Commercial Printer Research Articles

Paper-based optoelectronic nose for identification of indoor air pollution caused by 3D printing thermoplastic filaments

Commercial printers based on fused deposition modeling (FDM) are widely adopted for 3D printing applications. This method consists of the heating of polymeric filaments over the melting point followed by their deposition onto a solid base to create the desirable 3D structure. Prior investigation using chromatographic techniques has shown that chemical compounds (e.g. VOCs), which can be harmful to users, are emitted during the printing process, producing adverse effects to human health and contributing to indoor air pollution. In this study, we present a simple, inexpensive and disposable paper-based optoelectronic nose (i.e. colorimetric sensor array) to identify the gaseous emission fingerprint of five different types of thermoplastic filaments (ABS, TPU, PETG, TRITAN and PLA) in the indoor environment. The optoelectronic nose is comprised of selected 15 dyes with different chemical properties deposited onto a microfluidic paper-based device with spots of 5 mm in diameter each. Digital images were obtained from an ordinary flatbed scanner, and the RGB information collected before and after air exposure was extracted by using an automated routine designed in MATLAB, in which the color changes provide a unique fingerprint for each filament in 5 min of printing. Reproducibility was obtained in the range of 2.5–10% (RSD). Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were successfully employed, showing suitable discrimination of all studied filaments and the non-polluted air. Besides, air spiked with vapors of the most representative VOCs were analyzed by the optoelectronic nose and visually compared to each filament. The described study shows the potential of the paper-based optoelectronic nose to monitor possible hazard emissions from 3D printers.

Flexible Assemblies of Electrocapacitive Volume Tomographic Sensors for Gauging Fuel of Spacecraft

Gauging propellant fuel of spacecraft in outer space has been an issue, because their liquid fuels tend to float, slosh, adhere to the tank walls, and form bubbles under low-gravity conditions. For this reason, conventional fuel gauging techniques may not be an accurate way of gauging the fuel in space. In this paper, we report a flexible monolithic printed assembly of electrocapacitive volume tomography sensors, which can reconstruct the three-dimensional shape of the propellant fuel and promise to overcome the deficiencies of conventional fuel-gauging techniques. A commercial printer was used to transfer the patterns of the electrocapacitive volume tomography sensors and electric connections onto a flexible laminated copper. Feasibility of the three-dimensional volumetric reconstruction on water and a heat-transfer fluid showed that the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s flexible electrocapacitive volume tomography sensor system could successfully sense the changes in electrocapacitance due to the presence of these liquids. Based on those measured electrocapacitive volume tomography data, the three-dimensional shape of the fluid was reconstructed and matched with the real one used during laboratory testing.

The Transferability and Design of Commercial Printer Settings in PLA/PBAT Fused Filament Fabrication.

In many fused filament fabrication (FFF) processes, commercial printers are used, but rarely are printer settings transferred from one commercial printer to the other to give similar final tensile part performance. Here, we report such translation going from the Felix 3.0 to Prusa i3 MK3 printer by adjusting the flow rate and overlap of strands, utilizing an in-house developed blend of polylactic acid (PLA) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT). We perform a sensitivity analysis for the Prusa printer, covering variations in nozzle temperature, nozzle diameter, layer thickness, and printing speed (Tnozzle, dnozzle, LT, and vprint), aiming at minimizing anisotropy and improving interlayer bonding. Higher mass, larger width, and thickness are obtained with larger dnozzle, lower vprint, higher LT, and higher Tnozzle. A higher vprint results in less tensile strain at break, but it remains at a high strain value for samples printed with dnozzle equal to 0.5 mm. vprint has no significant effect on the tensile modulus and tensile and impact strength of the samples. If LT is fixed, an increased dnozzle is beneficial for the tensile strength, ductility, and impact strength of the printed sample due to better bonding from a wider raster structure, while an increased LT leads to deterioration of mechanical properties. If the ratio dnozzle/LT is greater than 2, a good tensile performance is obtained. An improved Tnozzle leads to a sufficient flow of material, contributing to the performance of the printed device. The considerations brought forward result in a deeper understanding of the FFF process and offer guidance about parameter selection. The optimal dnozzle/vprint/LT/Tnozzle combination is 0.5 mm/120 mm s−1/0.15 mm/230 °C.

