Commercial Segments Research Articles

Engineering the L-tryptophan metabolism for efficient de novo biosynthesis of tryptophol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Tryptophol (IET) is a metabolite derived from L-tryptophan that can be isolated from plants, bacteria, and fungi and has a wide range of biological activities in living systems. Despite the fact that IET biosynthesis pathways exist naturally in living organisms, industrial-scale production of IET and its derivatives is solely based on environmentally unfriendly chemical conversion. With diminishing petroleum reserves and a significant increase in global demand in all major commercial segments, it becomes essential to develop new technologies to produce chemicals from renewable resources and under mild conditions, such as microbial fermentation. Here we characterized and engineered the less-studied L-tryptophan pathway and IET biosynthesis in the baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with the goal of investigating microbial fermentation as an alternative/green strategy to produce IET. In detail, we divided the aromatic amino acids (AAAs) metabolism related to IET synthesis into the shikimate pathway, the L-tryptophan pathway, the competing L-tyrosine/L-phenylalanine pathways, and the Ehrlich pathway based on a modular engineering concept. Through stepwise engineering of these modules, we obtained a yeast mutant capable of producing IET up to 1.04 g/L through fed-batch fermentation, a ~ 650-fold improvement over the wild-type strain. Besides, our engineering process also revealed many insights about the regulation of AAAs metabolism in S. cerevisiae. Finally, during our engineering process, we also discovered yeast mutants that accumulate anthranilate and L-tryptophan, both of which are precursors of various valuable secondary metabolites from fungi and plants. These strains could be developed to the chassis for natural product biosynthesis upon introducing heterologous pathways.

The impact of target speed on pedestrian, bike, and speeding crash frequencies

This research aims to investigate the influence of adopting the target speed concept on different types of crashes including pedestrian, bike, and speeding-related crashes. The Target speed is the highest speed that vehicles should operate on a roadway segment in a specific context. Based on the reviewed literature, this is the first study to investigate the relationship between target speed and crash frequency. Hence, big data including probe-vehicle data, traffic characteristics, geometric features, and land use attributes were utilized to develop crash prediction models. The main contributions of this research are to quantify the impacts of target speed on traffic safety considering context categories and to conclude the potential recommendations to lower different types of crashes. The 85th percentile speed was calculated and utilized in the developed models. Three crash prediction models were developed for pedestrian, bike, and speeding-related crashes. They were used in the analysis to quantify the impact of adopting target speed on different crash types. The results showed a significant reduction in the three crash types when using the target speed. Most of the improvements took place in three context categories: C3C: Suburban Commercial Segments, C3R: Suburban Residential Segments, and C4: Urban General Segments. Hence, this research recommends adopting target speed specifically in urban and suburban areas. Further, it suggests considering some measures to lower vulnerable road users’ and speeding-related crashes. Following the recommendations of this research would help to reduce different types of crash frequency, hence, improving the mobility and safety for all users in different context classifications.

An efficacy analysis of data encryption architecture for cloud platform

In recent times, cloud computing is being utilized largely for storage and information sharing purposes in several established commercial segments, particularly those where online businesses are prevalent, such as Google, Amazon, etc. Cloud system presents several benefits to users in terms of easy operations, low implementation, and maintenance expenses. However, significant risks are encountered in the data security procedures of cloud systems. Although the area is frequently being analyzed and reformed, the concern of cloud data protection and user reliability remains under uncertainty due to growing cyber-attack schemes as well as cloud storage system errors. To deal with this risk and contribute to the endeavor of providing optimal data security solutions in cloud data storage and retrieval system, this paper proposes a Symmetric Searchable Encryption influenced Machine Learning based cloud data encryption and retrieval model. The proposed model enhances data security and employs an effective keyword ranking approach by using an Artificial Neural Network. The comparative assessment of the proposed model against multiclass SVM and Naïve Bayes has established the better operational potentiality of the model. The effectiveness of the proposed work is justified by the association between high TPR and low FPR. Further, a low CCR of 0.6973 adds up to the success of the proposed work.

