Commercial Strategies Research Articles

La negociación de tratados de libre comercio entre Ecuador y Panamá con la República Popular China

In recent years, the Latin American region has suffered profound impacts because of systemic transformations such as the weak global economy, the Covid-19 pandemic, the trade war between China and the United States and even the emergence of new conflicts. This scenario implies challenges, especially for small countries in the region, such as Panama and Ecuador, which have implemented trade coordination strategies with the People’s Republic of China through free trade agreements. However, these strategies are also seen as containment mechanisms in the face of the scenario of crisis and uncertainty that characterizes the international system. The article analytically reflects on the FTA negotiation process by Panama and Ecuador with China, instruments that are part of the Commercial Diplomacy strategy as an exclusive format of negotiation and relationship with various strategic partners. The article argues that, given the vulnerability of small countries regarding recent global transformations, they have decided to implement adaptive and containment strategies with China on the commercial agenda.

Evading Censorship. Spanish Radio Disobedience During Late Francoism

Unlike in neighbouring countries, Spanish radio stations were subject to a severe censorship regime for most of the twentieth century. After the end of the civil war (1939), General Franco’s regime issued regulations to control the press and radio. In the case of newspapers, the Press Act (1966) eased this surveillance, but such relief did not apply to radio broadcasting. However, in the second half of Franco’s dictatorship, some local stations and, especially, a nation-wide radio station (Cadena SER) tried to bypass restrictions set by the authorities. This article covers different initiatives, paying special attention to those developed by Cadena SER, which played a decisive role in liberalising information. To this end, journalists who played a key role in this transition were interviewed. As a result of this research, it has been observed that, despite the threats, disobedience was a constant from the 1960s onwards. Such disobedience was not always aimed at fighting the regime during this time of social change, but also responded to the broadcasters’ commercial strategies. It has also been found that certain authorities facilitated these activities through their personal influence.

Analysis the Gaps in Adopting Quality System as per the National Standard of Accreditation on Territory Care Hospital with Reference to NABH Standards

This research paper delves into the pivotal role of product management and market research analysis in the context of pharmaceutical companies. It explores how these strategic tools contribute to business development amidst the intricate landscape of the pharmaceutical industry, characterized by rapid scientific advancements, evolving market dynamics, and stringent regulatory requirements. The paper emphasizes the evolution of product management within the pharmaceutical sector, highlighting its transition from a focus on research and development to encompassing comprehensive lifecycle management and commercialization strategies. Through a review of literature and data analysis, the paper examines various facets such as patientcentric innovation, regulatory compliance, digital transformation, competitive landscape analysis, and cross-functional collaboration. The study aims to shed light on the significance of integrating product management and market research analysis for driving sustainable business growth, enhancing competitiveness, and delivering impactful healthcare solutions in pharmaceutical companies

LAS TRIACAS, AYER Y HOY

The history of theriaca reveals several attributes of humankind in their relation to medicine that enriches their present understanding. A compound of numerous simples, it reigned through twenty centuries as a panacea against diverse ailments, was a symbol of therapeutic progress, and sustained the interest and hope of learned and lay people of many cultures and civilizations. Its fame and commercial success drove the apparition of copies and falsifications that have persisted under the names of their creators, the city of origin, or some special char­acteristics. Most famous are mithridatium, theriaca magna of Andromachus, diatessaron or of the poor, and Venice theriaca. Of Greeks origin, it grew in fame mainly due to Galen and an unknown contemporary in Rome. Byzantine, Arab and Persian medical authors, and later others in Montpellier, Salerno and Padua, preserved the ancient writings and elaborated on them. The apparition of bubonic plague meant an enormous impulse to its use, augmented by the commercial strategy of Venice, and amplified by the printing of numerous pamphlets and books. The Scientific Revolution and the diffusion of its ideas marked the beginning of its decline, but it was still present in most European pharmacopeias until the end of the 19th cen­tury. We propose that fear, greed and credulity were seminal factors in its success, conditions still present today in medical marketing, quackery and falsifications, unnecessary care, medical consumerism, and unregulated alternative medicines and cosmetic industries.

