Commercial Textile Dye Research Articles

Biocatalytic Production of a Commercial Textile Dye (Indigo) from a Xenobiont

Biocatalytic Production of a Commercial Textile Dye (Indigo) from a Xenobiont

Photocatalytic degradation of three azo dyes using immobilized TiO 2 nanoparticles on glass plates activated by UV light irradiation: Influence of dye molecular structure

In order to discuss the effect of chemical structure on photocatalysis efficiency, the photocatalytic degradation of three commercial textile dyes (C.I. Acid Orange 10 (AO10), C.I. Acid Orange 12 (AO12) and C.I. Acid Orange 8 (AO8)) with different structure and different substitute groups has been investigated using supported TiO 2 photocatalyst under UV light irradiation. All the experiments were performed in a circulation photochemical reactor equipped with a 15-W UV lamp emitted around 365 nm. The investigated photocatalyst was industrial Millennium PC-500 (crystallites mean size 5–10 nm) immobilized on glass plates by a heat attachment method. SEM images of the immobilized TiO 2 nanoparticles showed the good coating on the plates, after repeating the deposition procedure three times. Our results indicated that the photocatalytic decolorization kinetics of the dyes were in the order of AO10 > AO12 > AO8. Photocatalytic mineralization of the dyes was monitored by total organic carbon (TOC) decrease, changes in UV–vis spectra and ammonium ion formation. The dye solutions could be completely decolorized and effectively mineralized, with an average overall TOC removal larger than 94% for a photocatalytic reaction time of 6 h. The nitrogen-to-nitrogen double bond of the azo dyes was transformed predominantly into NH 4 + ion. The kinetic of photocatalytic decolorization of the dyes was found to follow a first-order rate law. The photocatalysis efficiency was evaluated by figure-of-merit electrical energy per order ( E EO).

Degradation of Commercial Textile Dye By Fenton's Reagent Under Xenon Beam Irradiation in Aqueous Medium

Degradation of commercial textile dye named Malachite green (MG) has been investigated by Fenton reagent under xenon beam irradiation (1501~1532 lux, λ ≤ 320 nm) in an aqueous solution. The degradation process was initiated by the photolysis of Fe(III)-hydroxyl species, and accelerated by xenon beam irradiation, due to enhance photolysis of Fe(III) species, which enhances the regeneration of Fe(II) with concomitant production of hydroxyl free radicals. Influences of various experimental parameters, such as the concentration of H2O2, Fe (III), xenon irradiation source, and pH of the experimental solutions on the initial rate and photo-degradation extent of the MG dye degradation were assessed and optimized. Although the initial rate of degradation was not affected by the initial MG concentration, it was affected by the concentration of Fenton reagents [Fe(III) and H2O2 solution], pH of the experimental solutions, and the intensity of the xenon beam. A significant enhancement of the initial rate and extent of degradation of MG dye was observed at solution pH of ~3.1 under xenon beam radiation. Complete degradation of MG dye (>99.5 %) was achieved by xenon beam/Fenton’s reagent process in aqueous solution (pH, 3.1).  Keywords: Malachite green; Organic dye, Dye mineralization, Fenton reagents, Xenon radiation. ©2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i1.1059Â

Effect of chemical treatment on the acute toxicity of two commercial textile dye carriers

In the present experimental study, the effect of chemical treatment (coagulation-flocculation) on the acute toxicity exerted by two commercial dye carriers (called Carrier A and B herein) often used in the textile industry was investigated. Two different test organisms were selected to elucidate the situations in activated sludge treatment systems (activated sludge microorganisms) as well as in receiving water bodies (ultimate marine discharge). According to the results of a comprehensive analysis covering COD removal efficiencies, sludge settling characteristics and operating costs involved in coagulation-flocculation, the optimum treatment conditions were defined as follows; application of 750 mg/L ferrous sulphate at a pH of 9.0 for Carrier A; and application of 550 mg/L ferrous sulphate at a pH of 9.0 for Carrier B. The acute toxicities of both dye carriers towards marine microalgea Phaeodactylum tricornutum could be reduced significantly after being subjected to coagulation-flocculation. Fair toxicity removals (towards heterotrophic mixed bacterial culture accommodated in activated sludge treatment) were obtained with coagulation-flocculation for both of the carriers under investigation.