Systematic Approach for Static Steering Effort Reduction through Linkages Optimization in Small Commercial Vehicles (SCV)

The steering system design of a vehicle is of utmost importance as it not only acts as an interface between the driver and the entire vehicle but also is one of the key vehicle sub system which accounts for vehicle overall performance including vehicle handling and stability. With the recent infrastructure development and changes been witnessed in doing commercial vehicle business to hub and spoke and to door to door logistics delivery are expecting improved vehicle performance particularly in small and light commercial vehicles segments (SCV and LCV) where the business demands are more for the movement of vehicle in narrow city lanes and sharp corners. Also, now driver comfort is considered one of the key factors before purchasing any commercial vehicle. Thus, having power steering in SCV’s and LCV’s has not only become a mandate but also the vehicle steering system performance should be such that the driver is easily able to maneuver the vehicle in narrow city lanes and corners. Through this paper a methodology has been derived wherein factors contributing for achieving static lock to lock maneuverability in a power steering vehicle are analyzed without overdesigning the hydraulic power assistance of the vehicle. The approach mainly focuses on LH/RH symmetric hydraulic pressure build up in the system by critically designing the steering system linkages hard points such as drop arm length, drop arm SAP angle, steer arm length, track rod arm’s length. Also, this study ensures that the derived hard points not only enhances hydraulic assistance in the steering system but also ensures vehicle to have least turning circle diameter (TCD) and enhanced tire life by having least Ackermann error.

Avaliação dos pontos de alavancagem do ecossistema de valor do futebol brasileiro com o uso da dinâmica de sistemas

Abstract: Football is interrelated to several industrial and commercial segments. It generates significant economic and social results. Thus, football needs to be understood as a value ecosystem. The multiplying and systemic effects of the football chain are not known to clubs and society. The current literature has neglected them. This study aims to dynamically evaluate improvement actions aiming to add economic value to the Brazilian football value ecosystem based on a system dynamics model. It is possible to identify a dynamic relation between variables in the football ecosystem and assess the impacts of the improvement actions proposed here. We also propose and simulate scenarios demonstrating the impacts of decisions before implementing them in the real context and identify multiplying effects on the football value ecosystem. The results of the simulation show a positive impact of professional management on the football business for the club and society.

Machine Learning-Based Detection of Spam Emails

Social communication has evolved, with e-mail still being one of the most common communication means, used for both formal and informal ways. With many languages being digitized for the electronic world, the use of English is still abundant. However, various native languages of different regions are emerging gradually. The Urdu language, coming from South Asia, mostly Pakistan, is also getting its pace as a medium for communications used in social media platforms, websites, and emails. With the increased usage of emails, Urdu’s number and variety of spam content also increase. Spam emails are inappropriate and unwanted messages usually sent to breach security. These spam emails include phishing URLs, advertisements, commercial segments, and a large number of indiscriminate recipients. Thus, such content is always a hazard for the user, and many studies have taken place to detect such spam content. However, there is a dire need to detect spam emails, which have content written in Urdu language. The proposed study utilizes the existing machine learning algorithms including Naive Bayes, CNN, SVM, and LSTM to detect and categorize e-mail content. According to our findings, the LSTM model outperforms other models with a highest score of 98.4% accuracy.

Comparison of the Chemical and Sensorial Evaluation of Dark Chocolate Bars

As it mimics olfactory perception, headspace analysis is frequently used for examination of products like chocolate, in which aroma is a key feature. Chemical analysis by itself, however, only provides half the picture, as final consumer’s perception cannot be compared to that of a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) port, but rather to a panel test assessment. The aim of the present study was the evaluation of combined chemical (by means of headspace solid-phase microextraction and GC-MS) and panel test data (by means of a sensory evaluation operated by 6 untrained panelists) obtained for 24 dark chocolate bars to assess whether these can discriminate between bars from different brands belonging to different commercial segments (hard discount, HD; supermarket, SM; organic bars, BIO). In all samples, with the only exception of one supermarket bar (in which esters exhibited the highest relative abundance), pyrazines were detected as the most abundant chemical class (HD: 56.3–74.2%; BIO: 52.0–76.4%; SM: 31.2–88.9%). Non-terpene alcohols, aldehydes, and esters followed as quantitatively relevant groups of compounds. The obtained data was then subjected to hierarchical cluster (HCA) and principal component (PCA) analysis. The statistical distribution of samples obtained for the chemical data did not match that obtained with panelists’ sensorial data. Moreover, although an overall ability of grouping samples of the same commercial origin was evidenced for hard discount and supermarket bars, no sharp grouping was possible.

