Commercial Routes Research Articles

Non-enzymatic synthesis route for production of isoamyl acetate in a solvent-free system using miniaturized intensified reactor

Investigation on the performance of isoamyl acetate production using non-enzymatic esterification method in an intensified reactor was done in this study. Isoamyl acetate is widely being used as a food flavoring in foodstuff production as it has banana and pear like fragrance. Traditional and commercial chemical synthesis route is costly and required additional step for separation of solvents and catalyst used. Process intensification technology offers substantiated reduction of cost with improved efficiency and reduce time to market, this study uses miniaturized intensified reactor (MIR) as a new reactor to produce isoamyl acetate, and the effect of the operating parameter such as reaction temperature, reactants flow rate and acid-alcohol ratio towards concentration of isoamyl acetate produced were studied using One-Factor-At-A-Time (OFAT) method. Comparison of non-enzymatic and enzymatic esterification using enzyme Candida Antarctica Lipase B (CALB) in miniaturized intensified reactors were done to prove the hypothesis that intensified system could enhance the reaction process. Based on the outcomes of this study, it was substantiated that the described intensified system could enhance the esterification process in non-enzymatic reaction, at flow rate 40 μL min−1, acid-alcohol ratio of 0.6 and reaction temperature 50 °C.

Measurement of environmental radiation and analysis of microdosimetric spectra of cosmic rays during the 35th expedition to Indian station Bharati, Antarctica

Tissue equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) model HAWK FWAD-3 was used for the evaluation of absorbed dose, dose equivalent rate (ḢTEPC) and microdosimetric spectra measured (i) in the mixed radiation fields formed mainly by cosmic rays onboard aircraft during the flights between Mumbai and the Indian station Bharati (Progress air base), two polar flights at Antarctica, and (ii)ground level environmental radiation field at locations situated in three continents, namely Antarctica, Africa and Asia with different latitudes. The study also includes evaluation of absorbed dose rate, dose equivalent rate of cosmic rays and terrestrial radiation using active detectors namely RADEYE-G and BERTHOLD Rem counter. An effort was made to compare the measured dose equivalent rate by TEPC for the commercial flight routes to Antarctica with the values calculated by the software code EPCARD and a good agreement was observed. The 35th expedition to Bharati, Antarctica showed higher values of dose equivalent at the pole (Larsemann Hills region, 69°24′37.60″S, 76°11′01.70″E) than the world average for an evaluation period of six months during summer.

Los españoles en las Filipinas y la primera globalización económica: comercio, migraciones e influencias culturales en el Pacífico (1565-1815)

El arribo de los españoles y la subsiguiente colonización del archipiélago de las Filipinas durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVI dan inicio a los viajes entre la ciudad de Manila y el puerto de Acapulco en México. La apertura de esta ruta marítima inaugura una época en la que, por vez primera, el comercio mundial se globaliza a través de estructuradas redes de intercambio. Previamente, los portugueses habían establecido una vía de comercio entre Europa, la India y China. Pero, con la ruta del galeón de Manila a través del Pacífico, Asia Oriental se vincula a América y se integra al flujo monetario generado por la producción de plata en Hispanoamérica. A cambio, gran cantidad de mercancías orientales inundan los puertos de las colonias españolas en América. A su vez, los comerciantes novohispanos adquieren un papel central en los intercambios entre México con Centroamérica y el Virreinato del Perú, al igual que con el Oriente por medio de la ruta del galeón de Manila. Este recorrido comercial prevalecería durante 250 años. También habrían de producirse numerosos flujos migratorios y la propagación de los cultivos de origen americano en el oriente asiático.

Migrações Africanas na Argentina e Malta. Uma aproximação de seu estudo em uma chave comparativa

El objetivo del escrito es explorar de manera comparada las dinámicas migratorias de la población proveniente del África Subsahariana hacia Argentina y Malta entre los años 2010 y 2018. La elección de ambos países se debe a que comparten características históricas como países receptores y a la vez expulsores de población, siendo las migraciones africanas relativamente recientes y minoritarias; pero que han adquirido gran notoriedad debido a su presencia en los principales centros urbanos.
 Para la realización del trabajo me valgo de fuentes estadísticas, así como la realización de entrevistas semi-estructuradas y observaciones a migrantes africanos subsaharianos y miembros de ONG´s que trabajan en temáticas migratorias, tanto en Malta como en Argentina.
 La comparación entre ambos países centrada en el movimiento del colectivo senegalés en particular, ha permitido observar dinámicas de circulación comunes a las que he denominado movilidades múltiples, para hacer referencia a las diversas etapas que comprenden sus movimientos, las cuales incluyen desplazamientos intracontinentales, extracontinentales y flujos internos, siguiendo rutas comerciales facilitadas por las redes de la comunidad.

