Commercial Process Research Articles

Effect of High-Pressure Processing on the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Honey

AbstractHigh pressure processing (HPP) have the potential to be used as an alternative to commercial thermal processing of honey. Its impact on the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of honey have yet to be understood properly. This study focuses on the effects of HPP on the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of honey. Six different honey samples were subjected to HPP at 400 and 600 MPa for 10 and 15 min. The antioxidant properties were measured in terms of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging assay, and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) free radical scavenging assay. The antibacterial activity was measured as the minimum bacteriocidal and minimum bacterial inhibition concentration of honey against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. HPP decreased the total phenolic content and increased the total flavanoid content. There was an increase in the antibacterial activity of HPP honey against S. aureus, whereas no significant changes were observed against P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. It was evident that the changes in the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of honey samples were dependent on the HPP processing parameters and the type of honey.

Complexation of Olive Protein with Soluble Dietary Fibers: A Way to Improve the Functional Properties of Proteins and Efficiently Utilize Olives.

High-value resources beyond oil extraction for the olive industry need to be developed due to increased olive production. Soluble dietary fibers (SDFs) and olive proteins (OPIs) are important components of olives. However, the commercial production process partially damages OPIs' emulsifying and foaming properties. Thus, the preparation of SDF-OPI complexes would help protect and even improve the emulsifying and foaming properties. The effects of pH and thermal-ultrasonic treatment on the complexation were explored, which showed that the SDF-OPI complexes prepared at pH 5 exhibited superior solubility (p < 0.05). SDF addition noticeably improved OPI thermal stability, emulsifying properties, and foaming properties. Moreover, the complexes prepared by thermal-ultrasonic treatment exhibited higher emulsion stability and lower emulsification activity than those prepared without thermal-ultrasonic treatment. In the acidic system, the electrostatic interaction was considered the main driving factor, assisted by the hydrophobic interaction. Additionally, after thermal-ultrasonic treatment, the covalent binding was observed by infrared spectroscopy. These results revealed the interaction mechanism between SDF and OPI, and the complexes significantly enhanced the functional properties of OPI. This study provides a reference for the high-value utilization of olives, thus broadening their potential uses in the food sector and beyond.

INOVAÇÃO E TEORIA ATOR-REDE

Sociology of innovation is a transdisciplinary approach to research and development whose theoretical-methodological framework is based on the Actor-Network Theory. The article aims to map scientific communications produced in the literature about innovation and Actor-Network Theory (ANT). As bibliographical research, a semiotic-material approach is used to map these research interests on the Dimensions scientific data platform, seeking to explore their problematization networks via word co-occurrence and clustering with the VOSviewer network analysis software, in addition to describing their translational movements based on the titles and summaries of the mapped research itself and the literature itself in some way related. Two problematization networks about innovation and ANT are explored, one being multidisciplinary (see relationships between different fields of research such as health, management and technologies) and the other interthematic (through actor-words such as “implementation”, “framework” and “knowledge”. Such research interests are crossed by the very semiotic-material complexity of scientific production and communication related to ANT and innovation, performing socio-technical and political-economic processes of invention, negotiation and commercialization between human and non-human actors, of somehow linked to different knowledge and domains of scientific and technological knowledge.

Polymorphic Engineering of MnO2 Structure as a Diffusion Blocking Layer for Selective Seawater Electrolysis

The water splitting via renewable energy is one of the sustainable process to generate the future clean energy in form of hydrogen. One of the key challenge for the large-scale water electrolysis is the availability of pure water. The sweater can be consider as an alternate feedstock for the large-scale water electrolysis. However, the presence of undesirable components like chlorides, bromides etc. are the potential challenge to make the use of seawater as a facile feedstock. As per the electrochemical potentials, chlorine evolution reaction (CER) along with the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the anode is one of the primary existing challenge in seawater electrolysis. Where thermodynamics favour OER and kinetic benefits, the CER process with two-electron transfers reaction. As of now, precious noble metal catalysts such as ruthenium and iridium-based oxides have been explored as a catalyst for seawater electrolysis. However, their high cost does not recommend the use of these catalysts for the large-scale production and limits its commercialization. Here, we are exploring the non-precious Mn based catalyst for OER vs. CER and make make seawater electrolysis as a commercial favourable process. We have explored various polymorphs of MnO2, such as α, β, γ, and δ-MnO2, considering the MnO2 as diffusion blocking layer for the selective OER process during the seawater electrolysis. The polymorphic engineering provide the window to tune the catalytic properties to make it selective towards the OER. Further, the results suggest that α- and β-MnO2 are OER selective however, the γ-, and δ- MnO2 are CER selective. We have identified the reaction mechanism using various electrochemical tools and shown the structure-activity-selectivity trends for the polymorphic structure of MnO2.