Exploring the Trends and Reasons for Chinese Mainland Consumers' Extra Consumption of Western Festivals Take Christmas in Shanghai as an Example

This study focuses on the consumption patterns of Chinese mainland consumers during Western festivals, using the Christmas shopping habits of Shanghai residents as a case study. The aim is to explore the impact of Western festivals on consumer spending trends and habits and identify the factors driving these changes. Drawing on a comprehensive review of relevant literature and employing a questionnaire analysis method, the findings reveal that some Shanghai consumers significantly increase their spending in comparison to everyday life during Western holidays, exemplified by Christmas. However, a considerable number of consumers choose to allocate minimal or no funds for expenditures during the holiday season, with no significant difference between the two groups. Consumers are more willing to allocate their funds towards cultural products, including holiday-related items. In the context of cultural exchange, the influence of new cultural elements and commercial marketing strategies play a crucial role in shaping the consumption trends associated with Christmas.

How Demand Shocks “Jumpstart” Technological Ecosystems and Commercialization: Evidence from the Global Electric Vehicle Industry

We examine how exogenous demand shocks overcome ecosystem bottlenecks in the commercialization of an emergent technology. We argue that demand shocks that spur new technology adoption by niche users pull “hub” firms into country technology markets, despite ecosystem bottlenecks, thereby serving to “jumpstart” the process of ecosystem development and technology commercialization. By analyzing global electric vehicle markets over the period 2008–2017, we find that extreme weather events such as abnormal heat-related events spur adoption of electric vehicles by end users, thereby propelling automotive or hub firms’ entry into country technology markets, and the subsequent shift of their electric vehicle product portfolios toward the more radical version of the technology. Notably, such demand shocks propel firms’ commercialization strategy, despite ecosystem bottlenecks such as the lack of regulatory and economic inducements for adoption, relative absence of complements, and product market differences. After entry, entrant firms’ electric vehicle product portfolios transition from hybrids toward radical technology products and investments in complements, albeit contingent on their competitive market position in the legacy technology. We discuss the implications of these findings concerning the uptake of demand shocks, and their robustness to modeling choices, technological generations across extended timeframes, potential mediating forces, and boundary conditions owing to firm and country-market heterogeneity. Supplemental Material: The online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/stsc.2022.0075 .

Reasons For Impulsive Buying Behavior Among Adolescents in The Digital Age

The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that contribute to impulsive purchasing behaviors experienced by adolescents and to determine the factors that have an impact on those behaviors. These behaviors are connected to a lack of financial literacy and social experience, as well as the allure of luxury spending and the influence of digital media, according to the findings. A lack of social experience is also connected to these behaviors. These behaviors are also linked to a lack of social experience, which is another factor. Because of this, the significance of regulating commercial strategies on social media platforms in order to encourage responsible spending habits among young people has been brought to light. This is because of the fact that this has brought to light the importance of this. In addition to this, it emphasizes the significance of providing parents with comprehensive education and guidance in matters that pertain to matters that are related to finances.

Tech-Business Analytics in Blue Economy

Purpose: Utilising cutting-edge technologies, data analytics, and entrepreneurial strategies to promote innovation, develop resilience, and drive sustainable growth are the main goals of Tech-Business projects in the Blue Economy for industries associated to the marine sector. Design/Methodology/Approach: A methodical approach that combines cutting-edge technologies, analytical techniques, and commercial strategies is used to implement Tech-commercial initiatives in the Blue Economy. Findings/Result: The results highlight the revolutionary effect of Tech-Business endeavours in propelling eco-friendly expansion, stimulating creativity, and fortifying the Blue Economy. Stakeholders can open up new possibilities and build a more affluent and sustainable future for coastal communities and marine ecosystems by embracing data-driven initiatives and utilising technology. Originality/Value: The uniqueness of Tech-Business endeavours in the Blue Economy is found in their creative methods of resolving persistent issues and opening up fresh doors in the maritime sector. Paper Type: Exploratory Research on Technology Management.