Biodegradation of crystal violet by Pseudomonas putida

Crystal violet (CV), which has been extensively used as a biological stain and a commercial textile dye, is a recalcitrant molecule. A strain of Pseudomonas putida was isolated that effectively degraded CV: up to 80% of 60 microM CV as the sole carbon source, was degraded in liquid media within 1 week. Nine degradation products were isolated and identified. We propose that CV degradation occurs via a stepwise demethylation process to yield mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexa-demethylated CV species.

Biodegradation of the diazo dye Reactive Black 5 by a wild isolate of Candida oleophila

This work looks for a better understanding of the biodegradation of xenobiotic azo dyes mediated by yeasts. During a screening program of phenolic acid assimilating capacities it was found that a non-conventional ascomycetous yeast isolate, identified as Candida oleophila, efficiently decolorizes agar plates supplemented with the commercial textile diazo dye Reactive Black 5. Aerobic batch cultures of C. oleophila could completely decolorize up to 200 mg dye l −1, an ability not yet reported for this yeast species. Moreover, this performance has been achieved in just 24 h of incubation at 26 °C in the presence of as little as 5 g glucose l −1 and without visible signs of dye adsorption to yeast cells. It was found that decolorization occurs during the exponential growth phase and neither laccase nor manganese-dependent peroxidase activities were detected in the culture medium. As far as the decolorization mechanism is concerned, our results indirectly suggest the involvement of an azoreductase-like activity in azo bonds cleavage.

Immobilization of TiO2 Nanopowder on Glass Beads for the Photocatalytic Decolorization of an Azo Dye C.I. Direct Red 23

TiO2 supported on glass beads was prepared and its photocatalytic activity was determined by photooxidation of the commercial textile dye, C.I. Direct Red 23, in aqueous solution illuminated by a UV-C lamp (30 W). The progress of photocatalytic decolorization of the C.I. Direct Red 23 was studied by measuring the absorbance at λmax = 507 nm by UV Vis spectrophotometer. The experiments indicated that both UV light and TiO2 were needed for the effective destruction of the dye. The effect of pH on the rate of decolorization efficiency was followed in the pH range 2–12. Acidic pH range was found to favor the decolorization rate. The addition of a proper amount of hydrogen peroxide improved the decolorization, whereas the excess hydrogen peroxide quenched the formation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH). The electrical energy consumption per order of magnitude for photocatalytic decolorization of the dye was lower in the UV/TiO2/H2O2 process than that in the UV/TiO2 process. In the real wastewater sample the efficiency of the method was determined by measuring the changes in the absorption spectra of the dye solution during photodegradation. Our results indicated that during the photooxidation process, the decolorization efficiency was more than 80% at irradiation time of 3 h.

Decolouration of textile dyes in wastewaters by photocatalysis with TiO 2

The photocatalytic removal of colour of a synthetic textile effluent, using TiO 2 suspensions under solar radiation, has been studied at pilot plant scale. A synthetic dye solution was prepared by a mix of six commercial textile dyes. A photochemical reactor of parallel CPC reflectors with UV-transparent tubular receivers was used. The study of photodegradation was carried out using the Taguchi’s parameter design method. Following this methodology, the reaction was conducted under different flow conditions, pH and H 2O 2 concentrations. The results show that all dyes used in the experiences can be degraded successfully by photo-oxidation. The process shows a significant enhancement when it is carried out at high flows, alkaline media and high H 2O 2 concentration. Colour removal from the effluent was reached at 55 min operating time.

The effect of operational parameters on the photocatalytic degradation of three textile azo dyes in aqueous TiO 2 suspensions

Photocatalytic degradation of three commercial textile diazo dyes, called (C.I. Direct 80, 3BL, C.I. Direct Blue 160, RL and C.I. Reactive Yellow 2, X6G) were investigated using commercial TiO 2 in aqueous solution under 400 W high-pressure mercury lamp irradiation. The effect of oxygen, temperature, catalyst loading, UV-light irradiation time, solution pH and inorganic ions such as SO 4 2−, Cl − and NO 3 − were studied and optimized values were obtained. Results show that the employment of efficient photocatalyst and selection of optimal operational parameters may lead to complete decolorization and to substantial decrease of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of dye solutions.