Marketing Communications of Latvian Social Enterprises from a Consumer Perspective

The purpose of this study is twofold - to contribute to the further understanding of social enterprises’ marketing by providing a consumers’ perspective on the content that social enterprises generate in order for them be to be able to better understand their strengths and weaknesses and to establish a reference point with regards the current situation to be able to compare and measure improvement in with regards social enterprise marketing in the future and, if needed, provide fact-based evidence to assist social enterprises in their call for support from public authorities. Among tasks of research are 1) analysis of recent scientific publications associate with social enterprises, their challenges in Europe and in Latvia and specifically with regards social enterprise marketing 2) analysis of online survey, filled out by 329 respondents and conducted by Kristīne Casno in 2019. For data anlysis such quantitative research methods were used as analysis of descriptive statistics (indicators or central tendency or location (arithmetic mean, mode, median), indicators or variability (range, standard deviation and standard error or mean), testing of statistical hypothesis with t-test and analysis or variance - ANOVA. Authors highlight that social enterprise consumers are supportive of social enterprises and their cause and are also interested in the marketing content provided, however, the full potential of word-of-marketing is not used, suggesting that there is significant room for improvement. With regards marketing communication content, social enterprises are most appreciated by consumers for aesthetic and interesting content. On the drawback side – the greatest challenges for social enterprises are to provide content on a regular basis and achieve visibility. Since the comparatively lower evaluations for aforementioned characteristics may be directly associated with lack of financial resources and skills, Authors recommend greater support from Ministry of Welfare of Republic of Latvia for development of support programs with the aim of increasing the marketing skills of social enterprises as well as promoting close win-win cooperation between commercial outdoor, print and online media holders and social enterprises (e.g. in the form of subsidized advertisement spaces while they are not used by commercial clients in return for lower taxes) in order to help social enterprises reach higher visibility.

Fabrication of Cu Wiring Touch Sensor via Laser Sintering of Cu Nano/Microparticle Paste on 3D‐Printed Substrate

This study investigates the applications of 3D printing technology in the wiring process used in the field of electronic packaging. A Cu wiring process is developed to replace the expensive Ag‐based alternative primarily used in commercial 3D electronic circuit printing as per industry standards. The substrates needed for our experiments are developed using a 3D printer assembled prior to the research, through which poly‐ether‐ether‐ketone (PEEK) proves to be a high‐strength, high heat‐resistance material capable of undergoing the packaging process. The Cu wiring process is performed via laser sintering in ambient condition using a Cu micro/nanoparticle paste. Adopting this method minimizes the cost and duration of the process without relying on inert atmosphere generation. The optimum laser sintering condition for the Cu paste is found to be two consecutive scans at 20 W. Energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) measurements show that the oxidation of the surface is about 1.35%, and further oxidation is prevented through epoxy molding. The touch sensor by Cu wiring module operate optimally even a month after its manufacture. 3D printing technology proves to be capable of replacing the wiring process used for electronic packaging.

Mass spectrometric analyses of high performance polymers to assess their radiopurity as ultra low background materials for rare event physics detectors

The mass concentrations of 232Th and 238U in several strong, unfilled, high performance polymers are reported as measures of their radiopurity. Highly radiopure polymers are required as dielectric materials in the construction of rare event physics detectors, in order to minimize background signals arising from the detector materials themselves. New data are reported for carefully sourced samples of polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), a polyamide imide (PAI, branded as Torlon) and polybenzimidazole (PBI). Data for solid polyetherimide (PEI) are also discussed and new data for PEI in the form of a commercial 3D printing filament stock are reported. Strong high performance polymers PEKK, PBI, PAI and PEI were found with levels for 232Th and 238U that are below one mBq/kg, including the PEI 3D printing filament. Specifically, for 232Th and 238U respectively, in μBq/kg (emphasis “micro”Bq/kg), we found values of 149 and 184 for Arkema Kepstan PEKK 6002 flake; 69 and 2250 for Solvay Ketaspire PEEK flake; 346 and 291 for PBI Performance Products low metals grade 100 mesh PBI powder; 66 and 105 for Drake Plastics PAI Torlon T-4200 pellets; 401 and 285 for Drake Plastics cured PAI rod; 32 and 41 for Ensinger PEI Ultem 1000 solid; and 15 and 85 μBq/kg, for ThermaX PEI Ultem 1010 filament material. These results were all obtained using a novel dry ashing method in crucibles constructed of ultra low background (ULB) electroformed copper. Samples were spiked with 229Th and 233U as internal standards prior to ashing and determinations were made by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Radiopurity is displayed graphically relative to numerical measures of mechanical strength for these and several other polymers.

