Commercial Security Research Articles

Multi‐Mode Elastic Full‐Color Fluorescent Patterns for Multi‐Visual Encryption

AbstractThe development of multi‐mode fluorescent patterns has attracted widespread attention, particularly for applications in high‐density information storage and highly secure encryption. However, the fabrication process of multi‐mode fluorescent patterns generally involves tedious and expensive steps. Specifically, in the fabrication technology of elastic full‐color fluorescent patterns, there is still a lack of ideal patterning preparation technology that can overcome the solvent orthogonality problem associated with multi‐color fabrication while ensuring both high elasticity and luminescence efficiency of the pattern. Herein, the multi‐mode elastic fluorescent patterns are successfully fabricated by multiple transferring of the quantum dots (QDs) from the carrier substrates to the elastomeric PDMS substrate via femtosecond laser‐induced forward transfer (FsLIFT) technology. Due to its solvent‐free nature, absence of masking requirements, and no need for annealing during FsLIFT processing, the multiple transferred QD films achieve independent patterns and does not interfere with each other, providing a strong promise for the fabrication of multi‐mode elastic full‐color patterns. Based on these stretchable fluorescent patterns, multi‐visual encryption techniques are successfully demonstrated. The proposed FsLIFT technology offers an efficient and straightforward strategy for fabricating multi‐mode fluorescent patterns with potential applications in advanced commercial security information encryption and dynamic camouflage.

To Assess the Efficacy of Current Training Programs in the Private and Public Security Sectors and Their Impact on Partnership in the Provision of Security in Nairobi County, Kenya

Interactions between the public and private security sectors were crucial in maintaining public safety in Nairobi County, Kenya, under the framework of security services. The purpose of this research was to assess how successful previous training programs were in bringing together public and private security agencies to provide better protection for the public. Combining qualitative and quantitative techniques, the research process was all-encompassing. Primary data were acquired through the distribution of questionnaires and interviews, and secondary data were sourced from a variety of other sources. The data collection was centered around Nairobi County because of its ever-changing security scene, which reflects the wide range of activities and difficulties encountered by the two security sectors. In order to evaluate the gathered data, statistical analysis was performed using software like SPSS. An examination of previous training programs and how they impacted the formation of a partnership between public and private security agencies was the primary goal of the study. The research sought to refine training programs to improve collaboration and partnership between the public and commercial security sectors by analyzing previous efforts and their strengths and shortcomings. Policymakers, security agencies, and training institutes can all benefit from this study's results, which should lead to a better coordinated and efficient security strategy in Nairobi County. In addition to achieving the short-term goal of assessing training programs, this study paved the way for longer-term conversations on strengthening security partnerships in Kenya. This study laid the groundwork for future research in this important field and helped improve safety and security measures in Nairobi County by illuminating the connection between good training and collaborative security provision.

Fatty acid profile, omegas and lipid quality in commercial cuts of pirarucu (Arapaima gigas Schinz, 1822) cultivated in excavated tanks

The study aimed to determine the fatty acid profile, omegas and lipid quality indeces in commercial cuts of pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) of the slaughter class 11.1 to 14.0 kg. Sample collections were carried out in two fish processing industries located in Rondônia state, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized, with processing performed in triplicate. Data were submitted to ANOVA to assess differences between commercial cuts in chemical compositions. If ANOVA appeared statistically significant (α=0.05), the averages were compared by Tukey's test. In the composition of fatty acids, there was a difference (p <0.05) between cuts. Commercial cuts that expressed the highest percentages of SFAs tail fillet 51.2%, of MUFAs fillet mignon 39.8% and of PUFAs deboned cut 20.7%. The indeces prescribed for lipid quality, ∑PUFAs/∑SFAs, ∑PUFAs (n-6/∑n-3), AI, TI and HH, indicate that commercial cuts have lipid quality. Deboned is the cut with the highest PUFA fatty acid content, with the highest values of Omega 3, 6, 7 and n-9 being also expressed. Nutritional information is important for the processes of conservation and processing, development of new products on the market, as well as guiding the form of preparation, thus providing commercial security for different market niches.