Evaluation of the Toxicity and Teratogenity of Six Commercial Textile Dyes Using the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay–Xenopus

Potential developmental toxicities of six different textile dyes were evaluated using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay–Xenopus (FETAX). Xenopus laevis embryos were exposed to astrazon red FBL, astrazon blue FGRL, remazol red RR, remazol turquoise blue G-A, cibacron red FN-3G, and cibacron blue FN-R from stage 8 to 11 for a 96-h exposure period in static renewal test conditions. A minimum of 17 concentration–response tests were performed with tested dyes, excluding a control group for each dye. Median lethal concentration (LC50), malformation (EC50), non observed adverse effect concentration (NOAEC), and lowest observed adverse effect concentration (LOAEC) were calculated. Also, teratogenic index (TI), minimum concentration to inhibit growth (MCIG), and MCIG/LC50 values were determined for each of the tested dyes. Characteristic abnormalities induced by a given test material were determined by the relationship between concentration and dye in the study. Results from these studies suggested that each tested dye is teratogenic for X. laevis embryos. The lowest LC50 was determined for astrazon red exposure corresponding to a value of 4.73 mg/L. The LC50 value was similar for this dye and astrazon blue; the highest TI was calculated for astrazon blue exposure. Tests with X. laevis indicated that each of the tested compounds possessed teratogenic potential with varying degrees of potency: astrazon blue FGRL > remazol turquoise blue G-A > astrazon red FBL > cibacron blue FN-R > cibacron red FN-3G > remazol red RR. Different types of malformationsoccurred in the embryos, depending on concentration and dye. From these results, we can suggest that astrazon blue is the most toxic compound, but that the others are also highly toxic and teratogenic substances for X. laevis embryos. Results of the study confirmed that the FETAX assay can be useful in an integrated biological hazard assesment for the preliminary screening of textile dye stuff.

Photocatalytic efficiency of titanium dioxide immobilized on PVP/AAc hydrogel membranes: A comparative study for safe disposal of wastewater of Remazol Red RB‐133 textile dye

The paper reports on the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2 nanoparticles immobilized on polyvinyl pyrrolidone/acrylic acid (PVP/AAc) copolymer hydrogels, which are prepared by means of γ‐rays induced homo‐ and copolymerization. The efficiency of immobilized photocatalyst is tested on a commercial textile dye namely Remazol Red RB‐133. The results are compared with photocatalytic efficiencies of different types of non supported TiO2 photocatalysts such as aqueous slurries of colloidal TiO2 prepared by sol‐gel technique, and commercially available Degussa P25. Although less efficient than nonsupported ones, the hydrogel supported TiO2 photocatalyst has the practical advantages of easy separation and removal from the reactors. This makes it a viable technique for the safe disposal of textile wastewater into the water streams.

Influence of structure on dye degradation with laccase mediator systems

A new laccase was purified from Trametes hirsuta IMA2002. The laccase had a molecular mass of 62 kDa and an isoelectric point of pH 7. It had an optimum pH of 3.0 and an optimum temperature of 55°C. The laccase was quite stable at 30°C and pH 4.0 with a half-life of more than 100 hours. On ABTS, syringaldazide, and DMP the laccase showed KM and Kcat values of 75, 12 and 37 μM and 64, 83 and 54 s−1, respectively. The structurally diverse commercial dyes Indigo Carmine, Lanaset Blue 2R, Diamond Black PV 200 and Diamond Fast Brown were oxidized by the laccase. While the rate and extent of decolorization of the latter dye was significantly enhanced by the presence of different types of mediators, the structurally similar azo-dye Tartrazine was not oxidized. Lanaset Blue 2R, a commercial textile dye containing an anthrachinoid structural fragment acted similarly to anthrachinone sulfonic acid by strongly enhancing the rate of the decolorization reaction. Twenty two model azo-dyes based on the molecular framework of 2,7-dihydroxy-1-phenylazonaphtalene-3,6-disulfonic acid were synthesized and the kinetics of their laccase-catalyzed decolorization was studied. Hydroxy-substituted dyes were the most susceptible to enzyme/mediator action. All reactions were well described by Michaelis–Menten-like kinetics and the Hammett free energy linear relationship could be successfully applied to describe the influence of dye structure (substituents on the aromatic ring) on decolorization. Strongly electron withdrawing substituents such as a nitro-group in the meta-position (+0.7) resulted in positive σ-constants whereas electron donating groups such as para-methyl (−0.3) resulted in negative values for σ-constants.