The Influence of AI in the Media Work Force: How Companies Use an Array of Legal Remedies

The emergence of ChatGPT and other related artificial intelligence systems has posed many questions upon the impact that such tools could have on some jobs, including media workers. Serious legal concerns have arisen regarding the learning practices of AI-related companies such as OpenAI and Google. These concerns involve crawling and extracting presumably unauthorized copyright works from news repositories, whose rightholders are often media companies. In this article, we aim to categorize the newsroom practices and routines affected by artificial intelligence. We also explore copyright-law related issues, including AI-assisted reporting, its impact on journalists and the media workforce, SEO and commercial strategies, as well as training and blocking AI engines. The legal solutions applied to solve those questions are also addressed, including technical solutions, fair use guidelines and legal solutions (litigation, legislative reform, and negotiation). Our conclusion is twofold: first, in the unequal fight against artificial intelligence systems, a utilitarian and entrepreneurial conception of intellectual property is enforced; and second, the position of journalists as authors is weakening.

The Role of Product Management and Market Research Analysis for Business Development in Selected Pharmaceutical Companies

This research paper delves into the pivotal role of product management and market research analysis in the context of pharmaceutical companies. It explores how these strategic tools contribute to business development amidst the intricate landscape of the pharmaceutical industry, characterized by rapid scientific advancements, evolving market dynamics, and stringent regulatory requirements. The paper emphasizes the evolution of product management within the pharmaceutical sector, highlighting its transition from a focus on research and development to encompassing comprehensive lifecycle management and commercialization strategies. Through a review of literature and data analysis, the paper examines various facets such as patient-centric innovation, regulatory compliance, digital transformation, competitive landscape analysis, and cross-functional collaboration. The study aims to shed light on the significance of integrating product management and market research analysis for driving sustainable business growth, enhancing competitiveness, and delivering impactful healthcare solutions in pharmaceutical companies.

Innovation strategies for non-existent markets - Profiting from urban air mobility

Technological advances have paved the way for urban air mobility (UAM) as a new mode of transportation, providing solutions for both inner-city and regional transportation. Novel vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) vehicles promise to be less noisy and safer than existing helicopters, thus allowing for an integration of UAM into current mobility systems. However, as this market is non-existent today, companies engaged in this field face several uncertainties. Strategic decision factors supporting VTOL manufacturers to successfully commercialize their innovation are still mainly unassessed. Looking into the innovation strategy literature we find little guidance on how high-technology companies can profit from innovation in so far non-existent markets. We therefore conduct expert interviews that allow us to identify eight decision factors that VTOL manufacturers are expected to take into account when setting up their commercial strategy. Building on the findings from these interviews we suggest to enhance the Profiting from Innovation (PFI) framework by a peripheric sphere that incorporates the impact of external factors on commercial success. This approach on the one hand, allows to provide insights into strategic management approaches of VTOL manufacturers, while on the other hand, this research adds to the scientific literature on strategic decision factors in non-existent markets.

Optimizing sports development: Identifying and prioritizing key indicators for professional and competitive sports