China’s ‘One Belt, One Road’ Plan and Romania

China’s ‘One Belt, One Road’ Plan and Romania

Beneficial influence of Hf and Zr additions to Nb4at%Ta on the vortex pinning of Nb3Sn with and without an O source

Here we show that addition of Hf to Nb4Ta can significantly improve the high field performance of Nb3Sn, making it suitable for dipole magnets for a machine like the 100 TeV Future Circular Collider (FCC). A big challenge of the FCC is that the desired non-Cu critical current density (Jc) target of 1500 A mm−2 (16 T, 4.2 K) is substantially above the best present Nb3Sn conductors doped with Ti or Ta (∼1300 A mm−2 in the very best sample of the very best commercial wire). Recent success with internal oxidation of Nb–Zr precursor has shown significant improvement in the layer Jc of Nb3Sn wires, albeit with the complication of providing an internal oxygen diffusion pathway and avoiding degradation of the irreversibility field HIrr. We here extend the Nb1Zr oxidation approach by comparing Zr and Hf additions to the standard Nb4Ta alloy of maximum Hc2 and HIrr. Nb4Ta rods with 1Zr or 1Hf were made into monofilament wires with and without SnO2 and their properties measured over the entire superconducting range at fields up to 31 T. We found that Group IV alloying of Nb4Ta does raise HIrr, though O2 addition still slightly degrades it. As noted in earlier Nb1Zr work with an O source, the pinning force density Fp is strongly enhanced and its peak value shifted to higher field by internal oxidation. A surprising result of this work is that we found better properties in Nb4Ta1Hf without SnO2, FpMax achieving 2.35 times that of the standard Nb4Ta alloy, while the oxidized Nb4Ta1Zr alloy achieved 1.54 times that of the Nb4Ta alloy. The highest layer Jc (16 T, 4.2 K) of 3700 A mm−2 was found in the SnO2-free wire made with Nb4Ta1Hf alloy. Using a standard A15 cross-section fraction of 60% for modern powder-in-tube and rod restack process wires, we estimated that a non-Cu Jc of 2200 A mm−2 is obtainable in modern conductors, well above the 1500 A mm−2 FCC specification. Moreover, since the best properties were obtained without SnO2, the Nb4Ta1Hf alloy appears to open a straightforward route to enhanced properties in Nb3Sn wires manufactured by virtually all the presently used commercial routes employed today.

Tradeoffs for Routing Flights in View of Multiple Weather Hazards

Adverse weather impacts the safety and efficiency of aviation. Convective storms, turbulence, and icing are aviation weather hazards that can lead to unpleasant rides and, in the worst case scenario, pose safety risks. Commercial flight route planning tools are largely based on wind optimization, and the daily air traffic flow discussion is heavily focused on avoidance of deep convective storms. Other hazards such as icing (mostly an issue for general aviation) and turbulence have to be manually accounted for by a dispatcher. Routing solutions favoring avoidance of convective storms can result in undesired outcomes such as significant encounters or extended duration of turbulence. This study examines various flight routing approaches, taking into account multiple weather hazards for a range of decision time horizons. A range of time horizons (that is, look-ahead distances) is used to assess the potential benefits of using weather uplinks (for example, onto an electronic flight bag) as compared to the limited information available through the onboard radar. The paper provides a glance at how to improve trajectory-based operations for safe, efficient, and comfortable airborne travel in the future.