Interaction of l-glutamate oxidase with triazine dyes: selection of ligands for affinity chromatography

Glutamate oxidase (GOX, EC 1.4.3.11) from Streptomyces catalyses the oxidation of l-glutamate to α-ketoglutarate. Its kinetic constants for l-glutamate were measured equal to 2 mM for K m and 85.8 s −1 for k cat. BLAST search and amino acid sequence alignments revealed low homology to other l-amino acid oxidases (18–38%). Threading methodology, homology modeling and CASTp analysis resulted in certain conclusions concerning the structure of catalytic α-subunit and led to the prediction of a binding pocket that provides favorable conditions of accommodating negatively charged aromatic ligands, such as sulphonated triazine dyes. Eleven commercial textile dyes and four biomimetic dyes or minodyes, bearing a ketocarboxylated-structure as their terminal biomimetic moiety, immobilized on cross-linked agarose gel. The resulted mini-library of affinity adsorbents was screened for binding and eluting l-glutamate oxidase activity. All but Cibacron ® Blue 3GA (CB3GA) affinity adsorbents were able to bind GOX at pH 5.6. One immobilized minodye–ligand, bearing as its terminal biomimetic moiety p-aminobenzyloxanylic acid (BM1), displayed the higher affinity for GOX. Kinetic inhibition studies showed that BM1 inhibits GOX in a non-competitive manner with a K i of 10.5 μM, indicating that the dye–enzyme interaction does not involve the substrate-binding site. Adsorption equilibrium data, obtained from a batch system with BM1 adsorbent, corresponded well to the Freundlich isotherm with a rate constant k of 2.7 mg 1/2 ml 1/2/g and Freundlich isotherm exponent n of 1. The interaction of GOX with the BM1 adsorbent was further studied with regards to adsorption and elution conditions. The results obtained were exploited in the development of a facile purification protocol for GOX, which led to 335-fold purification in a single step with high enzyme recovery (95%). The present purification procedure is the most efficient reported so far for l-glutamate oxidase.

Solar/UV-induced photocatalytic degradation of three commercial textile dyes

The photocatalytic degradation of three commercial textile dyes with different structure has been investigated using TiO 2 (Degussa P25) photocatalyst in aqueous solution under solar irradiation. Experiments were conducted to optimise various parameters viz. amount of catalyst, concentration of dye, pH and solar light intensity. Degradation of all the dyes were examined by using chemical oxygen demand (COD) method. The degradation efficiency of the three dyes is as follows: Reactive Yellow 17 ( RY17)> Reactive Red 2 ( RR2)> Reactive Blue 4 (RB4), respectively. The experimental results indicate that TiO 2 (Degussa P25) is the best catalyst in comparison with other commercial photocatalysts such as, TiO 2 (Merck), ZnO, ZrO 2, WO 3 and CdS. Though the UV irradiation can efficiently degrade the dyes, naturally abundant solar irradiation is also very effective in the mineralisation of dyes. The comparison between thin-film coating and aqueous slurry method reveals that slurry method is more efficient than coating but the problems of leaching and the requirement of separation can be avoided by using coating technique. These observations indicate that all the three dyes could be degraded completely at different time intervals. Hence, it may be a viable technique for the safe disposal of textile wastewater into the water streams.

Treatability of a simulated disperse dye-bath by ferrous iron coagulation, ozonation, and ferrous iron-catalyzed ozonation