Electrocatalytic Upgrading of CO2 to Light Olefins in Protonic Ceramic Electrochemical Cells

Light olefins (ethylene, propylene, butylene) are primary building blocks for chemical manufacturing of large volume products including organic chemicals, plastics, and even sustainable aviation fuels. Currently, the dominant commercial process for olefin production is steam cracking of naphtha or ethane, which is highly energy intensive and accounts for a large fraction of global CO2 emissions. To decarbonize olefin production processes, electrochemical CO2-to-olefin conversion coupled with renewable or low-emission energy sources including electricity and heat offers an attractive alternative. Previously, extensive research efforts have been devoted to low temperature electrochemical CO2 reduction in aqueous media, i.e., occurring below 100 °C. This approach, however, still faces enormous scientific and technological challenges in improving CO2 utilization, energy efficiency, and product selectivity. In this work, we have developed a new electrochemical process for direct conversion of CO2 to ethylene at intermediate temperatures (350-500°C) in an electrochemical membrane reactor. This process is based on high-performance protonic ceramic electrochemical cells (PCECs) that integrate CO2 hydrogenation reaction to produce olefins in the cathode and concurrent hydrogen generation reaction in the anode to provide hydrogen for CO2 conversion. Highly active and selective catalysts for CO2-to-olefin conversion have been identified and integrated into the PCECs. Both the catalytic and electrochemical performances of the integrated reactor system are evaluated and optimized. In contrast to the use of molecular H2 in conventional thermal catalytic pathways, the active hydrogen in PCECs could be sourced from different feedstocks including H2O, light alkanes, and ammonia, etc. This work also provides valuable insights into the selection and design of efficient catalysts for electrochemical CO2 conversion at elevated temperatures.

Hydrogen liquefaction process using carbon dioxide as a pre-coolant for carbon capture and utilization

With the increasing demand for hydrogen (H2), producing liquefied H2 with a high energy density (10.1 MJ/L) has become essential. Research on the H2 liquefaction process, specifically, the effects of various refrigerants and cooling cycles has been conducted. Yet, large-scale use of carbon dioxide (CO2) in H2 liquefaction hasn't been achieved. In this study, a cooling cycle that uses captured CO2 as a refrigerant in large quantities was selected for a 100 tpd H2 liquefaction process. Optimization minimized the specific energy consumption (SEC), leading to SEC of 7.3 kWh/kgLH2, a coefficient of performance of 0.17, a figure of merit of 0.33, a specific exergy efficiency (SEE) of 33 %, and an overall exergy efficiency of 82.2 %. Performance indicators were compared with other processes, showing that the SEC and SEE were improved by 43 % and 50 % compared to commercial processes and by 4 % and 6 % compared to previous studies using CO2. This study used 5.7 times more CO2 at the same capacity, utilizing 47.8 Mt of CO2, representing 14 % of the CO2 utilization amount of the total carbon capture and utilization (CCU) project. Thus, the results should facilitate the development of hydrogen liquefaction processes for use in CCU applications in the future.

Lithium Phosphorous Oxynitride as an Advanced Solid‐State Electrolyte to Boost High‐Energy Lithium Metal Battery

AbstractLithium phosphorous oxynitride (LiPON) as one of the most successful solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs), has attracted great interest both in academia and technology due to its exceptional interfacial compatibility, broad electrochemical stability window, and excellent thermal stability, which enables the realization of extremely stable electrolyte/electrode interphase toward high‐energy density solid‐state lithium‐metal batteries (SSLMBs). However, insufficiency in ionic diffusion, mechanical robustness, and interfacial stability hinder its commercialization process. Herein, the characteristics of amorphous structure LiPON, fundamental understanding on the bulk ionic diffusion and electrode/electrolyte interface are systematically discussed, and the improvement strategies to boost the electrochemical performance are highlighted. Then, innovative characterization and computational methods help to unravel the design principle of LiPON are summarized. Furthermore, the approaches to realize high‐efficient preparation of LiPON are analyzed, followed by the investigation of present application of LiPON in current batteries. Finally, remaining challenges associated with the fundamental understanding and rational prediction of structure and interface design, high efficient preparation, and potential opportunities for future application of LiPON are properly prospected.