Development of a robust solver to model the flow inside the engines for high-speed propulsion

The demand for discovering new commercial routes as well as the possibility to shortening civilian long-haul flights boosted the interest of civil hypersonic vehicle designs. Among all the multiple projects started by the various nations, the European community funded project STRATOFLY aims at refining the baseline LAPCAT II-MR2.4 design for further improvements. The new aircraft would enable a flight shorter that 3 hours from Brussels to Sydney, carrying 300-passengers above the already crowed atmosphere. The wide Mach range operability, up to Mach 8, demands the use of multiple engines, leading to a highly integrated propulsion system. The current study is focused on the development of new CFD platform to estimate the performance of the combined propulsion system during the supersonic to hypersonic transition. In order to control the complex flow physics, highfidelity CFD simulations remain the fundamental tools for the preliminary investigations. On the current framework, an advanced robust compressible solver has been develop d in order to handle the different flow regimes. The new tool solves Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equations by employing cell-centered Finite Volume Method constructed on openFoam toolbox. Two innovative high-order discretization schemes, with different abilities, based on approximated Riemann solvers were developed for capturing the flow physics within high-speed propulsion systems. Advanced time discretization has been taken into account to increase the temporal accuracy. At the end, the whole implementation has been validated in multiple test cases, ranging from incompressible to hypersonic regimes, confirming its excellent stability, robustness and accuracy.

Micro-electro-flow reactor (μ-EFR) system for ultra-fast arene synthesis and manufacture of daclatasvir.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has listed daclatasvir (DCV), symmetrical arene, as one of the essential medicines for human health. DCV manufacturing is usually carried out in a non-continuous or "batch" approach over multiple locations and is severely limited by long production times (3-10 days), resulting in non-affordability (highly expensive) and disruption of the potential chain supply. Here, we report the total process system including the development of a novel electro-flow reactor containing patterned electrodeposited Ni or Pt nanoparticles over a copper electrode for a C-C coupling reaction in a co-reductant/oxidant-free, ultra-fast process for symmetrical substituted/unsubstituted biphenyl synthesis. This method was further extended to a new generation commercial batch synthetic route for continuous flow ultra-fast daclatasvir synthesis in 33.2 min. We envisage that this micro-electro-flow reactor (μ-EFR) system platform will substantially enable advances in continuous-μ-flow fine chemical manufacturing, multistep reaction sequences, reaction devising equipment, and real-time extraction.

Structure and Architecture of Graves in South East Iran: Ethnic Diversity and Migration in the 3<sup>rd</sup> Millennium BCE

The present paper intends to analyse ancient local society, as a result of migration and cultural communication between various ethnic groups throughout the eastern part of the Iranian Plateau. Based on the results of excavations in the cemetery of Shahr-i Sokhta, offerings, tools and skeletons were examined. The alignment and positioning of the buried bodies changed over the centuries as a consequence of people with different ethnic backgrounds migrating to the site along the commercial routes connecting Central Asia in the north with Baluchistan and the coastal regions of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman, as well as between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley. The study suggests at least five different geographical origins of Shahr-i Sokhta's inhabitants in the third millennium.

A Study of Phayao’s Historical Trading Communities to Encourage Recognizing Local History and to Promote Cultural Tourism

Phayao is considered to be a city with a history of more than 700 years after Chao Luang Wong had evacuated people from Lampang and relocated them the city of Phayao. In order to gain useful information to promote cultural tourism, a study of Phayao’s commercial community included its history, architectural styles, and the perceptions of people in the community. The methods used for research were collecting historical and physical data as well as conducting surveys. The area studied was divided into four groups which were determined by the characteristics of the area. Based on the study of data, there are three existing commercial communities known as the following: the Sop-Tam commercial community of Tai Yai and Burmese which is currently closed, the Nong Ra-bu community in which most of the shops have been operated by Hainan Chinese, recently it has decreased in significances from the prosperity of the past, and the Mueang Phayao Market community operated by Teochiu Chinese, which is now the main commercial center of Mueang Phayao. There are four patterns of shops and houses. From the survey and interviews it was found that the area along Phaholyothin Road has stories that can be conveyed linking the two viable commercial communities with its architecture and places. This indicates that the stories can create perceptions of the commercial routes that could be useful in cultural tourism.

Model for determining the requirement of aircraft N219 on non-pioneer routes in Indonesia

The mode of air transport (aircraft) in Indonesia is divided into two kind namely commercial aircraft and pioneer aircraft. Both aircraft are used to carry passengers, but the difference is in the routes that they have. In 2017, PT Dirgantara Indonesia made its inaugural flight of its new product namely Aircraft N219. This aircraft is designed for 19 seats. From various commercial and pioneer routes, the aircraft tries to fix commercial routes. This study attempts to analyze the need for N219 aircraft in non-pioneer routes in Indonesian territories. This analysis of N219 requirement will be divided into several regions such as Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Nusa Tenggara and Papua. This division is made because maximum flight distance of N219 aircraft that is no more than 1500 km. The requirement of N219 in Indonesia serve non pioneer route of 23 units. Java requires 4 units, Papua requires 14 units, Sumatra requires 2 units, Kalimantan requires 1 unit, and NTB and NTT area need 2 units.