How they got to Sesame Street: Children’s Television Workshop’s appropriation of advertising tactics for effective childhood literacy education

One of the staple components of Sesame Street over the last 50 years is the short, animated segments that periodically interrupt the narratives and focus on brief educational and literacy concepts. Histories of the show have recognized these segments and referred to them as commercials, but to date, literature lacks a comprehensive examination of the managerial forces involved in planning and producing these commercial segments to identify the depth of understanding Children’s Television Workshop (CTW) possessed as they created this material. Even more intriguing, contemporary literature has identified conceptual overlaps between the components of successfully persuasive children’s advertisements and successful strategies for teaching early childhood literacy. This study uses a historical analysis and primary evidence, from corporate and executives’ personal archives, to identify and chronicle how CTW married literacy education and advertising to effectively “sell” literacy to child viewers of Sesame Street. This study also identifies important implications and opportunities for research and the future promotion and presentation of educational concepts in contemporary digital media settings.

Comercio minorista de Santiago de Chile a fines del siglo XVIII

El objetivo de este trabajo es valorar la presencia del sector comercial minorista en la ciudad de Santiago de Chile a fines del siglo XVIII, como observatorio de la inserción de esta sociedad en el proceso de modernización del consumo y, con ello, de sus condiciones de vida durante este periodo. La metodología consiste en agregar los segmentos de comercio formalizados al interior del espacio urbano santiaguino a través del uso de fuentes tributarias rescatadas de la reformada administración de alcabalas en esta capital. Los resultados de este examen demuestran: i) la significativa presencia de seis segmentos de comercio minoristas operando regularmente y con una clara diferenciación de su oferta de bienes y servicios; ii) la articulación de este retail con sectores productivos, canales de comercio mayoristas y obrajes capitalinos a través del flujo de bienes y; iii) la alta dispersión de los establecimientos minoristas para cubrir la demanda urbana, en línea con la expansión del trabajo asalariado en Santiago. Tales hallazgos sobre parte de la estructura y funcionamiento de este comercio interno sugieren matizar aquella noción acerca de la precariedad del mercado urbano chileno a fines del siglo XVIII, sobre todo, al comparar esta evidencia conotras economías regionales contemporáneas.

Dynamics of commercial real estate market segments in the post-pandemic period

Research background: Commercial real estate segments have reacted differently to the effects of the coronavirus pandemic, announced early last year. Thus, the greatest interest is represented by commercial, service and warehouse real estate. The retail segment seriously felt the restrictions in the work of retail and service enterprises from March to July 2020 – due to the rotation of operators, the departure of many players from the market, the vacancy rate of space increased, the average rental rate decreased due to the revision of lease agreements. Warehouse real estate, on the contrary, has received incentives for development due to a twofold increase in online trade in Russia – the vacancy rate in the most high-quality areas tends to 0-2%, the average rental rate is growing rapidly. Purpose of the article: to analyze the commercial real estate market in the context of retail and warehouse real estate in the regions of Russia and St. Petersburg, to develop mechanisms to increase their competitiveness in the postcovid period. Methods: description, comparison, analogy, generalization and correlation and regression analysis. Findings & Value added: there is a high dependence of the current state of retail and warehouse real estate on the growing volumes of online trade, which causes certain trends: the growth of the shortage of warehouse space and the increase in the vacancy rate of retail space-mechanisms have been developed to increase the competitiveness of commercial real estate operators in St. Petersburg and the regions

РЫНОК МЕДИЦИНСКИХ УСЛУГ РЕСПУБЛИКИ КРЫМ: ТРЕНДЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ

The article examines the trends in the development of the medical services market in the Republic of Crimea for the period 2015–2020. The analysis of the number of medical organizations by form of ownership, size and types of activity, capacity and technical equipment, provision of medical personnel, the volume of medical services in the context of public and commercial segments was carried out. In the period under study, there was an increase in the medical services market, due to an increase in the number of private medical organizations, the volume of mandatory medical insurance funds under the basic program. The expansion of the base and capacity of the sanatorium-resort complex, the growth of domestic medical tourism, laboratory services and telemedicine were identified as promising areas of market development.

