Commercial Spirit Research Articles

A Case of Chinese Commercial Spirit: Humanistic Buddhism in Taiwan, USA and China

Humanistic Buddhism regards the Noble Eightfold Path as the core teaching of practicing Buddhism, and it is the path to guide practitioners to liberation. Business ethics is an important part of a businessperson's spirit. Business ethics refers to the moral principles and codes of conduct that should be followed in the business environment. Humanistic Buddhist ethics and businessman's spirit can promote and harmonize each other. Businessmen can practice the spirit of Buddhist ethics in business by focusing on the well-being of others, being honest and trustworthy, operating responsibly, and making charitable donations. In this case, we take Dr. Kai-Fu Lee as an example and introduce his story of being born in Taiwan, studying in the United States, and starting a business in China. From the case of Dr. Kai-Fu Lee, the important influence of Humanistic Buddhism on the commercial spirit of contemporary Chinese can be observed.

A Case of Chinese Commercial Spirit: Humanistic Buddhism in Taiwan, USA and China

A Case of Chinese Commercial Spirit: Humanistic Buddhism in Taiwan, USA and China

Hume on the Protestant Ethic and the Rise of English Commercial Spirit

Hume on the Protestant Ethic and the Rise of English Commercial Spirit

Contemporary Humanistic Buddhism and Chinese Commercial Spirit

Contemporary Humanistic Buddhism and Chinese Commercial Spirit

일제강점기 한국유도의 민족사상을 통한 업적에 관해

This study examined and discussed the historical significance of the developmental aspects of the Kodokan Judo in the process of inflow of Kodokan Judo by forced suppression after the establishment of YMCA Judo in 1906 in Korea with an objective perspective and drew conclusions. The establishment of Judo Korea was officially established on November 22, 1917 by the forced suppression of the Chosun Judo Department in the YMCA Hwangseong Christian Youth Association in 1906. This group was a group by political means of the Chosun Governor-General and the Japanese imperialists.,On the other hand, the Judo part of the Joseon Dynasty formed a momentum for the commercial spirit in the Judo part of the YMCA Hwangseong Christian Youth Association for the sake of national revival. In other words, with the claim of Lee Sang-jae, a teacher of Vietnam, who is training 100 people in the terrible times of the Japanese colonial rule, the national leaders did not spare all physical support to inspire the business spirit through Judo first, and the indifference of the drama in the emerging military schools became the starting point for the independence movement. In addition, the first Judo tournament was held on October 19, 1929, with five organizations participating, but the last tournament was abolished by Japan on October 12, 1935, as the 7th meeting. However, Lee Sun-gil won the championship and runner-up in 1930s and 1940s, and Seok Jin-kyung not only won the solo exhibition of the Judo Championship in July 1933, but also the Chosun Judo re-defeated Japan and gave a national spirit of business as a country. Thus, it will be possible to present the historical value that achieved the grandeur through the national thought of Judo in Korea during the Japanese colonial period and the academic plan of Judo history education.

Production, Characterization, and Sensory Profiling of Novel Pepper Distilled Spirit.

This study described the production method of novel whiskey using black pepper berries as raw material including the determination of chemical composition and sensory profile of this distillate. The production process consisted of production of fermentation medium via hydrothermal treatment, followed by fermentation and distillation. The incorporation of hydrothermal extraction process makes this whiskey production process differ from the existing commercial spirit production protocol. Chemical composition analysis showed that there were 12 main volatile compounds that contribute to the aroma profile of this pepper whiskey which consisted of 1 aldehyde group, 3 ester groups, 2 phenolic compounds, and 6 alcohol groups. All of these compounds are presented at different concentrations that are able to give pleasant and signature aroma to this spirit. A 10-member descriptive analysis panel conducted showed that 7 descriptors can be used to define the organoleptic quality of this whiskey, namely, clarity and brilliance (visual), fruity and flora (aroma), spiciness and sweetness (taste), and fruity mouthfeels. In conclusion, pepper berries can be used as raw material for pepper whiskey production and having organoleptic quality acceptable for human consumption.