EGE DENİZİ’NDEKİ KARASULARI SORUNUNUN TÜRK VE ULUSLARARASI DENİZ TİCARETİ’NE ETKİLERİ

In today's world, one of the most fundamental strategies of states is to develop their competitive power by controlling energy lines and energy resources. Turkey, has high competitive advantage when compared to other countries especially in terms of geographic location. For this reason, Turkey has an attractive position in terms of the sharing of freight transport and having key role with maritime trade policies. Although maritime trade routes are legally free, such as transit and innocent passage, they are affected by the problem of sovereignty of sea areas. In particular, commercial routes to be followed by ships in controversial maritime areas have the potential to be influenced by a number of measures in favor of the coastal state in relation to the transition regime. Although in theory the freedom of transition is accepted, the conflicts between the coastal states in practice constitute an indicator of the big problems that can be experienced in the future. There are many world-wide problems in the coastal states such as territorial waters, continental shelf and exclusive economic zone. One of the most well-known problem is the ongoing territorial waters matter in the Aegean Sea between Greece and Turkey. In this study, the possible effects of the developments related to the limitation of territorial waters in the Aegean Sea to the maritime trade of our country and international maritime trade were evaluated. Within the scope of the research, in-depth literature was searched, the current situation was examined through maps related to maritime trade routes, and the possible scenarios were discussed and the study was terminated by presenting future measures and predictions.

Uranium oxide synthetic pathway discernment through thermal decomposition and morphological analysis

Abstract Many commercial processes exist for converting uranium from ore to the desired uranium compound for use in nuclear power or nuclear weapons. Accurately determining the processing history of the uranium ore concentrates (UOCs) and their calcination products, can greatly aid a nuclear forensics investigation of unknown or interdicted nuclear materials. In this study, two novel forensic signatures, based on nuclear materials synthesis, were pursued. Thermogravimetric analysis – mass spectrometry (TGA-MS) was utilized for its ability to discern UOCs based on mass changes and evolved gas species; while scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in conjunction with particle segmentation, was performed to identify microfeatures present in the calcination and reduction products (i.e. UO3, U3O8, and UO2) that are unique to the starting UOC. In total, five UOCs from common commercial processing routes including: ammonium diuranate (ADU), uranyl peroxide (UO4), sodium diuranate (SDU), uranyl hydroxide (UH), and ammonium uranyl carbonate (AUC), were synthesized from uranyl nitrate solutions. Samples of these materials were calcined in air at 400 °C and 800 °C. The 800 °C calcination product was subsequently reduced with hydrogen gas at 510 °C. The starting UOCs were investigated using TGA-MS; while SEM quantitative morphological analysis was used to identify signatures in the calcination products. Powder X-ray diffractometry (p-XRD) was used to identify the composition of each UOC and the subsequent calcination products. TGA-MS of the starting UOCs indicate temperature-dependent dehydration, volatilization, and reduction events that were unique to each material; thus making this a quantifiable signature of the initial material in the processing history. In addition, p-XRD, in conjunction with quantitative morphological analysis, was capable of discriminating calcination products of each processing history at the 99 % confidence level. Quantifying these nuclear material properties, enables nuclear forensics scientists to better identify the origin of unknown or interdicted nuclear materials.

Characterization of pigments and binders in a mural painting from the Andean church of San Andr\xe9s de Pachama (northernmost of Chile)

The Andean church of San Andrés de Pachama is located in the highland of the northernmost of Chile, near the limit with Bolivia and next to the Ruta de la Plata. This commercial route contributed in the past to the transport and commerce of various raw materials, such as silver, from the Andean mountains region to the Pacific Ocean coast and then to the European market. The walls inside the church are decorated with paintings from the end of the eighteenth century that reproduce religious motivs together with flowers, fruits, and birds. In this study, micro samples taken from one of the mural paintings have been analysed to acquire information on the artistic materials and the painting technique previous to the restoration of the paintings. Analysis by micro-Raman spectroscopy complemented with scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection allowed the identification of orpiment, vermilion, indigo, smalt, antlerite, hematite, carmine lake, and wood charcoal as pigments as well as gypsum as the ground layer. Lipidic and proteinaceous materials extracted from the microsamples were identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and indicated the use of a mixture of egg and siccative oil as binders and a secco painting technique involving animal glue as the plaster primer. Smalt and the prized cochineal lake are reported for the first time in an Andean colonial mural painting.