Analiza sistemske komponente kreditnog rizika u bankarskom sektoru Republike Srbije

The subject of this research paper is quantification of the degree of systemic risk exposure of the Serbian banking sector's loan portfolio in the period from 2008Q4 to 2019Q3, including by main commercial segments (corporate and retail). The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, under its regulatory framework, makes a distinction between corporate and retail loans regarding the exposure to systemic risk. Based on the above, the following hypotheses are set: a) There is a significant difference in systemic risk exposure between corporate and retail loans in the Serbian banking sector and b) Forecasting the exposure to systemic risk of the entire Serbian banking sector can be performed on the basis of corporate loans due to the specificity of the economic system of the Republic of Serbia. The results of the research corroborated the truthfulness of both hypotheses, which has a multifold significance for commercial banks' management, macroeconomic and macroprudential policy makers. First, banking and accounting regulations require stress-testing of probability of default on the change in macroeconomic aggregates and its impact on the bank's capital. Second, a bank's sensitivity to changes in macroeconomic aggregates predominantly depends on the loan portfolio structure by commercial segments. Third, the conclusion of the academic elite that the development of the capital market would lead to an increase in the macroeconomic stability of the Republic of Serbia and reduce the procyclicality of credit risk was confirmed. We used the autoregressive distributed lags model (ARDL model) because there is a difference in order of integration in the observed time series (I(0) and I(1)), and because this method provides good results for relatively small sample data sizes.

38 Using pooled data for single-step genomic prediction: Impact of within-pool variance and size

Abstract Economically relevant traits (ERT) are routinely collected within commercial segments of the beef industry but are rarely included in genetic evaluations because of unknown pedigrees. Individual relationships could be resurrected with genomics, which would be costly; pooling DNA and phenotypic data provides a cost-effective solution. A simulated beef cattle population consisting of 15 generations was genotyped with approximately 50k markers (841 quantitative trait loci were located across the genome) and phenotyped for a moderately heritable trait. Individuals from generation 15 were included in pools (observed genotype and phenotype were mean values of a group). Estimated breeding values (EBV) were generated from a single-step GBLUP model. The effects of pooling strategy (random and minimizing or uniformly maximizing phenotypic variation), pool size (1, 2, 10, 20, 50, 100, or no data from generation 15), and generational gaps of genotyping on EBV accuracy (correlation of EBV with true breeding values) were quantified. Greatest EBV accuracies of sires and dams were observed when no gap between genotyped parents and pooled offspring occurred. The EBV accuracies resulting from pools were greater than no data from generation 15 regardless of sire or dam genotyping. Minimizing phenotypic variation increased EBV accuracy by 8% and 9% over random pooling and uniformly maximizing phenotypic variation, respectively. Pool size of 2 was the only scenario that did not significantly decrease EBV accuracy compared to individual data when pools were formed randomly or by uniformly maximizing phenotypic variation (P > 0.05). Pool sizes of 2, 10, 20, or 50 did not generally lead to EBV accuracies that were statistically different than individual data when pools were constructed to minimize phenotypic variation (P > 0.05). Pooled genotyping to garner commercial-level phenotypes for genetic evaluations seems plausible, although differences exist depending on pool size and pool formation strategy. The USDA is an equal opportunity employer.

Qualidade nutricional de rações secas de diferentes segmentos comerciais para cães

Objetivou-se determinar a composição bromatológica de rações secas para cães comparando os resultados analisados com as informações declaradas em seus respectivos rótulos. Foram adquiridas em casas de rações e pet shops da cidade de São João del- Rei 21 alimentos completos para cães a fim de se proceder a avaliação da composição nutricional, sendo 15 para cães adultos e seis para filhotes, fabricadas por 14 empresas diferentes. Realizaram-se análises bromatológicas para determinar os teores de proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), matéria mineral (MM), matéria seca (MS) e fibra bruta (FB). Os níveis de garantia de umidade máxima demonstraram estar 100% dentro dos padrões em todos os seguimentos comerciais. Todavia, os níveis de MM resultaram em 85,7%; 57,1% e 100% dentro dos padrões para os seguimentos Standard, Premium e Super premium respectivamente. Para PB os resultados foram 100% de conformidade, para Super premium e 71,4% de conformidade para Standard e Premium. Os resultados de EE comparados com os valores observados nos rótulos, foram Standard com 71,4%, Premium 54,1% e Super premium com apenas 28,5% de conformidade. Por fim, para FB, 85,7% das amostras Standard e também, o mesmo valor para Premium se mostraram dentro dos padrões de comparação rótulo/análises. Pode-se concluir que as rações secas para cães filhotes e adultos atendem a maioria dos limites máximo e mínimo exigidos pelo MAPA. Entretanto, há deficiência na rotulagem em relação às informações fornecidas dos níveis de garantia, podendo levar os consumidores ao erro no momento de escolha da ração.