Effect of Manufacturing Technique on the Accuracy of Surgical Guides for Static Computer-Aided Implant Surgery.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different surgical guide manufacturing techniques on the accuracy of the surgical guides produced prior to implant placement. Three type of guides were compared: milled guides using a commercial milling unit (C-Mill), printed guides using a commercial 3D printer (C-Print), and printed guides using a benchtop printer (B-Print). All the guides were fabricated on a single maxillary model for anterior implant and posterior implant placement. Ten guides were produced for each group. Four accuracy variables were measured: (1) internal accuracy, (2) vertical fit, (3) guide seating distortion, and (4) drilling access horizontal and vertical deviations. All the variables were virtually measured by 3D rendering software. The Kruskal-Wallis and the Mann-Whitney U tests were conducted to evaluate the significance of the differences among the guide groups. The C-Mill guides were significantly more accurate than the other guide groups for all the accuracy variables (P < .05). The C-Print group tended to show greater accuracy than the B-Print group, except for guide seating distortion and horizontal deviation of drilling access. However, a significant difference between the C-Print and B-Print groups was observed only for the vertical deviation of the posterior drilling access (P < .05). The location of the implant seemed to have minimal influence on the drilling access accuracy, except for the vertical deviations of C-Mill and C-Print guides, where the anterior site was associated with significantly (P < .05) greater errors than the posterior site. Producing guides by milling was more accurate and less vulnerable to seating distortion in comparison to printing. Despite the overall similarity between the two printers, the commercial printer tended to produce guides with greater accuracy than the benchtop printer.

Effect of 3D printing raster angle on reversible thermo-responsive composites using PLA/paper bilayer

In this study, an efficient fabrication method to realize a reversible thermo-responsive composite (TRC) and the effect of raster angle were investigated. For the facile fabrication of reversible TRCs, polylactic acid and commercial printing paper were used to generate a polymer/paper bilayer. Using the fused deposition modeling method of three-dimensional printing, three types of TRCs were fabricated and compared depending on the printing angle condition. Above the glass transition temperature, the polymer is relaxed, allowing straightening by the constraining paper layer; subsequently, it recovers its initial shape during cooling. Because the deposited filament arrays shrank in the longitudinal direction and expanded in another direction during heating, the raster angle was considered for better actuating performance. Thus, horizontal-type TRCs exhibited a greater range of average actuating performance compared with vertical-type TRCs (up to ∼24.7% increase in changing rate). Hence, this study supports a rapid, low-cost, and efficient fabrication method for soft robotics applications, including smart devices, grippers, and actuators.

Fabrication of biosensors by bacterial printing on different carriers using a laser printer

In this study, a commercial laser printer was used for the first time to print bacteria on different substrates as bacterial carriers to be used in biosensors. For this purpose, the spores of Geobacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus atrophaeus were mixed with the printer toner and used as a bio-powder in a conventional laser printer to print on a polypropylene film (PF) or copy paper (CP), transfer paper (TP), and filter paper (FP).‏‏ Subsequently, the effects of the substrate material, print density, print pattern, and color intensity were investigated on the number of bacteria recovered. It was also found that FP was the best substrate, followed, with a significant difference, by TP, for the maximum number of bacteria recovered. Moreover, a color intensity of 100% was found the most appropriate. However, changing print density and pattern showed differences in their effects on bacterial numbers for the two strains tested albeit the differences were not significant. ‏‏Based on the results obtained, it may be claimed that laser printers can be effectively used for transferring bacteria to paper substrates and used in fabricating biosensors. Printing capabilities and novel toner bio-powders are exploited to choose the proper number of printed bacteria to adapt the printed substrates for use in manufacturing bacterial biosensors.