This study aimed to analyze the impact of professional and competitive sports on overall sports development, with a specific focus on identifying and prioritizing key indicators influencing sports development in these domains. To achieve this objective, a mixed-methods approach was employed, combining qualitative interviews and quantitative surveys. During the qualitative phase, experts were interviewed to determine the critical indicators for each component, while the quantitative phase involved surveys of sports managers and professors to collect data on the identified indicators. The findings of the study revealed that talent identification emerged as the foremost priority for competitive sports, underscoring its crucial role in fostering success in this realm. On the other hand, organizational effectiveness was identified as a critical factor for professional sports development. The quantitative results obtained provided empirical evidence that supported and reinforced the qualitative insights derived from the study. In the context of competitive sports, the study identified the development of systematic talent identification and youth nurturing platforms as the most vital requirement. Conversely, in the professional sports sector, enhancing organizational capabilities, governance, and commercial strategies were recognized as the top priorities. These results serve to emphasize the necessity for tailored strategies, investments, and policies that are specifically designed to enhance organizational effectiveness in professional sports and maximize talent identification in competitive sports. The evidence-based understanding of sports development priorities gained from this study holds the potential to foster a vibrant sporting culture that encompasses both grassroots participation and elite achievements.

Recommended LNG Commercialization Strategy to Maintain Business Sustainability in the Global LNG Market: A Case Study of PPTETS

LNG supply and demand growth have steadily increased in the past 12 months, recovering from pandemic-related outages in early 2021. Supported by increased LNG supply and demand, a surge in LNG trading has been seen across the world, and there is no indication of slowing down in the near future. Those situations become the opportunity for an LNG seller who has the potential uncommitted LNG supply to be offered to the buyer. PPTETS (which is not a complete name of the company, but a real Singapore registered company), which is owned 100% by PPTET Ty (which is not a complete name of the company, but a real Japan registered company), which is a joint venture company between Pertamina and various Japanese utility & power companies, is required to anticipate that opportunity. With consideration of the dynamic changes in global LNG market development, PPTETS needs to formulate the company’s business strategy, which is intended to seize future business opportunities. The main objective of this research is to formulate a PPTETS LNG commercialization business strategy to generate profit and maintain sustainability in the global LNG market. The analysis will consider both primary and secondary data, with underlying theoretical for external factors such as PESTEL analysis and Porter’s Five Forces, while for internal factors analysis will utilize a resource-based view and VRIO. As a synthesis of the company’s internal and external analysis, SWOT analysis and TOWS matrix will then be utilized. Finally, based on the analysis and formulation that has been conducted, it could be concluded that PPTETS has the opportunity and capabilities to maintain its business sustainability by trading in the global LNG market. After considering several findings from both external and internal factors of primary and secondary data, aside from cost focus leadership as a generic competitive strategy, there are 3 (three) specific business strategies recommended to PPTETS in order to generate profit and maintain sustainability, which are (i) collaboration with Pertamina, (ii) developing PPTETS internal procedures, and (iii) further PPTETS’ business development.

Revolutionizing Renewable Resources: Cutting-Edge Trends and Future Prospects in the Valorization of Oligosaccharides

Lignocellulosic wastes, primarily from agricultural by-products, are a renewable resource increasingly used in the sustainable production of oligosaccharides, significantly contributing to the growing bioeconomy. This innovative utilization of biological resources aligns with the global shift towards sustainable development, focusing on creating products such as food, feed, and bioenergy from renewable sources. Oligosaccharides, specialized carbohydrates, are synthesized either chemically or more eco-friendly, biologically. Biological synthesis often involves enzymes or whole-cell systems to transform lignocellulosic wastes into these valuable sugars. As functional food supplements, oligosaccharides play a crucial role in human and animal health. They serve as prebiotics, indigestible components that promote the proliferation of beneficial gut microbiota, especially within the colon. This positive impact on gut flora is essential for boosting the immune system and regulating physiological functions. Important prebiotics, including galactooligosaccharides (GOS), xylooligosaccharides (XOS), fructooligosaccharides (FOS), mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), and isomaltooligosaccharides (IMOS), are produced through methods involving enzymes or the use of whole cells, with agricultural waste as substrates. Recent advancements focus on refining these biological processes for oligosaccharide synthesis using lignocellulosic substrates, emphasizing the principles of a circular bioeconomy, which promotes resource reuse and recycling. This review highlights the potential and challenges in the biological synthesis of oligosaccharides from renewable resources. It underscores the need for innovation in process optimization and commercialization strategies to fully exploit lignocellulosic wastes. This approach not only contributes to sustainable product development, but also opens new avenues for the profitable and environmentally friendly utilization of agricultural residues, marking a significant step forward in the bio-based industry.