Aspectos da comercialização e perdas pós-colheita de beterraba em diferentes segmentos varejistas

A comercialização in natura de hortaliças pode ser limitada por defeitos físicos, fisiológicos e até mesmo os biológicos. Diante disso, objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade, comercialização e perda pós-colheita da beterraba em diferentes segmentos comerciais de Chapadinha (MA). A pesquisa foi realizada através da aplicação de questionários em 20 estabelecimentos, que compreenderam feiras livres, supermercados e verdurões. As entrevistas abrangeram perguntas referentes ao preço, volume ofertado, qualidade, consumo e perdas pós-colheita de beterraba. A caracterização da qualidade foi realizada através da coleta de 30 amostras por segmento, nas quais aferiram-se o peso com casca, peso sem casca, comprimento, diâmetro e sólidos solúveis. Concluiu-se que os supermercados apresentam os melhores atributos de qualidade, em termos de comprimento (8,15 cm), diâmetro (7,3), peso com e sem casca (228,56g e 205,34 g, respectivamente), bem como o preço mais acessível (R$ 3,25). Quanto às perdas, as principais causas são as desordens fisiológicas e danos mecânicos. A feira livre tem os maiores percentuais de perdas pós-colheita (16,11%), seguido dos verdurões (5,49%) e supermercados (2,41%). É importante a adoção de boas práticas pós-colheita e gerenciais para melhorar a qualidade dos produtos ofertados, preços praticados e redução das perdas de beterraba.

Genomic prediction using pooled data in a single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction framework.

Economically relevant traits are routinely collected within the commercial segments of the beef industry but are rarely included in genetic evaluations because of unknown pedigrees. Individual relationships could be resurrected with genomics, but this would be costly; therefore, pooling DNA and phenotypic data provide a cost-effective solution. Pedigree, phenotypic, and genomic data were simulated for a beef cattle population consisting of 15 generations. Genotypes mimicked a 50k marker panel (841 quantitative trait loci were located across the genome, approximately once per 3 Mb) and the phenotype was moderately heritable. Individuals from generation 15 were included in pools (observed genotype and phenotype were mean values of a group). Estimated breeding values (EBV) were generated from a single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction model. The effects of pooling strategy (random and minimizing or uniformly maximizing phenotypic variation within pools), pool size (1, 2, 10, 20, 50, 100, or no data from generation 15), and generational gaps of genotyping on EBV accuracy (correlation of EBV with true breeding values) were quantified. Greatest EBV accuracies of sires and dams were observed when there was no gap between genotyped parents and pooled offspring. The EBV accuracies resulting from pools were usually greater than no data from generation 15 regardless of sire or dam genotyping. Minimizing phenotypic variation increased EBV accuracy by 8% and 9% over random pooling and uniformly maximizing phenotypic variation, respectively. A pool size of 2 was the only scenario that did not significantly decrease EBV accuracy compared with individual data when pools were formed randomly or by uniformly maximizing phenotypic variation (P > 0.05). Pool sizes of 2, 10, 20, or 50 did not generally lead to statistical differences in EBV accuracy than individual data when pools were constructed to minimize phenotypic variation (P > 0.05). Largest numerical increases in EBV accuracy resulting from pooling compared with no data from generation 15 were seen with sires with prior low EBV accuracy (those born in generation 14). Pooling of any size led to larger EBV accuracies of the pools than individual data when minimizing phenotypic variation. Resulting EBV for the pools could be used to inform management decisions of those pools. Pooled genotyping to garner commercial-level phenotypes for genetic evaluations seems plausible although differences exist depending on pool size and pool formation strategy.