A reinvenção das Maculaturas realizadas por Lotus Lobo

Neste artigo, apresentarei “As Maculaturas” da artista mineira Lotus Lobo. Maculatura era o nome dado, no passado, às chapas de folha de flandres, utilizadas tanto para teste como para acerto de impressões de embalagens de produtos nas casas de impressão comercial em litografia. Essas chapas recebiam várias impressões de diversas marcas, causando um emaranhado de imagens superpostas. A partir do estudo de Hans Belting, conhecido como “A Arqueologia da Técnica”, avaliarei como Lotus, ao apropriar-se das Maculaturas e da litografia (evidenciando novamente esta velha técnica de impressão), transforma a própria litografia em arte. Analisarei, a partir das reflexões de Roland Barthes e Maria do Carmo de Freitas Veneroso, o caráter intertextual das Maculaturas, explorando as relações existentes entre palavra e imagem, a partir da “textura gráfica”. Por fim, relacionarei as Maculaturas de Lotus Lobo com o trabalho do artista americano Robert Rauschenberg, com Décollage do artista italiano Mimmo Rotella e com as escrituras ancestrais dos palimpsestos.

Crystallization kinetics of a commercial poly(lactic acid) based on characteristic crystallization time and optimal crystallization temperature

A model is proposed to fit differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) isothermal crystallization curves obtained from the molten state at different temperatures. A commercial 3D printing polylactic acid (PLA) sample is used to test the method. All DSC curves are fitted by a mixture of two simultaneous functions, one of them being a time derivative generalized logistic accounting for the exothermic effect and the other, a generalized logistic, accounting for the baseline. There is a rate parameter, which is allowed to vary across different temperatures. The rate parameter values obtained at different temperatures were jointly explained as a result of three crystallization processes, each one defined by a characteristic crystallization time, a characteristic temperature, and a dispersion or width factor. Apart from the very good fittings obtained at all temperatures, the results agree with the existence of a few crystal forms of PLA, which were demonstrated by other authors. Thus, the main significance of this work consists in providing a new approach in order to mathematically describe the isothermal crystallization kinetics of a polymer from the melt. Such a kinetic description is needed in order to predict the extent of a crystallization process as a function of time at any isothermal temperature. The approach used here allows to understand the overall crystallization of the PLA used in this work as the sum of three crystallization processes, each of them corresponding to a different crystal form. Each experimental crystallization exotherm, which may include more than one crystal form, can be reproduced by a generalized logistic function. The overall rate factor at a given temperature is the weighted sum of the rate factors of the different crystal structures at that temperature. The rate factor of each of these three processes is described by a Gaussian function whose parameters are a crystallization time, a characteristic temperature and a temperature dispersion factor. Therefore, the crystallization rate for each crystal form can be interpreted as a relative likelihood to crystallize at a given temperature. On the other hand, the characteristic crystallization time parameter refers to the time needed for a given crystal structure to be formed at the temperature at which the relative likelihood to crystallize of that form is highest.

Printed elastic membranes for multimodal pacing and recording of human stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes

Bioelectronic interfaces employing arrays of sensors and bioactuators are promising tools for the study, repair and engineering of cardiac tissues. They are typically constructed from rigid and brittle materials processed in a cleanroom environment. An outstanding technological challenge is the integration of soft materials enabling a closer match to the mechanical properties of biological cells and tissues. Here we present an algorithm for direct writing of elastic membranes with embedded electrodes, optical waveguides and microfluidics using a commercial 3D printing system and a palette of silicone elastomers. As proof of principle, we demonstrate interfacing of cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), which are engineered to express Channelrhodopsin-2. We demonstrate electrical recording of cardiomyocyte field potentials and their concomitant modulation by optical and pharmacological stimulation delivered via the membrane. Our work contributes a simple prototyping strategy with potential applications in organ-on-chip or implantable systems that are multi-modal and mechanically soft.