Exploration of environmentally friendly processes for converting CO2 into propanol through direct hydrogenation

This study firstly explores six process configurations for the conversion of CO2 to propanol via direct hydrogenation. The variations in the proposed configurations lie in the technologies used for off-gas treatment (such as pressure swing adsorption, oxyfuel combustion, autothermal reforming, and chemical absorption) and the intensification of separation (including the incorporation of the hydration reaction of ethylene oxide) within the process. Energy efficiency analysis, techno-economic analysis (in minimum required selling price, MRSP), and life cycle assessment (on global warming potential, GWP) were conducted to evaluate all proposed schemes. Overall, this study suggests that enhancing the selectivity towards propanol and implementing a suitable off-gas treatment strategy are crucial for this process. Based on the findings, we recommend Scheme 4, which involves auto-thermal reforming for off-gas treatment, as the optimal configuration. It leads to an energy efficiency of 45.33 %. Despite the higher MRSP (3.12 USD/kg when using grey H2, 7.45 USD/kg when using green H2, commercial process: 1.4 to 1.6 USD/kg), it significantly reduces GWP (3.19 kg-CO2-eq/kg when using grey H2, 1.59 kg-CO2-eq/kg when using green H2) created from the conventional process (6.77 kg-CO2-eq/kg). Given appropriate economic incentives, the proposed process could serve as a more environmentally friendly option for propanol production.

Dual Modification Strategy for Enhanced Cycling and Rate Performance of Ni-Rich Cathode Materials in Lithium-Ion Batteries.

A great challenge in the commercialization process of layered Ni-rich cathode material LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2 (NCM, x ≥ 80%) for lithium-ion batteries is the surface instability, which is exacerbated by the increase in nickel content. The high surface alkalinity and unavoidable cathode/electrolyte interface side reactions result in significant decrease for the capacity of NCM material. Surface coating and doping are common and effective ways to improve the electrochemical performance of Ni-rich cathode material. In this study, an in situ reaction is induced on the surface of secondary particles of NCM material to construct a stable lithium sulfate coating, while achieving sulfur doping in the near surface region. The synergistic modification of lithium sulfate coating and lattice sulfur doping significantly reduced the content of harmful residual lithium compounds (RLCs) on the surface of NCM material, suppressed the side reactions between the cathode material surface and electrolyte and the degradation of surface structure of the NCM material, effectively improved the rate capability and cycling stability of the NCM material.

Challenges and Barriers to Commercialization of Health Sciences Research Results: A Qualitative Study

Background: In today's world, due to intense competition and the rapid pace of production, exploiting knowledge and converting it into economic returns has become a critical management issue for academics and capital owners. Commercialization activities can impact the educational and research programs of universities, potentially leading to resistance against them. Objectives: The current study was conducted to identify the challenges of the commercialization process in health science research. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted between June and December 2022 in Tehran province, Iran. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews with 22 key individuals, including university management and technology experts, as well as CEOs and experts from knowledge-based companies, selected through purposive sampling. The interview guide was designed based on four in-depth interviews, theoretical foundations, and comparative study findings. The obtained data were analyzed using the conventional content analysis method in MAXQDA 10 software. Results: The challenges of the commercialization process for health sciences research results were categorized into six main themes and 16 sub-themes. The main themes identified in this study were rules and regulations, societal culture, university management and infrastructure, human resources, financial systems, and organizational cooperation with industry. Conclusions: Policymakers, especially senior health managers, can create a suitable platform for the optimal use of resources and the expansion of targeted relationships between universities and industries by incorporating economic insight into academic services. By compiling relevant laws and guidelines, optimizing resource management, achieving financial independence for universities, and increasing the productivity of health research, the high costs associated with the commercialization of academic research projects can be reduced.

