured by the Van Allen Probes, but no such relationship with electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves and only a modest correlation with whistler mode chorus waves. These results suggest that the space environment could have a potentially significant effect on passenger safety.

POLITICAL AND LEGAL FACTORS OF THE FUNCTIONING OF THE HUMANITARIAN CORRIDOR IN THE BLACK SEA

The article analyzes the prerequisites and factors of the functioning of the humanitarian maritime corridor in the Black Sea. New Ukrainian realities caused by Russia’s large-scale armed aggression against Ukraine. The blockade of seaports and ships caused the export of Ukrainian agricultural products and other goods from all ports of Ukraine to stop. The impossibility of exporting grain from Ukraine first of all had a painful impact on world food security. Therefore, the world community and the Ukrainian authorities faced the problem of unblocking sea routes and returning Ukrainian grain crops to foreign markets. Solving this problem required the development of economic, legal, political, and logistical components, taking into account the interests of the participating countries and other countries of the world. It became possible to settle the issue only within the framework of the «Initiative on the Safe Transportation of Grain and Foodstuffs from Ukrainian Ports», which, under the norms of International Maritime Law, established mechanisms for safe maritime commercial transportation, and allowed the creation of a humanitarian («grain») corridor in the Black Sea. The achievement of the «grain corridor» was the stabilization of the food market and the maintenance of food security. At the same time, Russia also received tactical, strategic, economic, and political benefits. Despite this, the Russian Federation continues to obstruct freedom of navigation in the Black Sea and the Danube for political and military purposes to dominate the Black Sea region. In this regard, solving the problem of the effective functioning of the humanitarian corridor in the Black Sea is complex and requires a multilateral approach, which involves a reliable legal and regulatory framework, transparency, and international cooperation to develop political and economic mechanisms to counter Russian aggression and ensure free sea navigation for commercial ships.

Perceived levels of corporate support, colleague support and anxiety in motor courier employees

Objective The use of motorcycles in commercial transportation is increasing due to its comfortable use in congested traffic conditions and the ease of parking on narrow streets. Motorcycle couriers are among the important members of the delivery industry. The race against time and delivering on time bring along many problems. This study aims to examine the relationships between perceived organizational support, colleague value and stress in motor courier employees. Method Within the scope of the study, 151 motorcycle couriers working in the delivery sector were selected. The study was carried out in the period of June-November 2022. In addition to 15 questions including demographic characteristics with the one-to-one interview method, Spielberger’s State and Trait Anxiety Scale, The Perceived Organizational Support Scale and The Coworker Support Scale were applied with the one-to-one interview method. Results The average age of the 151 couriers included in the study was 29.10 ± 7.01; the working year was 3.26 ± 3.39; the average number of daily trips was 36.47 ± 17.37; the average delivery time was 16.54 ± 10.10 in minutes (median 15); and the average weight of the cargo was 4.94 ± 5.51 (kg) (median: 3.50). The prevalence of occupational accidents in the last year has been 43.3% (n = 61). Examining the causes of the prevalence of accident among the study population, it was found that motorcycle overturning was 20 (32.8%); vehicle hitting the motorcycle was 26 (42.6%); motorcycle hitting the vehicle was 15 (24.6%). When the factors affecting the perceived organizational support were examined, it was found that those with a colleague social support score above 18 were more likely to have an organizational perception score above 80 (95% CI 1.001-4.843) with a rate of [OR] = 2.20 times higher, and those with a status anxiety score above 40 were more likely to have an organizational perception score over 80 with a rate of [OR] = 2.49 times higher (95% CI: 1.156-5.364). In addition, it was seen that the probability of having an organizational perception score above 80 was [OR] = 0.42 times higher (95%CI: 0.200-0.889) in participants who had a work accident. Conclusions The intense pace of work and the pressure of fast delivery increase couriers’ state and trait concerns. Developing policies to improve the psychosocial working environment for a more decent and healthier working environment that improves the mental health and well-being of couriers is recommended. Commercial food ordering platforms must treat driver safety as important when determining delivery times.