Evaluation of Static Vulnerability Detection Tools With Java Cryptographic API Benchmarks

Several studies showed that misuses of cryptographic APIs are common in real-world code (e.g., Apache projects and Android apps). There exist several open-sourced and commercial security tools that automatically screen Java programs to detect misuses. To compare their accuracy and security guarantees, we develop two comprehensive benchmarks named CryptoAPI-Bench and ApacheCryptoAPI-Bench. CryptoAPI-Bench consists of 181 unit test cases that cover basic cases, as well as complex cases, including interprocedural, field sensitive, multiple class test cases, and path sensitive data flow of misuse cases. The benchmark also includes correct cases for testing false-positive rates. The ApacheCryptoAPI-Bench consists of 121 cryptographic cases from 10 Apache projects. We evaluate four tools, namely, SpotBugs, CryptoGuard, CrySL, and another tool (anonymous) using both benchmarks. We present their performance and comparative analysis. The ApacheCryptoAPI-Bench also examines the scalability of the tools. Our benchmarks are useful for advancing state-of-the-art solutions in the space of misuse detection.

Fatty acid profile, omegas, and lipid quality in commercial cuts of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818) cultivated in excavated tanks

This study aimed to determine the fatty acid profile, omegas, and lipid quality indices in commercial cuts of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Samples were collected from two fish processing industries located in Rondônia state, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized, with processing performed in triplicate. Data were submitted for analysis of variance (ANOVA) to assess differences between commercial cuts. If ANOVA was statistically significant (α = 0.05), the averages were compared using Tukey's test. In the composition of fatty acids, there was a difference (p < 0.05) between commercial cuts. The commercial cuts with the highest percentages of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) steak at 47.050%, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) fillet at 45.120%, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) band at 19.050%. In addition, the band expresses the highest values of omegas 3, 6, 7, and n-9. The indices prescribed ∑PUFAs/∑SFAs, ∑PUFAs (n-6/∑n-3), atherogenicity index, thrombogenicity index, and ratio between hypocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic fatty acids, indicating that commercial cuts have lipid quality. Nutritional information is important for conservation and processing processes, the development of new products on the market, and guidance on the form of preparation, thus providing commercial security for different market niches.

The Best Practices of Commercialized Security on National Security in Nairobi County, Kenya

Commercialised security has grown and developed in Kenya. This is attributed to citizens' many security demands on the state. Hence they turn to commercialised security to complement. Despite this development, few studies have studied the best practices of commercialised security on national security. The study took on a cross-sectional survey design. It was done in Nairobi involving adult residents. A multistage sampling technique was employed to obtain the wards to be studied. Those managing or purchasing the commercialised security services for their establishments and the managers of commercialised security firms were purposively sampled. The general public and the security guards were systematically sampled. Questionnaires and scheduled interviews were used to collect data. The SPSS version 25 was employed in data management and analysis. In the research, descriptive statistics included percentages and frequency distribution tables to summarise variables into thematic areas and convey the characteristics of critical variables. The study identified five best practices of commercialised security on national security: improvement in working conditions of the security personnel, adequate training and development, cooperation with the state security agencies, after-sale service and enforcement of regulations. The study concluded that the favourable mechanisms could only be realised through the consultation of the stakeholders: the commercial security industry, the citizens and the state. Thus the study recommended that The Private Security Regulation Authority needs to implement some of the requirements in the PSRA No. 13 of 2016.

Non-possessory pledge in Colombia: commercial regulation and movable property security interests

Una de las garantías que más utilización tiene en el tráfico jurídico es la prenda sin tenencia del acreedor. Esta figura le permite al deudor conservar el bien para utilizarlo y sacar provecho del mismo, de tal manera que pueda proceder eficazmente a la satisfacción de la obligación contraída. Aunque se encontraba tipificada en el Código de Comercio, su configuración y operativa fue modificada profundamente con la Ley 1676 de 2013 de garantías mobiliarias. Este artículo utiliza el método inductivo y tiene como propósito analizar el origen de la figura y establecer la manera como se encuentra regulada actualmente en el derecho colombiano, desde una perspectiva del derecho comparado y a partir del panorama histórico en que se ha desenvuelto, haciendo referencias a su tratamiento en el Code Civil francés y a los preceptos de la Ley Modelo Interamericana sobre Garantías Mobiliarias. Todo esto a partir de los conceptos que le dan su origen: la prenda y la hipoteca.