A Review of Grease Trap Waste Management in the US and the Upcycle as Feedstocks for Alternative Diesel Fuels

As byproducts generated by commercial and domestic food-related processes, FOGs (fats, oils, and grease) are the leading cause of sewer pipe blockages in the US and around the world. Grease trap waste (GTW) is a subcategory of FOG currently disposed of as waste, resulting in an economic burden for GTW generators and handlers. This presents a global need for both resource conservation and carbon footprint reduction, particularly through increased waste upcycling. Therefore, it is critical to better understand current GTW handling practices in the context of the urban food–energy–water cycle. This can be accomplished with firsthand data collection, such as onsite visits, phone discussions, and targeted questionnaires. GTW disposal methods were found to be regional and correspond to key geographical locations, with landfill operations mostly practiced in the Midwest regions, incineration mainly in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions, and digestion mainly in the West of the US. Select GTW samples were analyzed to evaluate their potential reuse as low-cost feedstocks for biodiesel or renewable diesel, which are alternatives to petroleum diesel fuels. Various GTW lipid extraction technologies have been reviewed, and more studies were found on converting GTW into biodiesel rather than renewable diesel. The challenges for these two pathways are the high sulfur content in biodiesel and the metal contents in renewable diesel, respectively. GTW lipid extraction technologies should overcome these issues while producing minimum-viable products with higher market values.

Polypropylene nanocomposite film with enhanced energy storage performance via a continuous preparation

Dielectric polymers have been extensively employed in renewable energy conversion, hybrid electric vehicle, and high voltage direct current transmission systems, owing to their excellent electrical insulation, processability, and self-healing capability. However, the challenge lies in their relatively low dielectric constant (εr) and limited discharge energy density (Ue), which hinder the advancement of integrated power modules. Despite numerous efforts aimed at enhancing Ue, the fabrication of scalable dielectric film with both enhanced Ue and high charge–discharge efficiency (η) remains a major obstacle. Herein, the polypropylene-based films with BaTiO3@PP-g-MAH (BTO@PP-g-MAH) core–shell nanoparticles are prepared through a continuous melt extrusion process. The resulting nanocomposite film, incorporated with 5 wt% BTO@PP-g-MAH, exhibits an impressive Ue of 5.15 J cm−3 and achieves a high η of 93.2 % at 433 MV m−1, along with excellent cycle dielectric stability. Such enhancements in εr and Ue are ascribed to the improved interfacial polarization facilitated by BaTiO3 nanoparticles and the enhanced interface binding achieved through the PP-g-MAH shell layers. Furthermore, the enhancement of electric breakdown strength (Eb) is comprehensively investigated based on electrical breakdown mechanism and electromechanical breakdown model. This study demonstrates a novel strategy to prepare nanocomposite dielectric films that are compatible with commercial capacitor fabrication process.

DESIGN OF PUMPING INSTALLATIONS: DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXCEL WORKBOOK FOR HYDRAULIC MACHINES LECTURES

Nowadays, pumps are used worldwide in a very wide range of facilities and for countless purposes, including HVAC, domestic and commercial buildings, district energy, industrial processes and water treatment, municipal wastewater and water supply, agriculture and irrigation, among others. Accordingly, the number of applications is also very diverse. The purpose of present contribution is to introduce an Excel Workbook that represents a friendly easy to use tool that enables the design of pumping systems. It was first thought for Hydraulic Machines Master lectures, but its use might be looked at in a wider perspective. The Workbook includes 17 worksheets (Figure 1), all linked to each other, addressing different aspects of the design. Special attention is paid to the major and minor head losses calculation, the cavitation phenomenon, the use of dimensionless coefficients to determine the rotation speed to obtain a specific operating point and to the calculation of the system curve. Energy efficiency represents today an important goal in every pumping facility; therefore, one of the objectives of this tool is to enable the user to quantify both the shaft power and the efficiency of different operating points thus allowing a sustained definition of the best solution.

A Rapid, Efficient Method for Anodic Aluminum Oxide Membrane Room-Temperature Multi-Detachment from Commercial 1050 Aluminum Alloy.