Impact of Digital Transformation on the Spatial Organization of Nonfood Retail in a Russian City

—The objective of this study is to reveal what has changed under the influence of digital transformation in the “physical” spatial structure of the retail/purchase process in connection with the emergence of a choice between online and offline “spaces,” or environments, as well as how e-commerce has changed the “physical” spatial principles of organizing nonfood retail in a Russian city with a case study of St. Petersburg. The principles of placement of new e-commerce facilities were analyzed by comparing various shopping models and spatiotemporal systems formed by them, including specific objects (warehouses-stores, warehouses-distributors, order pickup points and parcel terminals), features of interaction between retail actors and transport and logistics flows in the city. Two opposing trends in the placement of new types of retail facilities are described: towards the transfer of the trading function to non-trading premises and the transfer of the non-trading retail function to retail premises. They create spatial competition with traditional retail as well as a new hierarchical competition with office and warehouse business types. The trend towards retail infrastructure for durable goods to be within walking distance means the rollout of a new type of competition for locations: with FMCG sellers. The fact that in delivery the logistics of the “last mile” passes from consumer to seller/logistician means a fundamental shift in the economic geography of goods flows. Instead of private spontaneous pedestrian flows, it forms new regulated small-tonnage types of “last mile” commercial cargo transportation using both alternative transport modes (personal transporter) and transport routes (sidewalks, pedestrian walkways, etc.). All these require the development of a new urban regulation policy.

Acceptance Analysis of Electric Heavy Trucks and Battery Swapping Stations in the German Market

Heavy-duty vehicles are a major contributor to CO2 emissions in the transportation sector, and it is necessary to develop clean and green technologies to replace diesel trucks. Electric trucks have not reached a breakthrough in the German market. In addition to technology development, customer acceptance of new technologies is a critical factor in the success of sustainable transportation policies. This study aims to fill this knowledge gap by investigating the perceptions regarding electric trucks and providing insights into the acceptance of these technologies. Data and arguments on the expected risks and benefits of heavy-duty electric trucks, with a special focus on the battery swapping solution, were collected through a survey and expert interviews in the German commercial transport sector. The authors collected a sample of 146 qualitative responses and 61 individual statements on the expected risks and benefits of electric trucks and battery swapping. While the responses to the classified questions are overwhelmingly positive, the individual statements show that there are still many open questions.

Pengaruh Penambahan Natural Rubber Pada Ban Dalam Dengan Metode Presure

The inner tube determines the effectiveness and efficiency of a commercial transportation vehicle, where the inner tube is expected to have high durability against friction with the outer tire and to have high tensile stress when holding a heavy load. To answer this condition, the process of adding natural rubber material to the inner tube was carried out using the pressure method with 2 variables, namely one layer of inner tube and one layer of natural rubber which was affixed to the outer side of the inner tube, as well as one inner tube with two layers of natural rubber located on the side outside and inside on the inner tube. Then the testing process is carried out, namely tensile brake and hardness to obtain data to determine the effect of adding natural rubber to the inner tube using the pressure method as one of the references for producing better inner tubes. After the research process was carried out, the results of the tensile brake test were 20.4 Kgf on the first specimen, 23.8 Kgf on the second specimen, 31.05 on the third specimen. Furthermore, from the hardness test, a result was obtained, namely 52° on the first specimen, 48° on the second specimen, 44° on the third specimen.

Challenges in Development of Structural Repair Manuals for Composite Fuselage

There is wide application of composite materials in commercial transport fuselage structure. With extensive usage of composite material systems there is requirement for incorporation of maintainability and repairability requirements of composite primary structure into the design. Such issues need to be addressed to meet regulatory requirements and ensure that life-cycle costs are competitive with current metallic structure. Development of Structural Repair Manual (SRM) needs to account for maintenance issues early in the design cycle and provide multiple repair options. Furthermore, proposed repair solution must have tradeoff between ease of installation, damage resistance/tolerance (repair frequency), and inspection burdens. To support SRM development analysis methods are developed to assess structural strength, repair life, residual strength in the presence of damage, and to evaluate repair design concepts. This paper summarizes the experiences in development of repair options for composite fuselage components due to complexities of material system and additional analysis requirements.