The Global Gaze of Protection, Care, and Power

The Global Compacts on Refugees and Migrants have been widely considered as opportunities for the world to reconsider old approaches to refugee and migrant protection. The New York Declaration is global, not only because it emanates from a global institution, but also because of the following aspects, to be detailed in course of this article: First, a single declaration covering subjects of migration and forced migration is an acknowledgment of the reality that the two have deep relations, and that population flows are increasingly mixed and massive, defying neat categorization. Second, the declaration also highlights the limits and/or unwillingness of states to carry primary responsibility of refugees and migrants, and hence opens up the possibility to include the “whole of society,” which is to say the “whole of globe” covering stakeholders including business and commercial segments. Third, the new approach is global because refugees and migrants are conceptualized as subjects of global development. Fourth, migration and refugee “crises” are considered inevitable, hence the need for durable solutions, such as the need for a globally relevant comprehensive response framework. And finally, the article touches on the changing nature of the rights question under such a technological mode of management. These aspects are not discussed separately in order, but in an interrelated way. The article is a post-colonial critique of an emerging global apparatus of care and power.

Justification of the need to Transform the Information Support of the Commercial Real Estate Market of the Republic of Belarus

The article reveals the shortcomings of existing systems of information support for the commercial real estate market. We have studied the procedures for selecting information about commercial real estate objects, identified their shortcomings, which allowed us to justify the need to transform the current system of information support for the commercial real estate market of the Republic of Belarus. In order to improve the current information support system, it is proposed to achieve these objectives by combining existing databases of technical passports, an automated information system for assessing land in the Republic of Belarus, as well as an automated information system for maintaining the unified state register of real estate, rights to it and transactions with it, in the form of unified technical and economic passports of commercial real estate objects. The introduction of such a document will allow to raise management efficiency as the commercial real estate market segments, and specific commercial properties, to formalize the relationship between the subjects of the commercial property market, and will also act as the basis for increasing economic efficiency and investment attractiveness of commercial real estate market of the Republic of Belarus.

Reflection of commercialization in organizational and ownership structure of Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbH (DFS)

This paper considers the on-going commercialization trend within air navigation service providers (ANSPs) with specific focus on German national provider Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbH (DFS). The first part of the paper contains an overview of scientific research regarding air navigation service providers commercialization. The second part of the paper analyses the portfolio of DFS services with a focus on both regulated and commercial segments. The paper also examines the organizational and ownership structure of whole the DFS group in terms of their joint-ventures and subsidiaries. The paper also studies revenues structure of whole DFS group with focus on revenues from commercial activities. Conclusion of the paper shows that DFS is strongly oriented towards commercial activities with annually increasing revenues from commercial businesses. Means of conducting such activities are similar to the other commercially focused ANSPs (e.g. NATS, ENAIRE, LFV) with wide structure of subsidiaries and joint-ventures under the DFS Group parent company dedicated to providing various commercial services and products.

First report on Chlorella vulgaris collagenase production and purification by aqueous two-phase system

Collagen is triple helical structured protein, which is undegradable by most proteases and reacts only with collagenases. These enzymes are applied and important in several commercial segments and the interest for new collagenases has only been increasing. Microalgae are not a very prominent source of enzymes but are extremely commercially attractive forms of life due to photosynthetic growth. Yet, the literature is absent on reports about algae collagenases and this work is the first report on Chlorella vulgaris collagenolytic enzyme production, purification and characterization. C. vulgaris was cultivated in autotrophic and mixotrophic conditions and the biomass used to obtain the cell extract. The autotrophic extract displayed a higher collagenolytic activity and was used for ATPS experimental design. Through 24-full factorial design, high collagenolytic activity was observed at pH 8.0, PEG molar mass of 1500 g/mol, PEG concentration of 12.5% (w/w) and phosphate buffer concentration of 15% (w/w). In these conditions, a purification factor of 10.79 was obtained for a partition coefficient of 23.74 with the collagenase retained in top PEG rich phase. Purified collagenase optimum activity was observed under pH 9 and 37 °C, displayed less gelatinolytic and caseinolytic activity, with higher collagenolytic activity with azocoll than crude extract, attesting this enzyme is a true collagenase. The collagenolytic activity was inhibited by EDTA, an indicative of a metallocollagenase.