Multiple Ornstein–Uhlenbeck Processes for Maritime Traffic Graph Representation

We propose an unsupervised procedure to automatically extract a graph-based model of commercial maritime traffic routes from historical Automatic Identification System (AIS) data. In the proposed representation, the main elements of maritime traffic patterns, such as maneuvering regions and sea-lanes, are represented, respectively, with graph vertices and edges. Vessel motion dynamics are defined by multiple Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes with different long-run mean parameters, which in our approach can be estimated with a change detection procedure based on Page's test, aimed to reveal the spatial points representative of velocity changes. A density-based clustering algorithm is then applied to aggregate the detected changes into groups of similar elements and reject outliers. To validate the proposed graph-based representation of the maritime traffic, two performance criteria are tested against a real-world trajectory dataset collected off the Iberian Coast and the English Channel. Results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach, which is suitable to be integrated at any level of a JDL system.

Ranking vessel noise emissions using measurements from an underwater listening station

Commercial shipping routes pass through important habitat areas for several species of marine mammals in the coastal waterways of southern British Columbia. The Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, through its Enhancing Cetacean Habitat and Observation (ECHO) program, has undertaken studies to develop mitigation measures that will lead to a quantifiable reduction in threats to whales resulting from shipping activities. This includes long-term measurements of vessel noise at a cabled underwater listening station in Georgia Strait (the ECHO ULS) where JASCO, in partnership with Ocean Networks Canada, has been measuring source levels of vessels calling at the Port using JASCO's PortListen® software. PortListen® receives and processes real-time acoustic and AIS data to calculate vessel source levels using ANSI standard methods (S12.64-2009 R2014). Since September 2015, PortListen® has collected a database of thousands of source level measurements, which has been used to implement ranking system for vessel noise emissions. The ranking system uses a data-driven model to adjust the ranking of each measurement according to the vessel characteristics (e.g., size, class) and measurement conditions (e.g., speed, wind, and draft). In addition to an unweighted noise ranking, the system also provides weighted rankings for five marine mammals hearing groups using NOAA (2016) auditory weighting curves.

The role of the airbus A380-800 aircraft in a full-service network airline’s commercial operations and route network design: the case of Thai airways international

The role of the airbus A380-800 aircraft in a full-service network airline’s commercial operations and route network design: the case of Thai airways international

A fost folosit Pasul Ghimeş până în veacul al XVII-lea?

The author of this paper reanalyses the statement of some medieval chroniclers, who claimed that Moldavia and Transylvania were connected by only two commercial routes. There was actually a third, through Ghimes Pass, which had started being used as early as in the 15th century, although it did not have a name at that time. Eventually, its importance decreased when compared to Oituz Pass, as the latter was easier to control through guarding systems, and customs points could be more easily established in the area.

Widespread Distribution of Trypodendron laeve in the Carpathian Mountains (Romania)

Trypodendron laeve Eggers, 1939 is a species of ambrosia beetle much less known than the other three Trypodendron species occurring in Europe. Its status (native or alien) in Central Europe has been a subject of debate over the past two decades. In Romania, the species was discovered in 2008 and the aim of the research presented in this paper was to investigate its distribution in the Carpathians, mainly at high altitudes (>800 m), in tree stands with Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] H. Karst). Panel intercept traps baited with synthetic pheromone for Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier, 1795) were used in the spring of 2015, at 31 locations. Adults of T. laeve were caught in 20 of them. Additional observations were made within some studies using similar baits and T. laeve specimens were caught in eight locations. T. laeve was always trapped together with T. lineatum, and at some locations also together with T. domesticum (Linnaeus, 1758) and T. signatum (Fabricius, 1787). In all traps, fewer specimens of T. laeve were caught compared to T. lineatum. The species has a widespread distribution in the mountain regions, within forests composed of native tree species and generally located far away from commercial routes. There, it occurs together with other native species of the same taxonomic genus. It seems to be more abundant at high altitudes, but overall its populations are less abundant than those of T. lineatum.