For commercial processes, through-hole AAO membranes are fabricated from high-purity aluminum by chemical etching. However, this method has the disadvantages of using heavy-metal solutions, creating large amounts of material waste, and leading to an irregular pore structure. Through-hole porous alumina membrane fabrication has been widely investigated due to applications in filters, nanomaterial synthesis, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering. There are several means to obtain freestanding through-hole AAO membranes, but a fast, low-cost, and repetitive process to create complete, high-quality membranes has not yet been established. Here, we propose a rapid and efficient method for the multi-detachment of an AAO membrane at room temperature by integrating the one-time potentiostatic (OTP) method and two-step electrochemical polishing. Economical commercial AA1050 was used instead of traditional high-cost high-purity aluminum for AAO membrane fabrication at 25 °C. The OTP method, which is a single-step process, was applied to achieve a high-quality membrane with unimodal pore distribution and diameters between 35 and 40 nm, maintaining a high consistency over five repetitions. To repeatedly detach the AAO membrane, two-step electrochemical polishing was developed to minimize damage on the AA1050 substrate caused by membrane separation. The mechanism for creating AAO membranes using the OTP method can be divided into three major components, including the Joule heating effect, the dissolution of the barrier layer, and stress effects. The stress is attributed to two factors: bubble formation and the difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion between the AAO membrane and the Al substrate. This highly efficient AAO membrane detachment method will facilitate the rapid production and applications of AAO films.

Commercialization of R&amp;amp;D and opportunities for the development of academic entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan

The transition to an innovative economy requires greater attention to creating favorable conditions for the commercialization of scientists’ developments and the possibility of realizing the accumulated scientific potential. This study aimed to examine the commercialization process in the Republic of Kazakhstan and identify factors influencing the development of academic entrepreneurship in universities. It examines a gradual change in legislation on technology transfer and the dynamics of implemented commercialization projects during 2016–2022. Structured interviews were conducted with academics of the biggest 14 universities in Kazakhstan with a sample of 209 respondents to identify factors influencing the desire of scientists to engage in academic entrepreneurship. The findings revealed that the most attractive factors for academics are flexible working hours (4.67 of 5), the opportunity to implement their own innovative ideas (4.12), and an increase in income (3.63). In turn, negative factors include the lack of qualified personnel (4.56), difficulties in legislation (4.27), and bureaucratic barriers (3.78). The study revealed that gender and age moderately affected scholars’ desire to engage in academic entrepreneurship (Cramer’s V = 0.3025). The greatest desire to start their own business was demonstrated by men aged 26-35 years and by women aged 36-45 years. The findings also show that the scientific fields positively affect the number of ready-made ideas, patents, and technologies that academics offer to businesses. AcknowledgmentThis study is funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant No. AP13268750).

Post-processing of phase change material in a zero-change commercial silicon photonic process.

Integration of phase change material (PCM) with photonic integrated circuits can transform large-scale photonic systems by providing non-volatile control over phase and amplitude. The next generation of commercial silicon photonic processes can benefit from the addition of PCM to enable ultra-low power, highly reconfigurable, and compact photonic integrated circuits for large-scale applications. Despite all the advantages of PCM-based photonics, today's commercial foundries do not provide them in their silicon photonic processes yet. We demonstrate the first-ever electrically programmable PCM device that is monolithically post-processed in a commercial foundry silicon photonics process using a few fabrication steps and coarse-resolution photolithography. These devices achieved 1.4 dB/μm of amplitude switching contrast using a thin layer of 12.5 nm GeSbTe in this work. We have also characterized the reconfiguration speed as well as repeatability of these devices over 20,000 switching cycles. Our solution enables non-volatile photonic VLSI systems that can be fabricated at low cost and high reliability in a commercial foundry process, paving the way for the development of non-volatile programmable photonic integrated circuits for a variety of emerging applications.

Practical model of technology commercialisation at an Indonesian University: A case study from Institut Teknologi Bandung

The technology commercialisation process at universities in developing countries often requires improvement owing to their tendency to adopt models commonly used in developed countries. Besides being less contextual, the existing technology commercialisation models is also not practical because it does not accommodate the interests of each stakeholder directly involved in the commercialisation process, such as laboratories, industry and intermediaries. This research proposes a more practical model of technology commercialisation for universities in the Indonesian context by emphasising the interests of such stakeholders, based on four commercialisation strategies, and four university intermediary organisations, namely the technology transfer office, an incubator, the science and technopark, and the university company focused on technology commercialisation.