Two-layers robust data hiding scheme for highly compressed image exploiting AMBTC with difference expansion

When the secret message is placed inside a highly compressed image, the transmission will be more secure and cost efficient. In this article, two-layer data embedding and extraction approaches are provided that use a combination of Absolute Moment Block Truncation Coding (AMBTC) and Difference Expansion (DE) to enhance hiding capacity on a large scale while producing minimum distortion. The first layer embedding strategy is classified into three situations according to the amount of bit patterns that are concatenated to improve performance. DE is used to build the second layer algorithm. Bitmap has been retaining its previous layer values through DE. The two-layer embedding technique is effective for concealing large volumes of data. In comparison to existing popular AMBTC data hiding strategies, this suggested design provides a low-cost, high-capacity, two-layer efficient data embedding procedure. The anticipated consequence highlighted certain outstanding magnificent aspects in the fields of tampered detection, recovery and authentication schemes, all of which are essential to the modern technological life. This system benefits a wide range of government and business sectors, including health care, commercial security, defence, and intellectual property rights.

The Borderline between Private and Public Security

A few years ago, a White Paper was published by the Confederation of European Security Services (CoESS) with the collaboration of the Institut National des Hautes Études de Sécurité (INHES) on the security market of the European Union. The authors identified several reasons why public and private security providers in the member states share the market and why they are bound to cooperate for the public good, that is, the security itself. However, the states’ law enforcement capacities cannot cover all security demands of the public due to the finite (mainly budgetary) resources that always set capacity limits hence congestions in the assignments of police services occur from time to time. Private security operatives fill into the supply gaps occurring in a fragmented security landscape in Europe. Due to the variables in the market share, countries made their patterns in public and private security components, the statutory frameworks, and the traditions concerning the role played by the commercial security sector in overall security provisions. Here a typology may be formed from the clusters of countries following alternative approaches, respectively. There is a border zone between the two sectors. The exclusive public security domain gives way to areas of common interest and moves on to where private security takes precedence, and public actors only play a supervisory role. This article examines the boundary zone in multiple approaches, attempting to stipulate the red line between the two security elements.

The Limitations of Commercialized Security on National Security in Nairobi County, Kenya

The state has traditionally undertaken maintenance of security and good order for the citizens. But due to the deficiencies in governments, other actors have been looked upon to supplement the supply of security services. The commercial security industry, which has developed and grown expansively, is one. The sector provides policing services to their subscribed consumers. Despite the commercialised security industry growing in Nairobi, Kenya, few studies have assessed the limitations of commercialised security to impact national security on national security positively. The study took on a cross-sectional survey design. A multistage sampling technique was employed to obtain the respondents. Questionnaires, scheduled interviews and structured observation were used to collect data. These descriptive statistics were used to summarise variables into thematic areas and convey key variables' characteristics. The study identified six limitations: not being armed with firearms was the most mentioned, poor working conditions of guards was second mentioned, lack of courtesy by guards was the third most mentioned, lack of trust by the state security agencies was the fourth, and last was, lack of regulation and licensing. The study concluded that the limitations of commercialised security on national security bring the hurdles the industry faces to the fore. Consequently, the country should have favourable mechanisms to oversee the industry's continuous reevaluation. The suitable means can only be realised through the stakeholders' consultation: the commercial security industry, the citizens and the state. Thus, the study recommended that the Private Security Regulation Authority start implementing some of the requirements in the PSRA No. 13 of 2016. It meant to streamline the industry in terms of the training of the security guards, remunerations of the security guards, minimum requirements for recruitment and working environments.

ОПЕРАЦІЙНИЙ ЦЕНТР БЕЗПЕКИ ЯК ПОСЛУГА НА ОСНОВІ SIEM

This study examines the Security Operations Center, which provides detection and analysis of cybersecurity, rapid response, and prevention of cyber attacks. Security Operations Center technologies are used to provide visibility and enable analysts to protect against attacks. The algorithm of presenting the topic «Security Center» during the teaching of the discipline «Security of programs and data» at the Volodymyr Vynnychenko Central Ukrainian State Pedagogical University is shown, namely the problems of implementation of event monitoring systems «Security information and event management», types of operational centers, methods of building internal operational security centers. Subject competencies are formed in students: to classify, identify and protect information processing facilities from unauthorized access and computer viruses, to develop individual access control and information protection systems. The process of implementing Security information and event management systems at the enterprise is shown, the main mechanisms of this system using a hierarchical model, the main tasks of the security operational center, the key parameters of the Security Operations Center (organizational model, performance of functions that go beyond the tasks, level of authority), basic rules of correlation. The commercial security operations center SOC as a Service is considered, which is designed to help work with a huge amount of information, real-time monitoring and response to attacks. During the laboratory classes, the students analyzed the companies that provide security operations center services (Information Systems Security Partners, Octave Cybersecurity, Infopulse, Omega Security Service) and studied the factors that affect companies when choosing the type Security Operations Center. Key words: Security Operations Center, SEIM-systems, cybersecurity, SOC as a Service.