La expansión de la banca y el comercio genovés en los siglos xvi y xvii. La presencia de los Vivaldo en la monarquía hispánica

The commercial spirit of the great Genoese noble lineages allowed them to become one of the most important and dynamic groups in the commercial and financial network of the Spanish Crown during the 16th and 17th centuries. The Vivaldos will be one of these families, whose economic activities will be highly diversified, being, among others, the businesses around ecclesial income that will provide a great boost, although it will also be the trigger for their downfall.

‘Cold intimacies’ in parents’ negotiations of work–family practices and parental leave?

This article aims to assess the contention that a ‘feminist’ ideology is associated with a ‘cooling’ of intimacy in heterosexual relationships, as argued by scholars such as Arlie Hochschild and Eva Illouz. According to this thesis, such an ideology, ‘abducted’ by a commercial spirit, encourages women to disengage from warm intimate bonds with others and to prioritize their own personal fulfilment and parity in care and housework. Drawing on two qualitative empirical studies exploring couples’ intimate lives and their feminist and egalitarian preferences and practices in leave, care and housework, this article examines in detail the basis of this thesis, and its effectiveness in explaining the lived experiences of parent couples’ negotiations of this terrain. The data were collected through focus group discussions with parents not sharing leave and a detailed ethnography with couples sharing leave. The comparison shows that, far from observing a clear dichotomy between ‘cold’ feminists and ‘warm’ traditional couples, both sets of parents present a more complex picture of ‘warm’ and ‘cold’ relations. The analysis enables a critical appreciation of sociological theorizing about gender equality and intimacy, contributing to sociological debates around individualism, feminism and family life.

Operational Efficiency of the Pondicherry Health Employees Co-operative Society: A Study

Activity in a Co-operative Spirit and in a commercial spirit has distinction. In Co-operative activity the purpose is not to earn profit but it is collective activity of the members for common purpose. No one is owner of the Co-operative activity but all are members of such activity. The urban credit co-operatives including Employees’ Cooperative Banks were registered under All India Co-operative Societies Act 1912. Subsequently, urban credit co-operatives/ employees’’ co-operatives were organized in various parts of the country. Among the non-agricultural credit co-operatives next to the urban co-operative banks, prominent are the employees’ co-operative credit societies, salary earners’ co-operatives and employees’’ co-operative banks. This paper will argue that cooperatives present a strong alternative for playing an important role in the health-set up of the country. On this line, health care employees play a vital role in facilitating and providing medical services to people. This service may be considered as Nobel service to humanity. Further, economic viability of those people is great factor for doing their profession effectively, in order to fulfill their credit needs and banking services, formal system take place in such a healthy way. In this way, health care employees’ cooperative credit societies are functioning to promote their involvement in doing health services indirectly by way of fulfilling their credit needs and which creates healthy attitude to perform duty well. The prime objective of the study is to examine the working performance of the PHECCS. This study is an Empirical Research in nature.

Colorimetric determination of alcohols in spirit drinks using a reversible solid sensor

A sensor for the colorimetric estimation of the alcoholic content has been developed based on the entrapment of the reagent (4-N,N-dioctylamino)-4‘-trifluoroacetylazobenzene (ETHT 4001) into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) modified with tretraethylorthosilicate (TEOS). When exposed to an alcoholic media, the sensor delivers ETHT 4001 so that it reacts with alcohols, resulting in a change in the solution color. The diffusion of the entrapped ETHT 4001 from the polymeric sensor to the working solution depends on the hydrophobicity of both the sensor matrix and the media, while the time of exposure determines whether the reagent reacts with methanol, or with methanol and ethanol. Thus, the sensors are a versatile tool for the estimation of the methanol content in ethanol or in ethanol/water mixtures, and for the measurement of the total alcoholic content (methanol plus ethanol) in an hydroalcoholic media. The proposed sensors are very easy to prepare, and show good precision and long-term stability. Moreover, the reagent delivery is reversible which allows its recovery once the absorbance measurements have been made simply by adding water, so the sensors can be reutilized and the generation of wastes is reduced. The potential utility of the proposed sensors has been demonstrated by measuring the alcoholic strength of commercial spirit drinks, and the methanol content in spiked hydroalcoholic samples.

What Makes American Cuisine?