Commercial Corridor Development Strategy through the Application of the Walkable Commercial Strip Concept in Urban Area of Jember City

Walkability is an essential concept to consider when planning a sustainable city. This study aims to determine the walkability development strategy of the Jember City commercial corridors urban area based on people's and experts' perceptions of the Walkable Commercial Strip concept. The study was conducted in the urban area of Jember City Golden Triangle. The methods of analysis used in this study are ordinal logistic regression and AHP. Based on people's perceptions, the concepts that have the highest odds of influencing the first corridor's walkability level are the ones related to the available amenities variable, while the concept that has the highest odds of influencing the second and the third corridors' walkability level is the concept that is related to the walking path modal conflict variable. The order in which corridors have the highest development priority starts with the first corridor, Gajah Mada - Sultan Agung Street, followed by the second corridor, Ahmad Yani Street, and ends with the third corridor, Trunojoyo Street – HOS Cokroaminoto Street. The walkability development strategy for the urban area of Jember City commercial corridors is to start the order of development according to the order of priority and apply the development concepts that have the highest opportunity to influence the walkability level of each corridor based on people's perception.

TRADE CREDIT POLICY AND THE FINANCIAL SITUATION OF DAIRY COOPERATIVES

Aim: The aim of the study is to examine the financial health of dairy cooperatives in relation to their credit position and trade credit strategy. Methods: Using the author’s synthetic indicator, the position and strategy for granting trade credit were determined, and the levels of profitability, liquidity, debt, and management efficiency were assessed in separate groups of entities: conservative, moderate, and aggressive recipients, versus conservative, moderate, and aggressive providers. The research carried out in the field of trade credit management at dairy cooperatives allowed us to establish that the financial position of the analyzed entities varied depending on their credit position and trade credit strategy. Results: The highest level of ROE was found in the group of entities categorized as conservative recipients, where this indicator was 11.1%. Simi­larly, the group of moderate providers also had a high level of 7.1%. On the other hand, the lowest level was found in the return on sales indicator, which was 0.3% and 0.4% in the moderate recipient and aggressive provider groups, respectively. Additionally, cooperatives following a conservative trade credit strategy had a higher level of return on sales compared to the cooperatives classified in the aggressive provider group. Conclusions: The profitability of assets, funds, and sales, as well as the level of liquidity, varied among the distinguished group of cooperatives based on their position and commercial credit strategy. However, there was no variation observed in terms of the level of indebtedness.

MARKETING STRATEGY FOR 109 PILLOW THROUGH TIK TOK LIVE (STUDY AT PT SEMOGA BERKAH SUKSES GROUP

The whole world knows that there has been a pandemic phenomenon for 2 years in all countries including Indonesia, this has made some people's habits change, including in buying a product or shopping. The existence of social media is now not only used as a means of entertainment, but as a modern marketing tool used by many businesses to reach buyers on a large scale. This study aims to analyze what Social Commerce Strategy is carried out by PT. Semoga Berkah Sukses Group or more familiarly known as 109 Pillow Official through the Tik Tok Live feature to increase sales. This study uses a qualitative method approach with an analytical descriptive model. Data collection was carried out through observation, documentation studies and interviews with 109 Pillow owners and their Live Hosts. The results of this study indicate that consistently live streaming by implementing several strategies optimally is the biggest cause of increased sales.