Synthesis and characterization of NiO colloidal ink solution for printing components of solid oxide fuel cells anodes

A synthesis of NiO colloidal ink solution for printing of the main anode component of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) by commercial printer was shown in the work. The ink was synthesized by a single step chemical reaction of the dissolved nickel nitrate hexahydrate and ammonium carbonate solution with the addition of Triton X-100 surfactant. Results revealed that the obtained ink was stable for at least 4 months contained almost the same NiO nanoparticles with the size at the range of 7–9 nm. These nanoparticles structural and morphology investigation was conducted by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), Raman spectroscopy and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analytical methods. Detected rheological properties of the ink revealed that materials for anode in SOFC can be deposited using a commercial printer followed by calcination at 900 °C. Processes occurred during calcination were investigated by TGA and DSC analytical techniques. Finally, the printed coating was subjected to the investigation using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

The case of motivprints: balancing entrepreneurial instinct with managerial approach

Learning outcomes After studying this case, the students/participants would be able to: discuss important personality traits of an entrepreneur; understand specific challenges faced by a venture as it moves toward higher growth stage; discuss the importance of strategic planning and managerial style as the ventures move from establishment stage to growth stage. Case overview/synopsis The case is about MotivPrints, a two years old venture, offering custom designing and commercial printing to businesses in Gujarat, India. MotivPrints was established by Himanshu Dhadnekar in 2016 and had 85 SME clients and 35 vendors by 2019. Himanshu, a young entrepreneur had been involved in entrepreneurial activities since his school days and was also involved in a couple of business ventures during his MBA. However, he had been flip-flopping as an employee and entrepreneur, as then. At MotivPrints, he handled key responsibilities of developing client networks, generating business, marketing and managing relationship with vendors. With limited support of a team of freelancer associates, no permanent staff for assistance and lack of funds made it imperative for Himanshu to plan for scaling up his venture for survival and growth. Could he envision MotivPrints as a larger entity? If yes, what changes, mandated by growth, were needed to be made in both – the entrepreneur and the organization? Complexity academic level The case can be discussed in the class of entrepreneurship at the master’s level. It can also be used in the entrepreneurship specialization course in the second year of post-graduation. The case can be also be used for young entrepreneurs in an executive development program focusing on new ventures. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS: 3 Entrepreneurship.

A Novel Single-Passage Transonic Wind Tunnel for Turbine-Vane Film Cooling

Abstract Wind-tunnel testing of turbines cascade is an important technique for quantifying the realistic conditions of turbine-vane film cooling. However, the complex and expensive facilities needed for the multipassage design of such wind tunnels have prompted the introduction of the single-passage design strategy. In this contribution, detailed procedures for building a novel single-passage transonic wind-tunnel using additive manufacturing are presented. In addition, the detailed flow structure caused by the passage was investigated. The proposed design was evaluated step-by-step using an integrated model that successively comprised two-dimensional (2D) periodic passage simulation, 2D single-passage simulation, three-dimensional (3D) single-passage simulation, construction, and testing. The proposed design was found to achieve flow periodicity at transonic flow conditions with relatively low-flow consumption. The results were validated by comparison to the available literature data. In addition, an endwall-cooling configuration was successfully deployed using fast-response pressure-sensitive paint (fast-PSP). This study, combined with the help of commercial software and 3D printing, shed light upon strategies for time- and cost-reduction in linear cascade design, which could benefit the turbomachinery community.

Effect of stearic acid on rheological properties and printability of ethylene vinyl acetate based feedstocks for fused filament fabrication of alumina

Alumina ceramic feedstocks with ethylene vinyl acetate and stearic acid as an organic binder were prepared and shaped by a commercial 3D filament printer. Rheological properties and the ability of ceramic feedstocks to be processed into filaments and shaped by the fused deposition modeling/filament (FDM/FFF) technique were investigated.The addition of stearic acid affects the viscosity as a function of shear rate in a complex way. Analysis with rheological models shows that while using a small amount of stearic acid, a viscosity plateau at low shear rate (cross model) can be observed. At high stearic acid content, a yield point (Herschel-Bulkley model) occurs, as the stearic acid content surpasses the amount needed to cover the powder surface. The stearic acid also influences the properties of the solidified filament, making it more brittle and less flexible.Thin wall structures were printed, debinded and sintered to demonstrate the shape stability and fusion between the layers. Ring-on-ring bending tests of sintered discs show that the printing defects are the primary concerns that determine the strength of sintered samples.