EVALUATION OF MAINTENANCE EFFECTIVENESS AND HUMAN FACTORS: CASE STUDY OF A RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Maintenance management is an integral part of any organization’s overall commercial process that develops administrative operational value. Thus, the maintenance function is of immense importance to ensure the safety and effective operation of a facility and equipment in compliance with a statutory obligation, to maximize equipment life, and to reduce the risk of failure. However, for maintenance success work planning, the perception of human factors, and the interrelation of workers and groups in any organisation must be understood. This in turn would determine the allocation of maintenance tasks to team members. This research focused on the evaluation of key performance indicators in relation to the maintenance effectiveness of selected equipment, in a research institution. The impact of human factors on the maintenance was also investigated. Key performance indicators such as Mean Time to Repair (MTTR), Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF), downtime, repair time, and availability were used to quantitatively evaluate the maintenance effectiveness of the equipment, while the systematic approach to empirical research was used to analyse the effect of human factors on maintenance practices. This study was carried out over a period of 6 months on a 4-tonne hydraulic lift, hydraulic hoist jack lift, tire changing machine, fault diagnostic machine, and computerized alignment gauge. Data collected from the maintenance unit was analysed. A total of 11.92 hours was recorded as the MTTR of the five machines. The machines had a high level of availability and a total downtime of 12.01 hours out of operational time of 2369.8 hours over a period of 6 months. The level of motivation and competence among maintenance personnel was assessed to be very good. This is expected to have contributed largely to the effective maintenance practices of workers in the unit. From this study, it can be deduced that the level of motivation and competence is high among maintenance personnel. In terms of productivity, effectiveness, teamwork, decision-making, execution, safety, and responsiveness, the human factor has been shown to have thrived well. This in turn, stimulated the corresponding increase in the availability of machines over the 6 months- of study.

Simulation of Gas Sweetening Process using Extended NRTL and Stages Efficiency as Modeling Approach

Gas sweetening is a process to remove CO2 and H2S from natural gas. The current established technology is by using Amine contactor where the solvent used is in form of Amine solution. To simulate the effect of different solvent, electrolyte-NRTL is used to model the equilibrium, and mass transfer-kinetic is used to model the rate-based processes. This modeling approach is rather complex and available only in commercial and proprietary process simulation software. Therefore we propose an alternative modeling approach where we use extended NRTL and stage efficiency to model the acid gas absorption processes. We find that this approach is quite good to describe CO2 absorption, yet unsuccessful to calculate the H2S absorption. Inadequate vapor liquid equilibrium parameter regression for H2S, specifically at low partial pressure might cause the problem. However the stage efficiency approach shows good result where it is comparable to rate-based model and corresponds to current understanding of physico-chemical phenomenon of acid gas absorption.

Effects of processed oats and pinto beans on the composition of human gut microbiome: An in vitro study

Oats and pinto beans, which are rich in dietary fibers and plant proteins, are two common ingredients for many processed food products, such as puffed snacks and canned foods. The objective of this study was to investigate the gut microbiome response to processed oats and pinto beans food products. Raw oats and pinto beans were canned, boiled, and extruded at selected temperatures to simulate the commercial food processing practices. The processed oat and pinto bean samples were digested in an in vitro digestion system, and were subjected to in vitro fermentation by gut bacteria from human feces, which simulated the reactions between the undigested food components and the gut microbiome. The resulting metabolites were quantitatively and qualitatively measured, the compositions of the gut microbiome were determined by 16S rRNA sequencing, and the microbiota were classified and clustered based on their amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) and co-abundancies. The results showed that pinto beans generated more gas and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) than oats. Boiled oats had a good retention of non-digestible fermentable contents (NDFCs) for the gut microbiota to act on, resulting in greater gas and acid production than other processed oat samples. However, for processed pinto beans, high-temperature extrusion and canning resulted in more NDFCs through starch gelatinization and retrogradation. Guild-based analysis was applied to microbiome analysis to identify key bacteria contributing to microbial shift. Bacteria such as Escherichia-Shigella, Streptococcus, Anaerostipes were promoted in extruded oats, while Lachnospiraceae, Eubacterium hallii, Butyricicoccus were significantly promoted in boiled and low-temperature extruded pinto beans.