What Makes American Cuisine? Kelly Erby (bio) Paul Freedman. Ten Restaurants That Changed America. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation, 2016. xlvi + 527 pp. Figures, appendix, notes, bibliography, and index. $35.00. Joy Santlofer. Food City: Four Centuries of Food-Making in New York. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2017. xix + 459 pp. Illustrations, notes, index. $28.95. In the winter of 1871–1872, the Russian Grand Duke Alexis, fifth child of Tsar Alexander II, toured the United States. The Duke hunted buffalo on the Great Plains, called on President Ulysses Grant at the White House, reveled at Mardi Gras in New Orleans, and dined at Delmonico's in New York City, long the most famous restaurant in America. To fête the Duke, Delmonico's chef, Charles Ranhofer—born in Alsace and classically trained in French cuisine—prepared a twelve-course menu and even created a "consommé au Grand Duc" in his honor. Haute-cuisine classics like woodcocks in pie crust and aspic and partridge filets à l'Aquitaine anchored the meal, which also included regional American delicacies such as terrapin à la Maryland, canvasback duck, and California salmon (Freedman, pp. xxi–xxxii). When the Duke later stated that there was no such thing as American cuisine and that the best food the young country had to offer were imitations of French dishes, Americans were understandably hurt. The Duke became the latest in a long tradition of European visitors to wound American pride and offend Americans' notions of their own good hospitality (the author Charles Dickens was also prominently featured on this list following derogatory remarks he made about American food culture during an 1842 tour of the United States). Does America, in fact, have a unique and notable culinary tradition of its own? This is the major historical question behind two recent books in the burgeoning field of culinary history: Ten Restaurants that Changed America by Paul Freedman and Joy Santlofer's Food City. Both writers answer in the affirmative, though Santlofer's "yes" is more enthusiastic than Freedman's. For Santlofer, American culinary identity is primarily distinguished by its sense of entrepreneurialism and inventiveness. Since the establishment of the first Dutch brewery in New York in the early decades of the 1600s, she examines [End Page 694] how the basic need for sustenance has combined with a commercial spirit to drive innovations in food and culture. Freedman's answer is more ambivalent; from his examination of ten restaurants that he argues changed the way Americans ate, Freedman concludes that the same American motivation to profit from the business of eating has meant that American appetites have too often tilted toward "convenience, uniformity, and blandness" (p. 436). Both writers focus primarily on New York—Santlofer entirely so—but nevertheless attempt to draw broader conclusions about commercial food and the nation. In his introduction, Freedman explains his criteria for picking the ten restaurants to examine. "The selection," he writes, "is based on influence and exemplification" (p. xxv). In other words, these are restaurants that were widely copied; they set new standards for how Americans dined. According to Freedman, "What we eat today is the result of the innovations of these ten restaurants" (p. xxvi). The list includes Delmonico's, which, although it was certainly not the first restaurant in America (Freedman refers to it as "the first real restaurant"), did come to define fine dining in the nineteenth century (p. xv). Delmonico's endured for nearly a hundred years and inspired imitations across the country. Antoine's in New Orleans (the only eatery included in the book not located on either coast) and Mama Leone's in New York make the cut as well, largely for their contributions in defining the tourist genre of restaurant. Schrafft's and Howard Johnson's, two northeastern chains that redefined middle-class and family dining, each have a chapter devoted to them, as does the Mandarin in San Francisco, nationally acclaimed for its upscale Chinese food and a second example (along with Mama Leone's, which specialized in Italian food) in the book of an "ethnic" eatery; Sylvia's, which continues to dish out "soul food" in Harlem; Le Pavillon, opened as part of the...

Religion and Entrepreneurship: a match made in heaven?

Funding from the ANR Labex Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse is gratefully acknowledged. There is a very old question in social science about whether religion is favorable or antithetical to economic activity. There have of course been ascetic currents within all of the world’s major religions. Right up to the present day, denunciations of the commercial spirit, and more generally of the excesses associated with economic development, can be heard from within virtually all religious tra...