Paper Production from Mauritian Hemp Fibres

The study examines the potential of Mauritian hemp (Furcraea foetida L.), a lignocellulosic non-wood biomass, as a more environmental friendly substitute to virgin wood for printing paper production. The best pulping method for Mauritian hemp was first investigated. A4 sized papers were then produced using 100% Mauritian hemp fibres and mixtures of Mauritian hemp fibres with Elephant grass fibres and wastepaper. Using Standard tests, the physical (thickness, grammage, apparent density, water absorbency) and mechanical (tensile strength, burst strength, crease recovery, abrasion resistance) properties of the papers produced were evaluated and compared with those of an 80 gsm A4 commercial printing paper used as control. Lastly, internal sizing was done by adding different proportions of starch to the paper whose properties were closest to the control (judged most printable) to investigate any property enhancement. Soda cooking with 12% Wt/V NaOH solution at a temperature of 90 °C for 90 min was found best for pulping Mauritian hemp. The 100% Mauritian hemp paper had characteristics closest to the control, with apparent density 141.54 kg/m3, water absorbency time 1.436 s, burst strength 0.323 kPa m2/g, tensile strength 10.97 Nm/g, abrasion resistance 37.5 cycles before rupture and crease recovery angle 34.8°. Increasing the starch content from 10 to 40% caused the 100% Mauritian hemp paper’s characteristics to increasingly approach those of the control, thus showing printability improvement. The methodologies adopted for papermaking and testing demonstrated that Mauritian hemp is a suitable alternative to wood to produce good quality printing paper.

Multi-resolution in architecture as a design driver for additive manufacturing applications

Additive manufacturing is evolving toward more sophisticated territory for architects and designers, mainly through the increased use of scripting tools. Recognizing this, we present a design and fabrication pipeline comprised of a class of techniques for fabrication and methods of design through discrete computational models. These support a process responsive to varied design intents: this structured workflow expands the design and fabrication space of any input shape, without having to explicitly deal with the complexity of discrete models beforehand. We discuss a multi-resolution-based methodology that incorporates discrete computational methods, spatial additive manufacturing with both robotic and commercial three-dimensional printers, as well as, a free-oriented technique. Finally, we explore the impact of computational power on design outcome, examining in-depth the concept of resolution as a design driver.

Development of silica based organic slurries for stereolithographic printing process

In this study, silica based slurries for stereolithographic printing of glass structures are developed and characterized. Stereolithography has the potential to print complex structures with high resolution. Therefore, acrylate based photocurable slurries have been developed and their viscosities are examined as a function of the solid loading. A critical shear rate can be derived, which must not be exceeded during the printing process. Therefore, rheological characterizations provide important insights into the printing process and the ability to produce samples with precise structures. Other properties such as polymerization time and curability kinetic were investigated with time dependent attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR). Afterwards, the slurries were printed on a commercial printer operating with visible light. For debinding the printed green bodies, the decomposition temperatures were derived from thermogravimetric analysis in order to obtain stable and transparent samples.

Preparation and in vitro evaluation of PLA/biphasic calcium phosphate filaments used for fused deposition modelling of scaffolds.

Ceramic materials such as calcium phosphates (CaPs) with a composition similar to the mineral phase of bones and polymeric polylactic acid (PLA) are potential candidates for the manufacturing of scaffolds to act as bone substitutes and for tissue engineering applications, due to their bioresorbability and biocompatibility. Variables such as porosity, topography, morphology, and mechanical properties play an essential role in the scaffolds response. In this paper, a polymer/ceramic composite filament of 1.7mm in diameter based on PLA and biphasic calcium phosphates (BCPs) was obtained by hot-melt extrusion in a single screw extruder. The particles of BCP were obtained by solution-combustion synthesis, and the PLA used was commercial grade. The BCPs ceramics were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopic (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET). It was possible to confirm that the main inorganic phases were hydroxyapatite (HAP) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) with grain sizes below 100nm and with high porosity. The Filaments obtained are a bit fragile but were able to be used in fused deposition modelling (FDM) using low-cost commercial printers. The filaments were characterized by SEM and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The in-vitro tests of filaments showed deposition of apatite phases on their surface, non-cytotoxic behavior, adequate cell proliferation and cell adhesion.