Warpreneurship: War as a Business

Making profits out of war is an ancient phenomenon. There are enterprises constantly supplying material to prepare armies and consequently profit from war. Enterprises have become aware that war itself and the post-war period is undoubtedly lucrative. However, the war also never works for any individual or group, except a dominant elite few: the wealth who propagate and influence patriotic and despotic war-peddling all over the world, making trillions of dollars in profit out of devastations and deaths, at the same time exciting their nationalism, and inspiring the citizen’s backing. The paper has examined Executive Outcomes (a commercial security firm) and the United States of America, Russia, Kenya and Uganda as countries that are examples of those engaging in Warpreneurship. But in the long run, the war in itself does not result in peace but immense profits and securing resources for the dominant elite few.

A new classification method for encrypted internet traffic using machine learning

The rate of internet usage in the world is over 62% and this rate is increasing day by day. With this increase, it becomes important to ensure the confidentiality of the information in the traffic flowing over the internet. Encryption algorithms and protocols are used for this purpose. This situation, which is beneficial for normal users, is also used by attackers to hide. Cyber attackers or hackers gain the ability to bypass security precautions such as IDS/IPS and antivirus systems with using encrypted traffic. Since payload analysis cannot be performed without deciphering the encrypted traffic, existing commercial security solutions fall short in this situation. In this study, it is aimed to classify the network traffic by analysing the outgoing and incoming data over the encrypted traffic using extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), decision tree and random forest classification methods. Thus, without deciphering, it is possible to classify packets passing through encrypted traffic using some metadata like size and duration and to take precautions against attacks. ISCX VPN-NonVPN dataset was used to test the proposed model in this study. With the created framework, encrypted traffic was classified with a high success rate and 94.53% success was achieved by using the XGBoost classification method.

Accelerating the SM3 hash algorithm with CPU‐FPGA Co‐Designed architecture

SM3 hash algorithm developed by the Chinese Government is used in various fields of information security, and it is being widely used in commercial security products. However, the performance of implementation on the software architecture is not sufficient for high-speed applications. This study proposes a CPU-FPGA co-designed architecture which offloads the SM3 function on field-programmable gate array so that high throughput can be achieved. The architecture can execute the SM3 hash algorithm with 16 concurrent streams or more, which means that multiple data streams can be processed in parallel. This design is implemented on the Xilinx XCKU115-flva1517-2-e device and Dell commercial server, and the throughput of this design can reach up to 35.5 Gbps when 16 individual SM3 modules are processed in parallel. The proposed architecture results in an excellent performance in the CPU-FPGA-coupled environment.

Customer Relationships, Privacy, and Security in Social Commerce

ABSTRACT Social commerce is a new development in e-commerce and social networks. Consumers belonging to various social communities of interest often rely on information generated by these communities to make online purchase decisions. This empirical research study explores the relational and security aspects of social commerce. It looks at technology-enabled customer relationship quality, privacy, and security protection as determinants of social commerce decisions. The results show that the web experience and online convenience delivered through the social commerce provider website positively influence the perceived customer relationship quality as a driver of social commerce purchase and sharing behavior. Additionally, the study finds that while perceived security protection is still a significant influencer of social commerce decisions, perceived privacy protection is no longer a primary customer concern.