Colorimetric assay for on-the-spot alcoholic strength sensing in spirit samples based on dual-responsive lanthanide coordination polymer particles with ratiometric fluorescence

This study demonstrates a new strategy for colorimetric detection of alcoholic strength (AS) in spirit samples based on dual-responsive lanthanide infinite coordination polymer (Ln-ICP) particles with ratiometric fluorescence. The ICP used in this study are composed of two components: one is the supramolecular Ln-ICP network formed by the coordination between the ligand 2,2’-thiodiacetic acid (TDA) and central metal ion Eu3+; and the other is a fluorescent dye, i.e., coumarin 343 (C343), both as the cofactor ligand and as the sensitizer, doped into the Ln-ICP network through self-adaptive chemistry. Upon being excited at 300 nm, the red fluorescence of Ln-ICP network itself at 617 nm is highly enhanced due to the concomitant energy transfer from C343 to Eu3+, while the fluorescence of C343 at 495 nm is supressed. In pure ethanol solvent, the as-formed C343@Eu-TDA is well dispersed and quite stable. However, the addition of water into ethanolic dispersion of C343@Eu-TDA destructs Eu-TDA network structure, resulting in the release of C343 from ICP network into the solvent. Consequently, the fluorescence of Eu-TDA turns off and the fluorescence of C343 turns on, leading to the fluorescent color change of the dispersion from red to blue, which constitutes a new mechanism for colorimetric sensing of AS in commercial spirit samples. With the method developed here, we could clearly distinguish the AS of different spirit samples within a wide linear range from 10% vol to 100% vol directly by “naked eye” with the help of UV-lamp (365 nm). This study not only offers a new method for on-the-spot visible detection of AS, but also provides a strategy for dual-responsive sensing mode by rational designing the optical properties of the Ln-ICP network and the guest, respectively.

Educating Homo Oeconomicus? “The Disadvantages of a Commercial Spirit” for the Realization of Democracy and Education

AbstractAt present, the structures, practice, and discourse of schooling are anchored to a “commercial spirit” that understands students, educators, and parents as economic operators trading competitively in human capital and to a discourse of failure that is disabling those who seek to understand and enact John Dewey's notion of education as democratic practice. Here Barbara Stengel illustrates both the commercial spirit in public schools and the discourse of school failure across two geopolitical settings: Shanghai, China, and urban U.S. schools. She argues that framing the educational enterprise in terms of economic success and failure makes it difficult for educators to address Dewey's vision of democracy and education substantively. Stengel concludes with an acknowledgment that, regardless of putative political commitments, these two public school systems are schooling — though not often educating — the same neoliberal subject, but that Dewey's vision of democracy and education nonetheless remains critical and compelling.

Tocqueville’s Tangents to Democracy

AbstractDespite asserting that he found nothing more striking in the United States than the “equality of conditions,” Tocqueville draws together his analysis of important nondemocratic “tangents to democracy” in a very lengthy concluding chapter of the 1835 Democracy in America. He seeks to explain these nondemocratic “tangents” and to understand why and how they coexist with egalitarian principle. A restrictive “relative sense of justice” constrains the extension of equality, and a bedrock “republican” sensibility, trusting mainly in the slow action of society upon itself, underlies the federal principle. In the emerging commercial spirit, Tocqueville observes a kind of energy that may expand the provincial spirit of relative justice while also hinting at imperial enterprises. Despite these factors, Tocqueville maintains his thesis about the primacy of democracy in American life, while bringing more nuance and accuracy to the argument of his first volume of Democracy in America.

Colorimetric and Fluorescent Dual Mode Sensing of Alcoholic Strength in Spirit Samples with Stimuli-Responsive Infinite Coordination Polymers.

This study demonstrates a new strategy for colorimetric and fluorescent dual mode sensing of alcoholic strength (AS) in spirit samples based on stimuli-responsive infinite coordination polymers (ICPs). The ICP supramolecular network is prepared with 1,4-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene (bix) as the ligand and Zn(2+) as the central metal ion in ethanol, in which rhodamine B (RhB) is encapsulated through self-adaptive chemistry. In pure ethanol solvent, the as-formed RhB/Zn(bix) is well dispersed and quite stable. However, the addition of water into the ethanol dispersion of RhB/Zn(bix) destroys Zn(bix) network structure, resulting in the release of RhB from ICP into the solvent. As a consequence, the solvent displays the color of released RhB and, at the meantime, turns on the fluorescence of RhB, which constitutes a new mechanism for colorimetric and fluorescent dual mode sensing of AS in commercial spirit samples. With the method developed here, we could distinguish the AS of different commercial spirit samples by the naked eye within a wide linear range from 20 to 100% vol and by monitoring the increase of fluorescent intensity of the released RhB. This study not only offers a new method for on-spot visible detection of AS in commercial spirit samples, but also provides a strategy for designing dual mode sensing mechanisms for different analytical purposes based on novel stimuli-responsive materials.