Dyeing and finishing of textile yarns and fabrics are extremely important processes in terms of both quality and environmental concerns. Among the commercial textile dyes, particularly disperse dyestuffs are of environmental interest because of their widespread use, their potential for formation of toxic aromatic amines and their low removal rate during aerobic waste treatment as well as advanced chemical oxidation. Thus, in the present paper ferrous iron coagulation, ozonation and ferrous iron-catalyzed ozonation were employed at varying pH (3–13) and Fe(II)-ion doses (0.09–18 mM) for the treatment of a simulated disperse dye-bath (average initial apparent color as absorbance at 566 nm=815.4 m −1; COD 0=3784 mg l −1; TOC 0=670 mg l −1; BOD 5,0=58 mg l −1) that more closely resembled an actual dyehouse effluent than an aqueous disperse dye solution. Coagulation with 5000 mg l −1 FeSO 4·7H 2O (18 mM Fe 2+) at pH 11 removed up to 97% color and 54% COD, whereas oxidation via ozonation alone (applied ozone dose=2300 mg l −1) was only effective at pH 3, resulting in 77% color and 11% COD removal. Fe(II)-ion-catalyzed ozonation (3.6 mM Fe 2+ at pH 3; Fe 2+:O 3 molar ratio 1:14) eliminated 95% color and 48% COD and appeared to be the most attractive option among the investigated chemical treatment methods as for its applicability at the natural acidic pH of the disperse dye-bath effluent and at relatively low Fe 2+-ion doses as compared to ferrous sulfate coagulation. However, no TOC reduction was observable for ozonation and catalytic ozonation at the investigated reaction conditions (14 g l −1 O 3 at pH 3). An average six-fold enhancement in the biodegradability parameter of the synthetic dye wastewater expressed in terms of the BOD 5/COD ratio could be achieved by the investigated chemical treatment methods.

Analytical Studies on the Oxidative Degradation of the Reactive Textile Dye Uniblue A

Oxidative degradation process of organic materials in wastewater is an area of significant current interest. In the case of commercial textile dyes, little is known about the structures of the actual products that can form once a dye has been submitted to oxidative conditions. Here, a product analysis approach was applied to identify some of the major early degradation products of Uniblue A (UBA) when reacted with peroxydisulfate (PDS). UBA is the vinyl sulfone form and major wastewater constituent of the commercial anthraquinone textile dye C.I. Reactive Blue 19. Using NMR, LC−MS, and Raman, four reaction products could be identified, and possible reaction pathways are discussed.

Analytical Studies on the Oxidative Degradation of the Reactive Textile Dye Uniblue A

Oxidative degradation process of organic materials in wastewater is an area of significant current interest. In the case of commercial textile dyes, little is known about the structures of the actual products that can form once a dye has been submitted to oxidative conditions. Here, a product analysis approach was applied to identify some of the major early degradation products of Uniblue A (UBA) when reacted with peroxydisulfate (PDS). UBA is the vinyl sulfone form and major wastewater constituent of the commercial anthraquinone textile dye C.I. Reactive Blue 19. Using NMR, LC−MS, and Raman, four reaction products could be identified, and possible reaction pathways are discussed.

Enhanced biodecolorization of synthetic textile dye effluent by Phanerochaete chrysosporium under improved culture conditions

Biodecolorization of a synthetic commercial textile dye effluent (0.1 gl−1) by Phanerochaete chrysosporium was enhanced by improving the original Kirk's medium with respect to buffer, C:N ratio, Mg2+ and Zn2+ ions, inoculum, temperature shifts, agitation and sunflower oil additon. An increase of 6.7-fold in lignin peroxidase (LIP) level, 4-fold in biomass and 45.5% enhanced decolorization of effluent was achieved. Degradation was both enzymatic (47.2%) and by biosorption (61.67%).

Removal of color from wastswater by sorption for water reuse

Abstract The removal of Metomega Chrome Orange GL, a commercial textile dye from wastewaters has been found to be nearly 99% under the optimal conditions (i.e. 3.0 pH and 30°C temperature) using fly ash as an sorbent. The process follows a first order kinetics and the value of rate constant, Kad is of the order 3 x 10−2 min−1. Intraparticle diffusion and mass transfer coefficients have been determined at different temperatures. The sorption data fits well in the Langmuir isotherm model. The effect of temperature has been explained on the basis of boundary layer thickness, activation energy (Ea = ‐0.87 Cal mole−1) and enthalpy change (AH = ‐13.04 Cal mole−1) study. Heat of sorption has been found to be a function of surface coverage.

Studies on textile dyes for biological staining. I. Pontacyl blue black SX, pontacyl violet 6R and luxol fast yellow TN.

After a series of commercial grade textile dyes were screened, three -were found to be excellent biological stains. Two of these, pontacyl blue black SX and pontacyl violet 6R, were nuclear stains, the best results being obtained after mordanting with chrome salts. The third dye, luxol fast yellow TN, imparted a brilliant yellow stain to the cytoplasm and collagen fibers when used in alcoholic solution. A technical procedure for the use of either of the nuclear stains combined with the yellow cytoplasmic stain is given.