Integrated Security System (ISS) Design and Evaluation for Commercial Nuclear Power Plant

Physical security system, which is also called physical protection system, is very crucial in the nuclear industry for protecting staff, visitors, buildings, assets, and nuclear materials against theft, sabotage, and harmful activities. Theft of nuclear materials has a major impact on the essence of nuclear safeguards. Sabotage of a nuclear facility could endanger the public at large. Reviewing the published literature, it is found that there are no complete physical security system designs based on an integrated network of electronic devices that are devoted to commercial NPPs. And there is no definite evaluation factor that was set to approve such a system. This paper is an evolving solution to this deficiency by proposing an unpreceded integrated security system design applicable to a commonly structured physical layout of any commercial NPP. This proposal provides comprehensive security coverage for the NPP boundaries employing a high level of integration for all subsystems communicated via an IP data network controlled by central management software. This paper is proposing also testing procedures to be followed to evaluate the proposed design. The security system effectiveness will be calculated using mathematical codes by assuming external intrusion attack scenarios. Attributes of each attack scenario will be numerically introduced to the evaluation software EASI and ASSESS codes developed by Sandia Labs, USA. This paper also proposes a threshold value of such security system effectiveness which should be achieved by the commercial NPP security system to achieve the so-called security license.

Deep Learning for Language and Vision tasks in Surveillance Applications

The keyword spotting and handgun detection tasks have been widely used to manipulate devices and monitor surveillance systems in a more efficient manner. In spite of the advances of deep learning approaches dominating those tasks, the effectiveness of them is mostly tested and evaluated in datasets of exceptional qualities. The aim of this paper is have an study about the performance of these tools when information captured by common devices are used, for example; commercial surveillance systems based on standard resolution cameras or microphones from smartphones. For this we propose to build an audio dataset consisting of Speech commands recorded from mobile devices and different users. In the audio section, we evaluate and compare some state of art keyword spotting techniques with our own model, which outperforms the baselines and reference approaches. in this evaluation obtained an accuracy of 83\% in accuracy. For the handgun detection, we did a fine tuning of YOLOv5 to adapt the model and perform the detection of handguns in images and video. This model was tested on a new dataset that uses labeled images from commercial security cameras.

The Establishment and Regulation of the Commercial Security Industry in Kenya and its Constitutionality

The commercial security industry's effective establishment and regulation have been overlooked in many states, including Kenya. The increase of Commercial security firms' involvement in national and transnational business resulted in the United Nations drafting the Convention on the Regulation, Oversight, and Monitoring of Private Military and Security Companies. This study examines the Commercial Security Industry in Kenya in terms of establishment and regulation, outlining the industry's major issues and challenges. The aim was to demonstrate that laws and practices relating to registration and regulation of the Commercial Security Industry in Kenya are loosely created, weak, and shaky. And up to date, the commercial security industry in Kenya is operating in contravention of the Constitution.

Commercialized Security and Its Role in Selected Countries’ National Security

The complexity of the contemporary world has dictated the commercial security to supplement the supply of security in states. This is for the varied security needs of the citizens to be fulfilled. Hence this study embarked to illustrate the various roles of commercialized security in the national security of selected countries: the USA, Britain, Australia, Israel, South Africa, DRC, Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya. The study has shown that the scope of commercialized security has expanded, thereby taking up some roles that require and some that do not require to be carried out by the state security agencies. This is partly due to its embracing of technology and enormous numbers of personnel than the state security agencies. But realistically, the state will not be losing its monopoly of violence, but distributing it to the commercialized security through a network of governance and partnership. This trend will continue and will be of direct benefit to the state’s ability to influence its security. Based on the findings, the study recommends effective regularization of commercial security as well as collaboration between state security agents.

Composing Collaborationist Collages about Commercial Security

This article is an argument about why it is worth taking the trouble to work with feminist, new materialist approaches inspired by Haraway, Mol, Stengers and others, when studying IR questions. It introduces and exemplifies one specific analytical strategy for doing so, namely one of “composing collaborationist collages”, focusing first on the main building blocks of the approach and then on the (dis-)advantages of working with it. In terms of the building blocks, I underline that composing makes it possible to join the heterogeneous and unlikely, that collaging accentuates the scope for playing with heterogeneity and that collaborating is a necessary part of this process as a well as a helpful check on one’s positionality. I then proceed by focusing on the (dis-)advantages of composing collaborationist collages, making the arguments that this research strategy directs attention to (dis-)connections and to the temporal politics of emergence. It also requires a willingness to face the uncertainties associated with creative academic work. The article introduces composing collaborationist collages as a research strategy. It does so working with material from feminist new materialism, practice theories, the exhibition War Games featuring installations by Hito Steyerl and Martha Rosler and my own work on the politics of commercial security.