한·중·일 주요 상인조직의 경영철학에 대한 비교연구

The famous merchants performed a brilliant exploit in the transportation of goods and the function of sales over the world before advancing in the means of transportation. Superior merchants existed in Korea, China, and Japan, such as Venetian merchant, Arabian merchant, and Jewish merchant in europe and Central Asia. Representative merchants are the Gaeseong merchant and Byongyoung merchant in Korea, ten big merchants of the Wenzhou merchant and Sinan merchant, etc. in China, and three big merchants of the Oumi merchant and Ise merchant, and Osaka merchant in Japan. The purpose of this study is to present implications after finding similarity and something in commons, and differences through comparative analysis on the business philosophies between Korean Gaeseong merchant and Chinese Wenzhou merchant, and Japanese Oumi merchants as the representative merchants of their countries. For satisfying of the purpose of study, first looked at preceding research related to merchant organization and business philosophy, as a keyword in the subject of study. The terms related to merchant organization are ‘merchant’, ‘organization’. The terms related to business philosophy are ‘business philosophy’, ‘management ideology’, ‘corporate philosophy’, ‘business ethics’, ‘merchant spirit’, ‘commercial spirit’, ‘entrepreneurship’, etc. As a result of looking at preceding research, merchant organization was restrictively defined as the group of persons doing commercial activity by organizing members of more than two persons in principle, and business philosophy was defined as the belief and idea of management in merchant organization for all activity related to commerce. To get logical briefness, this business philosophy include similar terms such as management ideology, corporate philosophy, business ethics, merchant spirit, commercial spirit, entrepreneurship, etc. Next, three premises of study was presented to get logical briefness and validity on the design of framework and progress of this study. The framework of study was designed to clarify the range and logical direction of this study. Merchant organization appear on the basis of geographical, sociopolitical, and human factors in their country and local community. They systematize an organization for the purpose of the expansion of commercial power and the securement of efficiency in management to survival and growth with commercial activity. They find out commerce principles through experience and learning with various trial and error in the course of commerce activity. This study suggest historical implication after finding similarity and something in commons, and differences through comparative analysis for business philosophies of merchant organization from such commerce principles. This is the framework of this study. On the basis of this framework, business philosophy was analyzed from commerce principles of each merchant organization after looking at various commerce principles on the basis of the research for appearance background and activity situation of each merchant organization. As a result, Gaeseong merchant has the business philosophy of communitarianism, creditism, utilitarianism, and activism. Wenzhou merchant has the business philosophy of utilitarianism, dialogism, empiricism, and pragmatism. Oumi merchant has communitarianism, utilitarianism, pragmatism, and creditism. Three merchant organizations has the business philosophy of utilitarianism in common. Two merchant organizations has the business philosophy of communitarianism, creditism, and pragmatism in common. The business philosophy of activism appear only in Gaeseong merchant of Korea. The business philosophy of dialogism and empiricism appear only in Wenzhou merchant of China.

The Confucian Merchant Tradition in the Late Qing and the Early Republic and Its Contemporary Significance