Technologies of Performative National Identity Construction (The Case Study of the Russian-Language Social Network)

The construction of national identity in the digital society is increasingly shifting to social networks, which have become stages for self-expression, where it acquires the character of a virtual performance. Being X means playing the role of X so convincingly that the audience will believe it. At the same time, the role can represent a person in varying degrees - from a mirror reversal to a simulacrum, i.e. a symbol without a real signifier. The digital role, divorced from self-awareness, can be motivated both by a commercial strategy for the struggle to expand the audience and / or fulfill an order, or by the official functions of an official, manager or activist who are tasked with creating the moods necessary for the customer in the networks.The article presents the results of an empirical study of technologies for representing national identity in Russian-Language social network TikTok. The aim is to study the tools for constructing national identity in a digital society. Empirical data was collected using the analysis of blogs, where the unit of analysis is a blog as a case. National identity is performed with the help of a systematic demonstration of national self-identification, language, costume, cuisine; music; scenery (nature / house interior, etc.), national rituals and everyday customs, tourist preferences. The need for national self-identification increases, firstly, in a multicultural context or in minority status, and secondly, in situations of national conflicts, when the need to mark the boundary between “us” and “them” with the help of symbols increases.

Greenhouse gas emissions patterns and insertion in global value chains: a comparative study between Brazil and China (2000–2016)

PurposeThis study aims to analyze and compare the relationship between international trade in global value chains (GVC) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for Brazil and China from 2000 to 2016.Design/methodology/approachThe input-output method apply to multiregional tables from Eora-26 to decompose the GHG emissions of the Brazilian and Chinese productive structure.FindingsThe data reveals that Chinese production and consumption emissions are associated with power generation and energy-intensive industries, a significant concern among national and international policymakers. For Brazil, the largest territorial emissions captured by the metrics come from services and traditional industry, which reveals room for improving energy efficiency. The analysis sought to emphasize how the productive structure and dynamics of international trade have repercussions on the environmental dimension, to promote arguments that guide the execution of a more sustainable, productive and commercial development strategy and offer inputs to advance discussions on the attribution of climate responsibility.Research limitations/implicationsThe metrics did not capture emissions related to land use and deforestation, which are representative of Brazilian emissions.Originality/valueComparative analysis of emissions embodied in traditional sectoral trade flows and GVC, on backward and forward sides, for developing countries with the main economic regions of the world.

A case study on Norwegian commercial harvesting and production of Saccharina latissima (Part 1): Effect of processing seaweed on chemical hazards, allergens, and microbiological hazards

When producing seaweed for human consumption, incorporating a “Food Safety-by-Design approach” can help protect human health and ensure the safety of future consumers. Post-harvest processing of seaweed is one strategy to reduce undesirable compounds. The study aimed to determine the effects of a commercial processing strategy (blanching and fermentation) of Norwegian-harvested Saccharina latissima (sugar kelp) on the presence of prioritized food safety hazards. We compiled and prioritized food safety hazards to be analyzed based on the current impact of the hazard, the analytical feasibility, and the fit of the hazard to the case study site. Twelve prioritized hazards were included in the case study analyses: arsenic (total and inorganic), iodine, cadmium, lead, mercury, copper, zinc, the allergen tropomyosin, Salmonella spp., Bacillus spp., norovirus, and Vibrio spp. We found that blanching was very effective in reducing iodine concentrations but mildly increased the zinc concentration. Fermentation of blanched seaweed further decreased iodine concentrations and had similar effects on inorganic arsenic, cadmium, and zinc. An unintentional increase in copper was observed. Bacillus cereus was detected in a blanched sample and fermented samples. Vibrio alginolyticus seemed to be introduced during blanching, yet fermentation greatly reduced the detection frequency. Our study illustrates the importance of clearly defining the goals of seaweed processing and optimizing the process for food safety hazards. Meanwhile, it is advised to monitor for unintended effects that may occur during processing, such as, in our case, the introduction of copper and pathogens like B. cereus and Vibrio spp. This study serves as an example for seaweed stakeholders on how to consider a Food Safety-by-Design concept and a risk-based approach during seaweed harvest and post-harvest processing.