近代以降,随着商人社会地位的提升,明清以来的儒商合流现象进一步彰显, 儒商群体也进一步扩大, 其共同特征则是“言商仍向儒”, “商”、“儒”不分家。其 中尤以张謇和经元善最具代表性。近代儒商有其类似的商业伦理观并构成一种新的传 统: 援儒入商,坚守儒家人格理想;利缘义取,求天下之公利;砥砺品行,以德经 商; 热心公益,以回馈社会为己任; 兴学育才,矢志发展教育。近代儒商传统对当今 商业道德文化的重建有着重要的借鉴意义,如何汲取其精华来形塑新时期的商业道德 和企业精神,已成为一个十分迫切的课题。 关键词: 儒商 传统 道德重建 In the late Qing, as the social status of merchants rose, the Ming and Qing phenomenon of combining business with learning became increasingly visible and its ranks expanded. Common characteristics were “talking of business but still inclining towards Confucianism,” and the lack of a dividing line between “business” and “Confucianism.” Among them, Zhang Jian and Jing Yuanshan were the best examples. These late Qing Confucian merchants shared a similar business ethic and formed a new tradition: helping bring Confucianism into business while holding fast to Confucian character ideals; gaining profits through righteousness and seeking shared benefits for all under heaven; cultivating virtuous behavior and conducting business ethically; enthusiastically promoting the public good and dedicating themselves to giving back to society; and establishing schools and educating the talented, pledging themselves to develop education. The late Qing and early Republican tradition of Confucian merchants has an important significance for the contemporary rebuilding of an ethical commercial culture. The question of how we can draw on its best points to construct a commercial morality and spirit of enterprise for this new era urgently needs to be addressed.

Feminism and the Cooling of Intimacy. Unintended Consequences of Women’s Movements

Numerous diagnoses of contemporary transformations of love and eroticism emphasise the fact that the intimate life has become democratised and liberated. Anthony Giddens argues that personal relationships increasingly become compatible with the model of pure relationship, which means that they are more egalitarian and that both partners are free to choose and to negotiate the shape of their relations. Jeffrey Weeks claims that in “the world that we have won”, women, homosexuals and queers are increasingly considered as equal to heterosexual men. Most scholars agree that feminism(together with gays’ and lesbians’ movements) is one of most important factors that enabled the democratisation of intimacy. Yet, it is possible to distinguish some interesting approaches that examine the unintended consequences of women’s emancipation. Sociologists like Arlie Russell Hochschild and Eva Illouz recognise the importance of feminism in democratising intimacy, thus they also claim that liberation of women has entailed rationalisation and commercialisation of intimacy. One of Hochschild’s main thesis is that feminism commercialises intimacy by legitimising “the commercial spirit of intimate life”. What is more, she argues that instead of humanizing men feminism is capitalising women. On the other hand, Illouz persuades that feminism – together with therapeutic discourse – rationalises intimacy by emphasising the necessity of analysing and quantifying all aspects of intimate life. Hochschild and Illouz claim that feminism unintentionally makes intimacy “cold” – that is that it suggests focusing on personal autonomy and perceiving warm and close bonds as an endangerment for that autonomy. The cooling entails loosening of family and intimate relationships and making individuals more attached to the market. In the end, both sociologists agree that “cool” branches of feminism make women similar to men and intimacy similar to the market

On-line microwave-based preconcentration device for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry: Application to the elemental analysis of spirit samples

A microwave-based thermal nebulizer (MWTN) has been employed for the first time as on-line preconcentration device in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). By the appropriate selection of the experimental conditions, the MWTN could be either operated as a conventional thermal nebulizer or as on-line analyte preconcentration and nebulization device. Thus, when operating at microwave power values above 100W and highly concentrated alcohol solutions, the amount of energy per solvent mass liquid unit (EMR) is high enough to completely evaporate the solvent inside the system and, as a consequence, the analyte is deposited (and then preconcentrated) on the inner walls of the MWTN capillary. When reducing the EMR to the appropriate value (e.g., by reducing the microwave power at a constant sample uptake rate) the retained analyte is swept along by the liquid-gas stream and an analyte-enriched aerosol is generated and next introduced into the plasma cell. Emission signals obtained with the MWTN operating in preconcentration-nebulization mode improved when increasing preconcentration time and sample uptake rate as well as when decreasing the nozzle inner diameter. When running with pure ethanol solution at its optimum experimental conditions, the MWTN in preconcentration-nebulization mode afforded limits of detection up to one order of magnitude lowers than those obtained operating the MWTN exclusively as a nebulizer.To validate the method, the multi-element analysis (i.e. Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Pb and Zn) of different commercial spirit samples in ICP-AES has been performed. Analyte recoveries for all the elements studied ranged between 93% and 107% and the dynamic linear range covered up to 4 orders of magnitude (i.e. from 0.1 to 1000μgL−1). In these analysis, both MWTN operating modes afforded similar results. Nevertheless, the preconcentration-nebulization mode permits to determine a higher number of analytes due to its higher detection capabilities.